MISERALOOIOAL CHEMISTRY. Miner a l o g i c a l Chemistry. 29 The Crystalline Form of chemically simple Substances. By XIXEDRICH RIKNN (2eit.physikaZ. Chem., 1895,16,529-545).-Retger3 has pointed out that most elements and diatomic compounds, as well as many triatomic compounds, crystallise either in the regular or i n tho hexagonal system (Abstr., 1894, ii, 348) ; he has, however, failed to recognise any further relation between this chemical simplicity and the crystalline form. The author finds, however, that such substances Leloriging to the hexagonal system fall into three groups, each char- acterised by similarity of crystal angles and habit,. (1) The mag- nesium type with a : c about 1 : 1.6, arid of hexagonal symmetry; this group includes zinc oxide, ice, tridymite (SiO,), gFeenockite (CdS), niccolite (“As), lead igdide, &c.(2) The arsenic type with a : c about 1 : 1.3, aud of rhombohedra1 symmetry ; this includes bismuth, sulpliur, tellurium, zinc, graphite, millerite (NiS), &c. ( 3 ) The quartz type with a : c about 1 : 1.1, and also of rhombohedra1 sym- metry; cimmbar falling in tliis group. Of elements and simple compounds belonging to the tetragonal system, an a-tin type and a rutile hype are distiuguished on the same lines. Some less simple compounds and also some pseudo-hexagonal substances can be referred t o these types. Retgers’s criticism of the author’s views (Zeit. physikal. Chem., 14, 522) are discussed. Silver Minerals of the Australian Broken Hill Consols Mine. By GEORGE S h i i m (Jou.1-n. and Proc.Roy. SOC., N.S. W., 1893, 27, 36&--375).--This mine, which is very rich in silver minerals, is where the new mineral willyamite (this vol., ii, 31) was found. L. J. S.30 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS. Dyscrasite occui's in large masses, sometimes weighing 23 cwt. and containing 80-83 per ceut. of silver ; the more common proportions of silver and antimony in this ore are AgjSb, Ag,Sb, Ae6Sb, Ag,?Sb. drgetatite is rare; a typical impure specimen gave $8 per cent. of silver. Stephanite occurs only in small -quantity, a specimen of SIP. gr. Pyrargyrite, amorphous, gave 56.3 per cent. of silver. Sternbergite occurs with dyscrasite and pyrargyrite, i t is of a bronze colour, with a blue tamish ; sp. gr. 4.34; it gave 33.94 Ag, 30.76 Fe, and a little antimony.Stromeyede is the principal ore of this mine ; i t is never crystalline ; contains about 30 per cent. of silver, and often a little antimony. Argentiferous tetrahedrite is also an abundant'ore, it usually coiitains about 20 per cent. of silver ; the richer ore (in silver) is lighter in colour and brighter in Instre than the poorer. Brongniardite is very rare, i t occurs with stromeyerite ; the purest is crypto-crysta:line and resembles argentite ; it is encrusted with grey lead carbonate, irto which it has been altered ; it coutains 34i per cent. of silver. Antimonial silver chloride ; pure silver chloride and bromide are comparatively rare in this mine, the larger masses are always nnti- monial, of a grey colour and with about 35 per cent,. of silver. Some of the masses enclose veins of the ordinary chloride, and patches of djscrasite, from the latter of which the mineral has pro- bably been derived.Bourizonite is massive and impure, with 5 to 7 per cent. of silver, dne to admixture of argentiferous tetrahedrite. A sample of the ore gave 29.0 8 9 25.0 3.0 5.7 22.5 3.0 [ 9.91 Chlorargyrite gave 73.1 per cent. of silver. lodyrite is fairly plentiful, always occurring in limonite. Galena contains verging amounts o€ silver, and Bas 65 t o 83 per cent. of lead ; i t is often altered to anglesite, this being afterwards alt8ered to cerussite. Cerussite contains about 60 per cent. of lead; silver is also present, The vein stuff of the mine is calcite and siderite, which in the Copper ores only occur in small About 50 minerals are mentioned or shortly described, Lorandite, a new Thallium Mineral.BS J~ZSEF A. KRC 4 NNER (Math. 6s TermCszett. Ertesito, 1894,12,471, and Ber. aus,Ung., 1895 ; 12, 262).-This new and rare mineral occurs as tabular or short pris- matic, mono-symmetric crystals on renlgar at Allchar, Macedonia ; the colour is cochineal- to kermesite-red, and the crystals are trans- parent, and can be bent like selenite. Analysis gave s. As (calc. from loss). TI. 19.02 (21 *47) 59.51 6 2 3 gave 67.1 per cent,. of silver. Pb. Cu. Sb. Fe. dg. S. Insol. Moisture [by diff.]