6 ABSTRACTS Estimation ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN OTHER JOURNALS. FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS. of Moisture and Bitter Principles in Hops. 0. Winge. ( Wochensch. Brau., 1915, No. 45.)-The author defends the analytical scheme pro- posed by him and Jensen (ANALYST, 1915, 40, 12) against some criticisms by Wiegmann (AZlgem. Brauer u, Hopfenz., 1915, 1315). The procedure adopted for the estimation of moisture consists in heating at 35O C.in vacuo for twenty-four hours. This method gives results identical with those obtained by exposure in wacuo over sulphuric acid at the ordinary temperature to constant weight, and it leaves the bitter principles unchanged. It is true higher numbers may be obtained for moisture by heating for longer periods at 35' C., or at higher temperatures, but such treat- ment is accompanied by loss of chemically combined moisture and changes in the constitution of the resins.Moreover, no sharply defined value is obtained for hygroscopic moisture, the results depending on the severity of the heating. I t is necessary that the estimation of the resins be performed on a sample previously driedFOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 7 Large Pontia- nak or Sara- wak nuts ...Ditto ... ... Isoptera borneen- sis ... Ditto, pppared by natives .., PaZaquium ob- Zoltgifoliurn ~ B. Zatifolia (India) B. Zonqifolia (India) { without constitutional change, as, if undried specimens be taken, the extraction of the tannin interferes with the titration of the resin. For the extraction of the resin the author and Jensen have preferred to employ ethyl acetate, not because it extracts more resin than carbon tetrachloride, but because it extracts it completely in a far shorter time.Two hours' extraction with carbon tetrachloride is insufficient. The tasting tests cannot be regarded as very exact, but they show a certain simple relationship to the acidity factors of the a-, 8-, and y-resins.There seems to be no valid reason why these tests should not be made in beer-wort, which, after all, is the medium used in practice. As regards the degree of accuracy in the estimation of bitter principles, no very close concordance is to be expected, as the material is highly variable, even in the case of hops of the same origin. In the Carlsberg laboratory the more important analyses are made on hops gathered from plants of a single stock.J. F. B. 0.8523 0.8535 0.8563 0.8560 0'8553 0,857 to 0.862 0.856 to 0'861 IllipB Nuts and the Sources of Borneo Tallow. (Bull. Imp. Imt., 1915, 13, 335-344.)-The seeds and kernels of several species of trees yielding Borneo tallow have been examined. These nuts, whatever their origin, are usually sold as illipb or illipi '( nuts," although the true illipb nut of India is the product of Bussia species.The following values were given by the fats : I- Melting- Point. O 0. 31 to 32 32 to 33 29 28 to 31 38 - - - Acid Value 35.0 32.0 8.5 11'3 7-0 1.8 tC 41'8 19.7 Saponifia tion Valuc 194.5 194.3 190.7 192-1 190.4 188.3 to 199.8 195.3 to 202 -7 Iodine Value. 31.0 31 '4 31 '8 31.5 35 '9 57'6 to 61 *5 60.0 54.8 to - Eehnt Value - 95.6 94.6 94 '9 95 *7 95.3 - - Soluble Volatile Acids.Per Cent. nil nil 0.5 - 0.2 0-2 to 0.9 2 *35 Unssponi fiable Matter. Per Cent. 0-6 0-8 1'0 0 '5 1.0 2'0 1'4 to 2.2 Melting- Point of Fatty Acids. O c. 53.0 53-6 52.4 51.0 58.0 43'2 t o 46.0 45.0 C. A. M. Xnd4a Sativa Seed and Oil. (Bull. Imp. Inst., 1915,13,344-346.)-A sample of Mudiu sutiva seed from South Africa yielded 38.4 per cent.(on the dry seeds) of a yellowish-brown, semi-drying oil with the following characters : Sp. gr. at 15" C., 0.9252 ; solidification-point of fatty acids, 21.7" C. ; acid value, 2-2 ; saponification value, 194.5 ; iodine value, 1289 ; Hehner value, 95.8 ; soluble volatile acids, 0.1 per cent.; insoluble volatile acids, 0.7 per cent.; and unsaponifiable matter, 0-8 per cent.The residual meal was free from alkaloids, cyanogenetic glucosides, and saponin. As obtained by crushing the seed on a commercial scale, it would8 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS White Dari from Sudan, per Cent. contain about 7.0 per cent. of fat, and would have the following approximate com- position : Moisture, 7.6 ; crude proteins, 28.2; fat, 7.0 ; starch, etc.