From a compilation of 1411 gross dissections of the hearts from patients who had had recent electrocardiograms prior to death, 62 were found to have frontal QRS axes between +90 and +180°.Thirty-eight exhibited an S1Q3R3pattern-the second screening criterion basic to consideration for the label of left posterior hemiblock (LPH). Twenty-two of these also had right ventricular free wall weights in excess of 70 g. Two others exhibited inferior myocardial infarction only. Of the remaining 14, six afforded mild clinical suspicion of increased hemodynamic loading of the right heart but did not have increased right ventricular weights. Four had right bundle-branch block (RBBB), and only one had a prolonged P-R interval.The S1Q3R3pattern with right-axis deviation thus occurred in patients with or without right ventricular hypertrophy and with or without inferior wall myocardial infarction. Right bundle-branch block was a frequent occurrence in the spectrum of right-axis deviation (RAD) whether S1Q3R3was present or not.The scatter of the frequent associates of RAD-inferior myocardial lesions, right ventricular hypertrophy, a clinical history of right ventricular loading diseases, and RBBB—suggests three alternative ways of viewing the S1Q3R3pattern with RAD: (1) LPH isacause of S1Q3R3with RAD. It is a manifestation of left ventricular myocardial disease, but it may be a result of overt infarction, or may be mimicked by right ventricular disease. (2) LPH isthecause of S1Q3R3with RAD. It is the means by which diverse etiologies produce a distinctive electrocardiographic pattern (including left ventricular myocardial deficits, right ventricular enlargement, or a small group of unknown causes). (3) LPH is an artifact of convenience. Patients with RAD may or may not have S1Q3R3; they frequently have inferior wall myocardial infarction, right ventricular overload or enlargement, and RBBB.