. Also Johnstouite ? uppar parts is replaced by limonite. quantity. amoagst them being vanadinite, volgerite, and native sulphnr. L. J. S . This agree8 with the formula TlAsS,. L. J. S.NINERALOQICAL CHEMISTRY.31 Composition of Hermesite. By HENRI BAUBIGXT (Compt. rend., 1894, 119, 737-74O).-Partial analysis gave Sh 75.13, S 20.04 per cent, This agrees with the formula Sb20S2, or 2Sb2S3,Sb203, which was deduced from the early analysis of H. Rose, the only one that has been previously made of the mineral. Tartaric acid solution had practically no action on the mineral. L. J. S. Willyamite, a New Mineral from Broken Hill, N.S.W.-By EDWARD E”. PITrMAN (zeit. Kryst. Min., 1895,25, 291 ; from Journ. and Proc. Roy. SOC., N.S. W., 1893, 27, 366-368).-This new mineral was found with dyscrasite in a calcite and siderite vein. The crystal system is regular, and there is a perfect cubic cleavage; fracture uneven. Colour between tin-white and steel-grey ; lustre metallic ; streak greyish-black.H = 5 i ; sp. gr. 6.87. Analysis by J. C. H. Mingaye, gave Sb. co . Ni. 5. Total. I. 56.85 13.92 13.38 15.64 99.79 11. 56.71 13-84 13.44 15-92 99.91 There are also traces of iron, copper, and lead. The formula is CoS,,NiS,,CoSb,,NiSb,, which corresponds with ullmannite in which half the nickel is replaced by cobalt. Calsverite from Cripple Creek, Colorado. By WILLIAM F. 11. J. S. HILLEBRAND (Amer. J. Sci., 1895, [3], 50, 128-131) .-Tellurium has been prerionsly known to occur in the ores of this district, partly in combination with gold as gold-tellurium (sylvanite). Annlyses of the present mineral were made on material from three mines, namely, Prince Albert mine, I ; Raven mine, 11; and C.O.D. mine, 111. Te. Au. Ag. Insol. Fe,O,. Fe. S.Total. I. 57-27 38-95 3-21 0.33 0.12 - - 99.88 11. 47.69 33.93 1.47 5.80 - 5.41 6.17 100.47 111. 53.89 39.31 0.85 0.91 - 1.67 1.58 - In 111 also Mn, 0.23 ; Ca, 0.51 ; Mg, 0.10 ; 0, F, and soluble silica by difference, 0.95. These analyses, after deducting gangue, reduce to the formula (Au,Ag)Tez ; the amount of silver, in analysis I, agrees with that in Genth’s analyses, but is less in IIand 111. The mineral is of a pale bronze-yellow colour, the powder being greenish-grey ; sp. gr. 9.00. The imperfect and deeply striated crystals of pris- matic habit seem, according to Penfield, to be asymmetric, but with angles and axial ratios near to sylvanite. Nantokite from New South Wales. By ARCHIBALD LIVERSTDGE (&fin. Hag., 1894, 10, 326---327).--This mineral was found as- sociated with cuprite, native copper, cerussite and quartz, at the Broken Hill South mine ; when freshly fractured, i t is colourless and transparent with a highly vitreous lustre.On exposure, the mineral soon effloresces and becomes green. Analysis, by J. 0. Armstrong and A. D. Carmichael, gave L. J. S.32 ABSTRAOTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. cu. c1. Total. Sp. gr. 64.28 35-82 100.10 4.1 The mineral is soluble in ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and in it solu- t,ion of sodium chloride ; when heated with water, cuprous oxide is deposited, and some copper goes into solution as cupric chloride. Artificial Percylite. By CHARLES FRIEDEL (Bull. SOC. fran. ilk., 1892, 15, 96-101).-By the prolonged action of copper chloride aolution on lead hydroxide, a blue, crystalline powder was formed ; this consists of strongly birefringent tetragonal octahedra, having the characters of the tetraqona.1 variety of boieite (Abstr., 1892, i, 123), and also, in much smaller quantity, of cubic crystals corresponding with the cubic variety of boleite.Analysis of the material agreed with the formula PbCI*OH,CuCl*OH, and the name percylite is here giren (apparently to both kinds of crystals), t o distinguish it from the silver-holding boleite. [The first kind of crystals have since been named cunzengeite by Mallard, Abstr., 1895, ii, 115, and 1893, ii, 4171. Artificial Boleite. By CHARLES FRIEDEL (Bzdl. SOC. fran. ilfin., 2894, 17, 6-8).