AbstractHeterogeneity in determinants of familial resemblance of lipid and lipoprotein levels between populations in North America and Israel was investigated using path analysis. A common protocol, identical measurement techniques, and the same statistical procedures were used in the two samples. Both genetic (h2) and cultural (c2) determinants of inheritance were significant for all lipid variables in the two studies. Genetic and cultural heritability of total cholesterol (h2= 0.61, c2= 0.02), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (h2= 0.59, c2= 0.02), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (h2= 0.55, c2= 0.06) did not differ significantly between North America and Israel, while there was a significant difference for triglyceride (h2= 0.41, c2= 0.07 in North America; h2= 0.61, c2= 0.05 in Israel). Secondary parameters of the path model describing intrafamilial environmental relationships differed between the two countries. In particular, there was a higher correlation between marital environments in Israel for all traits except triglyceride, and a larger effect of father's environment on offspring's environment in Israel for all traits. Within both populations, variation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins was mostly explained by genetic factors and random unmeasured environmental factors. The contribution of common family environment was found to be small, though statistically significant. This is probably due to homogeneity of the distribution of familian environmental determinants within both countr