(by difference), 27.0; fibre, 24.4; and ash, 5.8 per cent. Nutrient ratio, 1: 1.5. Food units, 114. The percentage of proteins is higher than in suaflower or undecorticated cotton-seed cake. C. A. M. Red Sor- ghumfrom Zanzibar, per Cent. per Cent. Kaffir Corn (" Dari ") from South Africa. (Bull. Imp. Inst., 1916, 13, 379.) -The following analytical results were obtained : ~ 11.93 9.79 3.22 72.50 1-27 1.29 White, South Africa, per Cent.8.45 13.06 3.30 72.45 1-03 1.71 113-3 Moisture ... ... Fat ... Starch, etc. (by diffe;: Fibre ... ... ... Ash ... ... ... *Crude proteins ... ence) ... ... ... 10.0 12.5 11.2 9.3 2.8 2.0 72.1 72.3 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 107.0 101.0 12-00 10.83 3.37 71-01 1.28 1.51 Food unite ... ... 1 1;:; * Containing true proteins 11.73 10.01 3 *06 72.58 1-14 1.48 I Mixed, 10.66 10-01 12.98 I 10*8 1 - C.A. M. oil from '' Owere " Seeds. (Ball. Imp. Inst,, 1915, 13, 346-350.)--" Owere " seeds (" oalabash nutmeg ") from Nomdora myristica, West Indies, yielded 2.2 per cent. of am aromatic volatile oil, and 35 per cent. of a dark reddish-brown fatty oil with the following characters: Sp. gr. at 15*5O C., 0.917; acid value, 56.7; saponification value, 180.6 ; iodine value, 110.6 ; Hehner value, 94.4 ; soluble volatile fatty acide, 1-0 ; and unsaponifiable matter, 1.6 per cent.The residual meal was free from alkaloids or cyanogenetic glucosides, but contained a large amount of fibre. I t could probably only be used as manure. The oil could not be saponified readily, and yielded a soap of poor colour.C. A. M. Turpentine Oil and Resin of BosweZl4a Serrata. (Bull. Imp. Inst., 1915, 13, 351-356.)-Oil of turpentine distilled from the crude gum-resin of Boswellia serrata from India was a greenish-yellow liquid with a sweet odour. I t had sp. gr. at 15" C., 0-8446 ; [a], = + 31° 24' ; ester value, 2.6 ; and ester value after acetyla- tion, 36.4. On distillation it yielded a fraction of 89 per cent.between 153" and 160' C., and 11 per cent. between 160' and 180" C. I t was a good solvent for resins such as colophony, dammar, sandarac, etc., but the varnishes thus prepared dried more rapidly and gave a less lusfrous surface than those made with ordinary turpen- tine oil. Boswellia resin, prepared by heating the crude resin in a still by a gentleFOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 9 fire, was a dark greenish-black brittle mass, with the following characters : Moisture, 0.9 ; ash, 0.4 per cent.; melting-point, 56' C. ; acid value, 25.0 ; saponification value, 66.0 ; iodine value, 96.0 ; and sp. gr. at 2Oo/2O0 C., 1.050. It would only be suitable for varnishes of low grade or for dark-coloured sealing-wax. It yielded different products from colophony on distillation.C. A. M. Composition of Wood Turpentine. M. Adams. (J. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 1915, 7, 957-960.)-The wood of single-leaf nut pine (Pims monophylla) yielded on distillation a turpentine with the following characters: Sp. gr. at 15' C., 0.9702; [ r t ] ~ 150, 1.4771 ; [ u ] ~ 200 = + 21.15. After purification and fractional distillation at 15 mm., it was separated into three main fractions boiling respectively at 50' to 60' C., 60' to SOo C., and 80' to 135' C.The first contained a-pinene, the second P-pinene, and the third cadinene. These results showed that the wood turpentine from this species of pine was almost identical in physical properties and chemical composition with pure "gum " spirits. Jefrey PiHe.-The wood turpentine distilled from the wood of P.Jefreyi was separated by distillation at 15 mm. into the following fractions : At 25' to 30' C., 74 ; 30" to 35" U., 13 ; 35' to 65" C., 6 ; 65' to 125' C., 4 ; and residue, 3 per cent. The first three fractions when united and redistilled over sodium yielded a portion (about 90 per cent. of the original oil), distilling between 99' and 100*5' C. It had sp. gr. 0.6877 at 15' C. [ n ] ~ 200 c., 1.3890, and wss optically inactive. The volatile oil from Jeffrey pine wood thus contains from 90 to 95 per cent. of normal heptane. Yellow Pine (P. polzderosa).-The wood yielded a colourless oil with sp. gr. of 0.8626 at 15' C. ; refractive index, 14727 ; and specific rotation, - 13-15, It was fraotionated into 8.7 per cent. at 156' to 164' C., 72.5 per cent. at 164' to 172',C., 16.4 per cent. at 172' to 180' C., and 2.4 per cent. of residue. The first fraction contained a-pinene, the second P-pinene, and the third limonene. The general results indicate that the volatile oil obtained by distilling pine wood under reduced pressure is similar to that obtained from the oleoresin of the same species of tree. C. A. M.