-A mixture of lead and silver hydroxides, in the proportion they exist in boleite, with some clay, was acted on by copper chloride solution for several months; the action was much slower than when cumengeite was formed (preceding Abstr.).In the clay were found Blue cubic crystals which were built up exact-ly like certain crystals of boleite ; having an isotropic cubic nucleus, surrounded by six truncated tetragonnl pyramids. The crJstals were too small in quantity and too impure for analysis, b u t t'heg certainly differ from those formed without the intervention of silrer. Boleite from New South Wales. By ARCHIBALD LIVERSIDGE (Jozcrn. and Proc. Roy. SOP. N.S. W., 1894, 28, 94-96).-This mineral occnrs a t the Broken Hill Sout8h mine with hematite and quartz ; i t is of an indigo-blnc colour with a strong vitreous lustre, and is foiind as cubes with a nearly perfect cubic cleavage.Analysis by Car- rnichael and Arms trong gave 0 H20 L. J. S . Phosgenite mas also formed by the above reaction. L. J. S. L. J. S . Ag. Pb. Cu. C1. (calc.). (calc.). Total. Sp. gr. 8.25 47.20 19.20 13.50 [6*10] C5.441 99.69 5-08 This agrees closely with the analysis of Mallard and Cumenge Liversidge determines the water directly as Rubies of Burma. By C. BARRINGTON BROWN and JOHN W. JUDD (Proc. Roy. SOC., 1895, 57, 387--394).-The famous ruby dis- trict of Upper Burma is situated 90 miles N.N.E. of Msndalsy, the principal mining centre being Mogok. The gneissic rocks of the district are of intermediate chemical composition, including biotite- gneiss, biotite-granulite and rarely biotite-schist ; interfoliated with these are more acid rocks, such as pegmatites, qiirzrtzitcs &c., also (Abstr., 1892, i, 123).6.39 per cent. ; this may be a little too high. L. J. S.XIXERhLOGICXL CIIEJIISTRY. 33 more basic rocks, such a s pyroxene-gneiss &c., these passing into ultra-basic pyroxenites, mid thirdly bands of ci*ystalline limestone. I n the acid rocks, tourmQline occurs, as in the adjacent rubellite district or Nyonngouk ; thc ba-ic rocks are rich in garnet, and in the lime- stone corundum and spinel of various colours occur. The limestoiles are more closeiy associated with the basic and ultra-basic rocks, which contain crystals of calcite, and, :is the amount of calcite in- creases, they graduate into the limestones ; i t being supposed that the limestones have been derived by the alteration of the basic felspars (anorthite) of the basic rocks.The liydrated aluminium silicates, liberated by the same alteration, having in the first place given rise to hjdrated aluminium oxides, which are afterwards converted into anhydrous alumina. In the limestones are also found numerous other minerals, such as phlogopite, gmphite, pyrrhotite, felspars (moonstone), nmphi boles, spyroxeiies, 1 apis lazuli &c. The subsequent alteratlion oE the rubies is seen as an inner zone of cliaspore passing outwards i n to various hydrous aluminium silicates- margsrite, vermiculite, mica, knolinite &c. ; these changes taking place along the primary and secondary solution planes, o r planes of chemical weakness, or‘ corundum (Judd, Jli?~. ,Mag.: 1895, 11, 40). Cerussite coated with Galena ; Manganite and Chloritoid from Michigan; Apatite and Hessonite in Pegmatite.By WILI.IAII 13. HOBBS (Amcr. J . Sci., 1895, [3], 50, 121-128).- Cerzissite in twinned, prismatic crystals, from near Missouln, Montana, was partially coated witli an extremely thin, bright film having a metallic lustre. Analysis gave PbO. C02. Fe,O,, Al,O,. SO2. S. Total. 80.83 15.51 0-55 2.15 trace 99-04 L. J. S. ----A The trace of sulphur and excess of lead indicate that the film coiisists of galena. As this tilm is only found on the cerussite, and not on the accompanying minerals, i t may be considered to be due t o the alteration of the cerussite, probably by the action of hjdrogen sulphide. From the parts of the crystals, so coated, gooil rnessnrements of the angles were obtained.Xu:7gmzite, from Lucy 111 ine, Nepaunee, Michigan, gave on analysis >In. HzO. BaCO,,CaCO,. MgCO,. 0 (calc.). Total. 60.29 10.10 0.58 2-98 26.35 100.30 The crystals are simple in form, but the habit wries slightly according as they are associated with barj-tes or not. The Sarytes is described. Chlorituid, as large porpliyritic crystals, occurs in blocks of phjl- litic schist on the south shore oi Michignmme Lake, Michigan ; in the rock also occur colourless mica, biotite, tourmaline, magnetite, and some small klades of chloritoid. The chloritsid crystals, some- times 6 cm. or inore across, are liexagonal in outline and tabular paidlei t o the base, and a1.e frequently twinned. The analysis, which was made on a crjstal enclosing magnetite, tl:is being mi’- TOL.LSY. i i . 434 ABSTtcACTS OF OHEMICAL PXPIFRS. rounded by a zone of quartz, is near1.y the same as that of the maso- nite of Natic, Rhode Island. SiO:. 6 1 2 0 3 . Fe203. FeO. NgO. C,tO. H20. P,05. Total. 3Fi.58 29-53 5-85 22.3s 0.76 1.38 5-94 trace 101.36 From the optical characters, the ci-ystjals seem t o be mono-symme- tric or aspimetric, with a close approach to the formcr. Apatite and Hessonite occur in the pegmatite veins cutting the gneiss about Canaan, Conn., along with other crgstallised minerals, such as white felspar and muscovite in large crystals, biotite and tourmaline. The cinnamon-coloured garnet is sometimes intergrown with felspar, producing a structure resembling graphic granite. The apatite is green in colour. L. J. S. Analysis of Monazite.By ALRER'I' THORPE (Chem. News, 1895, 72, 32).-Analysis of monazite from North Carolina gave P,O,. L R , ~ , . Ce203. Tho,. SnO,. X n 0 . CaO. Totnl. 28-43 23.62 25.98 18.01 1.62 1.33 0.91 99.90 L. J. S. Evansite from Tasmania. By HENRY G. SMITH (,Jozwra. and PTOC. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., 1893, 27, 382--.383).-This mineral occurs at Mount Zeehan, as Emall, globular excrescences, which are colonrless and of a vitreous lustre, or milky white and slightly opalescent. Brittle ; H = 4 ; sp. gr. 1.842. When heated, it, decrepitates, and gives off water, which, i n being alkaline (probably duc to sodium), differs from the original evansite. H,O. A1203 P,O,. Total. 41.266 40.186 18.114 (mean of 17.996 and 18.23'2) 99.566 This agrees with the usual formula 3A1,03,P205,18H20.The per- Tectly glassy beads contain neither fluorine, silicon, nor iron, but the A Bed of Aluminium and Potassium Phosphates in Algeria. By ADOLPHE CARNOT (Compt. rend., 1895, 121, 15 I--155).--The floor of a stalactitic cavern near Oran, in Algeria, is covered with a deposit, from 1 to 3 metres thick, of a brownish-red phosphatic earth, with white and variegated veins and spongy masses. The cavern and the deposit contain no bones of vertebrata. The white matter consists chiefly of aluminium phosphate mixed with a variable proportion of silica, and sometimes of calcium phosphate ; when red, it contains ferric oxide, and, when black, manganese oxide or cobalt oxide. The light, rounded, unctuous, agglomerated masses show no traces of crjstalline structure, and are to a large extent soluble in dilute acids and in ammonium citrate solution.One specimen had the composi- tion P20, 35.17, A1203 18.18, K20 5.80, NET, 0.48, CaO 0.31. SiO, 11.60, loss a t 100' 15-40, loss at 100-180' 10.55, loss at 180" to a red heat 4.35 ; MgO, F, C1, SOs, traces. Total = 99.841. I f the aluminium phosphate is supposed to be the normal salt, the ratio of the remain- i n g phosphoric acid t o the other bases is intermediate between that Aoalysis gave white, opaque, cellular portions are very siliceous. L. J. s.\IISKlthLOGICAL CLIEWISTKY. 35 of mnno~uet;~lli'c '1 :id hiilietallic phosphates, a n d tlie aqueous solution of the phpsphates is iieiitral t o b(*th methyl-orange and phenol- phthaleYn. The phob:ph,zte does not belonq to the same class as Gautier's mi?zcrt.ite (Abstl.., 1893, ii, 536, 577), and the author does not assign to it any defiiiits formula.It is most probable, howeyer, that the deposit has bem formed by the infiltration of water contain- ing ammoniiim phosp1l;zte. &., clerivetl from the oxidation of organic m:tttcr and phosphatcs of animal or vegetable origin, and also nlu- ininn derived froin mineral.; (lor. c i t . ) . Retzian. By 8. A. HJALMAR SJOGREN (Bull. Qeo?. In.st., Upsala, 1894, 2, 54--59).-This new srserinte occurs as orthwhombic crystals in the cavities of the manqanifcrous limestone of the Moss mine, Nordmavk, Sweden. It is o€ :L chestnut- to chocolate-brown colour ; lustre v:treous, xppromhing to greasy ; su\)translucent. There ia no cleavage. P1ec:chmisrn strong.Sp. gr. 4.15. The analysis is incom- plete owing to lack of material ; a constituent (amo:mtir,g to 10.3 per cent.), separated from the mangnnew precipitate, not, having been i dent i fi ed . As205. PbO. FeO. MnO. CsO. MgO. QiO?. H,O. Insol. 24.4 0.2 1 7 30.2 19.2 2.7 0.5 8.4 4.3 The mineral is thus closely related t o ot!ier hydrous manganese arsenates (allactite, syndelphite, dindelphite, hzm,zfibrite) from the same mine, and to fliiikite from the Harstig mine, Sweden ; none of these, however, contain any calcium, and some of them contain Mn203. Artificial Ggpsnm. By ALEXANDRE GORGEU (BulE. SOC. fran. Mh., 1894, 17, 8-9).-A flask containing calcium sulphite and filled with an aqiieous solution of sulphurous acid was corked up; after several years n part of the sulpliite was oxidisecl, and beneath the deposit ; i t tho bottom of the flask were thin crystals 1-3 cm.long. These at, the attached ends were opaque owing to enclosed sulphitc, but the transparent portions of the crvstsIs contained no sulphnrous acid, and on ignition lost 20.8 per cent. of water ; they showed tht: usual cleavage, twinning &c. of gypsum. Leadhillite Pseudomorphs in Missouri. By WARREN M. Foom (Amer. J. Sci., 1895, [:3], 50, 99--lOO).-Leadhillite has recently been described from Granby, Mo., by Pirsson and Wells, (Abstr., 1894, ii, 458). The pseudomorphs with the form o f scaleno- bedra of calcite consist often of cerussite, but sometimes of lend- hillite, either as epimorpbs o r replacing the whole of the calcite. Pure white leadhillite also occurs in the form of cubes after galena ; but i n most cases thc galena is represented by crusts and hollon- forms of a grey amorphous material, t h i s consisting of leadhillite con- taining some galena.Scattered through some crystals of Ieadhillite are to be seen the bright cleavages of galena. C. 13. B. L. J. S. L. J. S. IA. J. s. Kauaiite, a new mineral from Hawaii. By EDWARD GOLDSMITH 4-2 (Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci., Philadelphia, 1894, 105-Mi) .-T his vdcaiiic product is white or faint cream co'oured, and is Cull and powdery36 ABSTRACTS OF CHEJIICAL PAPERS. closely resembling clialk in appearance. Under the microscope, it is seen to consist of granules all of aboiit the same size, and it is pale blue by transmittent light ; sp. gr. 2.566.When heated, it decrepitates slightly and becomes dark g i ~ y , giving off an oily substance and acid water ; it becomes intensely incandescent before the blowpipe. It is soluble in acids only aEter ignition, but is dissolved by caustic alkali. Eliminating about 5 94 per cent. of carbonaceous matter, the results of the analysis are A1,03. K20. Na,O. &O. 803. 3979 7-37 1-72 33.56 17.55 This gives the formula 2A1,O,,3(K,Na,H),O,SO3. This highly basic sulphate is distinguished from others in being insoluble i n acids. Melanterite containing Zinc. By MOPOLD NICHEL (Zeit. IZrysf. Nin., 1895, 25, 316 ; from Bull. SOC. f r a n . Min., 1893, 16, 204).-- Massive, pale green concretions of melanterite from Laurion, Greecc, gave on analysis so,. PeO. ZnO. H,O. Total. 28-85 17.74 8.92 44.21 99.72 Formula (Fe,Zn)SOd,7H20.Sp. gr. 1.95. L. J. S. Artificial Powellite. By L~~OPOLD MICHEL (16~11. SOC. fran. Miu., 1894,17, 612-614).-0n heating to a high temperature a mixture of six parts of sodium molybdate, one of sodium tungstate, three of calcium chloride and two of sodium chloride, transliicen t, milky-white c~ystals of poweliite were formed ; these have the form of tetmgoiml octahedra, and are about 2 mm. i n diameter ; they have an adamantine lustre and are optically positive. MOO,. WO,. Ca. Total. sp. g’’. 62.37 10.23 26.41 99.01 4.62 L. J. S . Analysis gave L. J. S . Pirnelite and Asbeferrite. By EDWARD GOT~DSJIITH (Zeit. ILr!yst. JIin., 1895, 2.5, 281 ; from Proc. Acad. Nut. h‘ci., Philadelphia, 1893, 174--175).--PimeZite occurs as a soft, greasy, rery finely rnicaceous mineral of apple-green colour at Radnor, Delaware Co., Penn.; sp. gr. 2.596 ; given as probably mono-symmetric. I t is decomposed by boiling hydrochloric acid, leaving 31.1 per cent. of insoluble sandy material. The soluble part, which i q supposed t o be pimeiite, gave analysis I, from which the formula (Mg,Ni,H,)O,SiO, is derived. SO2. MgO. NiO. B20. Fe,O3 CnO. Mn. I. 45.93 34.44 7.69 1l.W - - - 11. 48.43 6.23 - - 33.90 ll.SO trace .Asbefer~ite occurs as a secondary product, mixed with pyrites and on calcite, at the iron mine near the Falls of French Creek, Chester Co., Penn. ; it is of a greyish-green colour, and consists of fine fibres matted together. Analysis I1 differs considerably from Igelstrom’s analysis of asbcferritc.On heating, the mineral becomes a rusty col o ur. I;. J. X.?rIlNERhLC! 3TCAL CHEMISTRY. 37 Felspar of the Acmite-trachyte of the Crazy Mountains, Montana, By T. E. WorAw and RALPH S. TARR (Zeit. Kq-yst. lVin.7 1895, 25, 281 ; from Bull. Nus. Cony. Zool., Huwad Coll., 1893, 16, No. 12).-The acmite-trachyte of this locality occurs as dykes, and contains felspar, Egirine, and sodalite in a ground mass of felspnr, aegirine, and either nepheline or analcite. The optical extinction angles and the composition of the large felspar crystals point to soda-microcline or anorthoclase ; analysis gaye Loss &02. A1203. CsO. SrO. BaO. K@. Nn20. ( 0 , O ) . Total. 62.31 22.63 0.63 0.57 0.77 4.79 7-68 0.72 100.10 L. J. S. Analyses of Sodalite from New Localities.Ry L. McI. EUQITER and G. J. VOLCKENNG (Anzer. J. Xci., 1895, [3j, 49, 465- 4fi6).-Under I is given the analysis of massive, cobalt-blue sodalite from the Laurentian system at Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada; the mineral shows a very distinct cleavage, and in thin section there are a, few cloudy patches due to decomposition. A similar specimen from the Urnls gave analpsis 11 ; in thin section a very perfect cleavage is seen, with commencing decomposition along the cleavage cracks. Anotber similar specimen from Congo State, Africa (111), showed in section only an imperfect cleavage and some decomposition; it is associated with limonite and decomposed felspar, and is the only known African occurrence cf the mineral. SiO,. Al,G,. CaO. Na20. K20. C1. Total. 0 = C1.Sp.gr. I. 37-34 31.25 0.38 25.01 0.74 6 79 101.51 1.53 2.303 11. 37-28 31.60 0.46 24.74 0.93 6.65 101.66 1.50 2.328 111. 37.85 30.87 0.51 25-43 0.22 6.46 101-34 1-46 2.363 L. J. S. Constitution of the Lithia Micas. By FRANK W. CLARKE (J. Anzer. Cliem. Xoc., 1893, 15, 245-250).--The micas have been con- sidered by Clarke to be derivatives of the normal aluminium orthosili- cnte, Al,( SiO,), (Abstr., 1190,460) ; in the lithia micas, however, there is an oxygen ratio lower than that of the orthosilicate, and they are further charecterised by the presence of fluorine. The lower oxygen ratio is explained by the partial replacement of SiO, by Si308, and the fluorine, which was previously explained by the presence of the group AlF, among the components of R', is now explained by assum- 0 ing that the clintonite type, R"<O>A1*Si04R's, is replaced by the molecule AlF2*Si04Rf3.In polylithionite, SiO, is entirely replaced by Si&, and Lorenzen's analyses may be represented by 5(AlF2,Si30eLi3) + Al(Si30a)3(Na2K)3. All the variations in composition of the lepidolites proper may be explained by the supposition that thc-se micas are mixtures of two tFpical molecules, namely, AIFz*Si3OaR,, where R' is principally lithium, and a muscovite molecule, Al3(Si04),R',, in which Rr3 may be K2H o r KH, ; some peculiarities are explained by a small admixture of the molecule AlE'2.Si308Al. Cookeite, which appears to be the38 ABSTKACTS OB’ CEENICAL PAPEHb. vermiculite of the lepidolite series, lins the fluorine replaced by hydroxyl, and we have a mixture of the three molecules, Al( OH),*SiO,Li,, A1(OH),*Si04H,, and A1 (OH),*SiO,AI.In the iron-lithin micas, zinnwaldite and cryophyllite, the case is more complicated, as the iron may belong to the molecule AIF,*Si,O,Fe” R‘, or to the biotite molecule Alz(Si04)YFo”2Rf2. Sornc zinnwaldites may be represented by mixtures of AlI?,*Si,O,FeLi and hl,(SiO,),K,, whilst cryophyllite is moat easily represented by AldX3KHz + 2( Al,X3Fe2H2) -I- 3 ( h i F,.XK,) + 4 (A1 F2*XLi3 j , in which X represents SiO, and Si30s in the ratio 1 : 3. Garnet from California. By FRANK W. CLARKE (Amer. J . Sci., 1895, [3], 60, 76--77).-A water-worn pebble, found 40 miles south of Los Angeles, closely resembled jade in being highly polished, very compact, and of an apple-green colour ; analysis gave SiOz.Al2O3. Fe203. FeO. CaO. MgO. Alkalis. Ignition. Total. L. J. S . 37.S4 22.84 0.79 0.26 36-66 0.44 0.13 1-74 100.40 Also traces of TiO,, Pz05 and CO, ; sp. gr. 3.485. Hydrochloric acid extracts about 16 per cent. of A1203, and about 20 per cent. of CaO. As a grossular garnet simulating jade, it is of interest. Almandine Garnet from the Hawkesbury Sandstone, Sydney, N.S.W. BYHENRY G. SMITH (Joum. and PTOC. Boy. &c., N.S. W., 1894, 28, 47-50) .-“ Precious Garnet, ” OCCUTS as sniall, irregular, reddish particles in a conglomerate (probably derived from granile) in the Hxwkesbnry sandstone. The colour is light, but sometimes deep red or purple; the mineral is isotropic, and shows a distinct cubical cleavage ; sp. gr. 3,902. Analysis gave L.J. S . Si02. A1203. Fe203. FeO. MgO. Mii. Total. 38-iO4 21.795 2.168 27.750 9.725 trace 100 142 The sesquioxides are a little too high for the garnet formula. L. J. S. Analysis of Anorthite from Raymond, NIaine. By WILLIAM H. MELVILLE (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1893, No. 113, IlO).-White crystals associated wit,h idocraae, cinnamon garnet, pyroxene, and scapolite; gave, on analysis, 43.13 30.95 1.04 19.71 0.31 1-29 0-69 0.22 2.80 100.14 Also traces of FeO, Mi10 and Li,O. H,O Lorson Si02. A1203. Fe20s. CaO. MgO. K20. Na,O. (at 100’). ignition. Total. L. J. S . Analysis of Prehnite from Fassa, Tyrol. By EDWARD A. SCHEEIDER (Bull. V.S. Geol. Survey, 1893, No. 113,ll2).-Tliis analysis was made in connection with the experiments noticed in the Abstract, 1892, 772.Si02. A1203. Fe2O3. CaO. (at 105’). (at 250-300”). ignition. Total. $3.32 25.50 trace 26.49 0.17 0.14 4.70 100*32 L. J. S. H2O H20 Loss on3fIKERALOQlCAL CHEMISTRY. 3 9 Analyses of BiLtite and Hornblende from Japan. By Busu- J I R ~ T<o,ro (Zeit. Xryst. iUiti., 189.5, 25, 687 ; lrom Joum. ColI. Sci., Itrip. Uw'c., !L'&t/G, 1893, 5, 225).--These minerals, from the amphi- bole- and biotite-granites, are described in a paper on the Archean formation of the Abukuma Plateau. The biotite (1) is dark brown, arid almost opaque, and is nearly optically uniaxial ; Hicia's analysis shows i t to be lepidomelane. The hornblende (11) is bluish-gresn in colour, and with ouly feeblc pleochroism. SiO,. Al,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO. Mn,O,. N%O. K20. Total. J. 36.60 l i - 0 5 21-23 trace 10.36 0.70 5.39 8.49 99 88 11.45.61 4.47 8.94 26.40 11-44, - 2.26 0 79 99.89 Analyses of Ottrelite, Pyroxene, Garnet, Epidote, Scolecite, and Xenotime. By L. G. EAKINS (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1893, No. 113, 11 l-l12).-0ttrelite (I) from the Ottrelite-plryllite rock occurring a t Liberty, Frederick Co., Maryland. Pyroxene (II), Garnet (111), Epidotc (IV), Scolecite (V), all from Italian Peak, Gunnison Go., Colorado. L. J. S. I. 11. 111. I v. v. SiO, ....... 23-40 47.53 36-88 37-22 45.90 TiO, ....... 1.19 - Ai203.. ..... 39.31 9.8s 10.34 24.09 26.51 Fe,03.. . . . . . 5.14 1.i9 17.51 12.80 - PeO.. - 0.i9 - ...... 21.94 0.91 3InO ...... tracc trace - 0.1 1 CaO ....... trace 25.46 34.S5 23-36 14-17 MgO ....... 2.18 14.43 0.43 trace trace Ns,O ......0.20 trace trace 0.06 trace K,O.. ...... 0.20 F .......... PLUS ....... trace - - - - - - - - H-0,. ...... 6-81 0.30 0-21 1-61 13.79 - - - 0.06 - - - - - ___ ____--- 10ci.37 106-30 100.22 100.10 100.37 sp. gr. ..... - 3.312 3.721 3.452 9.247 Xenotime i i om the gold washings at Brindletown, North Carolina (Abstr., 1S94, ii, 54) ; gave, on analysis, (TEr),O, (1nol. wt. SiO,. ZrOp. UOz. Tho,. AlZO3. k'e,O,. (LaDi),O,. 260). (21-een.. .. 5-46 1-95 4.13 trace 0.i7 0.65 0.93 56.81 Brown.. . 3.56 2.19 1 . i 3 trace 1.57 2.79 0.77 55.43 CaO. P,O,. F. H20. Total. Sp. gr. 0.21 30.31 0.06 0.37 99-85 4-66 0.19 29.i8 0.56 1.49 100.06 4-46 L. J. S. AnalyL es of Nickel-iron sulphiae, Bauxite, Felspars, and Piedmontite. By WILLLUI F. H~LLEBRAXL, (Bull. U.S. Geol. Swcey,40 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.1833, No. 113, 109-1ll).-A nickel-ii*ozt si~7phide from Worthington mine, 25 miles west of Sudbury, Ontario. Greyish with a cast of yellow. Not pyrrhotite ; possibly a mixture of pyrites and polydymite. coo Fe. Ni. Mn. S. SO,. (calc. froiu CaO). CaO. 338.36 4.57 0.10 45-11 0.95 1 *49 1.91 MgO. Insol. H20 (at looo). Total. 0.41 4.80 0.55 98.25 B a u x i t e from near Jacksonville, Calhonn Co.? Alabama ; I, red, Lime, magnesia and alkalis were not looked for. SiO,. TiO:. A1201. Fc20,. P,O,. (at loo9). (on ignition). Total. IT, white. H ?O H9O I. 10% 2.53 41.GO 25-25 tr,ice 0.65 20.43 100.11 11. 21.08 2.52 48-92 2.14 trace 0.45 23.41 98-52 Felspars from the pegmatite veins in the gneiss a t Julies' Falls, Baltimore, Rlaryland ; I, white albite, composition Ab4Anl ; IT, flesh coloured niicroclirie ; 111, greenisli microcline.These are described in Johns Hopkills Univ. Circulam, 1893, 12, 07. SiO,. Al,O,. Fe203. FcO. CaO. Da0. MgO. K20. X%O. I. 63.72 22.2% trace 3.58 - 0.06 0.76 8.98 11. 65.06 18.41 trace 0.26 0.13 0.04 14-30 1-60 HI. 68.48 16.11 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.05 0.03 12.99 1.27 L--,--J IT20 1I:O I n t 1tU@). (abore 100'). Total. I. 0.09 0.43 99.88 11. 0.04 0 2(i 100-10 111. 0.06 0.26 99.55 All these contain traces of strontium and litliium ; in I11 quartz Piednzontite from rhyolite at Piiie mountain, new Monterey was not wholly separated. station, Maryland ; contains a little admixed ynartz. XLO,. Si02. A1,0,. Cc,O,. (Mol. wt. 295). Fe,O,. Mn,O,. MnO. PbO. 47.37 18.55 0.75 1.28 4.02 6-85 1.92 0.14 H,O XI20 CuO.CaO. MgO. KzO. Na,O. LisO. (at 1OO'). (abore looo). P,Oj. Total. 0.11 15.82 0.25 O.G8 0.23 trace 0.14 1.94 t,r,zce 100.05 L. J. S. Basalt from Bondi, N.S.W. l3~- J. MIL?;): CCRRAN ( J o z w ~ . and Proc. H G ~ . Xoc., N.S. W., 18942, 28? 217-231).--This rock, which contains olirine, augite, plagioclase, magnetite, sodali te, apatite, mica aEd a glassy base, is easily gelatinised by hydrochloric acid, 56.4 per cent. being soluble, and the solution 011 evaporiition deposits numerous cubes of Eodium chloride. Calculated frcin t,he chlorine,MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 41 the amount of sodalite in the rock is 8 per cent., this requires 1.92 per cent. of soda; as the other minerals (felspars) containing sodium are only present in small quantity, some of the soda is supposed to exist in the glassy base.The fresh rock, of sp. gr. 2-94!, gave analysis I, and the decomposed rock 11. Si02. A1203. Fer,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO. Nn,O. K20. TiO?. I. 43.5 14.60 5.40 8.28 8-70 6-16 7-38 2.95 0.10 11. 42.0 40.2 trace - nil nil 4.4 1.6 - c1. HaO. Total. 11. - 12.00 100.2 chromic oxide. L. J. S. I. 0.37 2.50 99.90 I contains also traces of phosphoric acid, and I and I1 traces of Analyses of Leucite- basalt from Vesuvius. By Ar~~~1t-i’ THORPE (Chem. News, 1895, 72,53).-Analyses of leucite-basalt, from Vesuvius, gave SiOz. A1203. Fe2O3. FeO. MnO. CaO. MgO. K,O. I. 47.23 18.23 4.21 4.49 1-36 8.63 4.68 S.00 11. 47.32 18.00 4.23 4.31 1.42 8.51 543 7.92 NaaO. TiO,. P20,. Total. I. 2.63 0.25 0.31 100.00 11. 2.70 0.36 0.20 100.00 The sp. gr. of the rock varied from 2.653 to 2.721. L. J. S. A Tempered Steel Meteorite. By EDWARD GoLDsaiITlr (PTOC. h a d . Nut. Sci., Philadelphia, 1893, 373--3i6).--This meteorite, weighing 267 lbs., was brought From near Godhaven, Disko Island, Greenland, by the Peal-y Expedition of 1891; when received it appeared quite fresh, but i t s o m became cracked and fell t o pieces. These pieces were easily separated into hard metallic granules (73.8 per cent. of the whole) and a magnetic powder. Tbe grnnules were extremely hard and difficult to cut (no diamond w?s found), but on being heated and slowly cooled, they became soft,, hence the above title to the paper ; their composition is given as Fe. Ni. Troilite. Magnetite. Silicate. SF. gr. 66-79 2-32 0.52 25.96 4.41 6.14 Traces of carbon, phosphorus and chromium were found, but neither copper nor cobalt, which are found in tlie Disko terrestrial iron, together with more carbon than here. The composition of the powder is given as Fe. NiO. Fe203. Fe,0,,2S03. Silicate. II,O. Sp. gr. 25.58 0.31 56.30 4.28 10.10 3-43 4-73 The “ Fe304,2S03 ” is called “ magnetic sulphnte,” as the whole of the powder is stated to be magnetic. L. J. S.Occurrence of Fluorine in certain Mineral Waters. By Josg CASAIZES (Zed. anal. Chem., 189.5, 34, 546--548).-The sulphu- retted mineral waters of Lugo and Gnitiriz (Galicia, Spain) contain so much fluorine t h a t it can readily be detected in the residue of 500 C.C. of the water. Quantitative eslimations i n the Guitiriz water. gave, by Fresenius's method, 0.02344, 0.02806, arid 0.02277 gram of sodium fluoride per litre ; by Carnot's method (Abstr., 1892, 911), 0.0268 gram. A single estimation in the Lug0 water showed 0.0249 gram per litre. The author inclines to the belief that. the presence of fluorides in mineral waters is more general than is com- monlg supposed. M. J. S.