ObjectiveTo evaluate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA burden in paired plasma and cervicovaginal lavage specimens and to assess the relation of plasma HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 cell count, and antiretroviral therapy with cervicovaginal HIV-1 viral load.MethodsPaired blood and cervicovaginal lavage specimens were collected from 72 HIV-infected women. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA from plasma and cervicovaginal lavage specimens was performed by using the nucleic acid sequencebased amplification assay. Analyses examined relations between cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA and plasma HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 count, and antiretroviral therapy.ResultsPlasma HIV-1 RNA was detectable in 61 of 72 women (85%), with copy numbers ranging from 330 to 1,600,000 copies/mL. Twenty-eight of 72 (39%) had detectable HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal lavage specimens, ranging from 320 to 440,000 copies/mL. The cervicovaginal lavage HIV-1 RNA level was detectable in 9%, 29%, 52%, and 53% of the women with plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 400, 400–9999, 10,000–100,000, and more than 100,000 copies, respectively (P= .043). Among women with CD4 counts of less than 200, 200–500, and greater than 500/mm3, cervicovaginal lavage HIV-1 RNA was detected in 67%, 32%, and 25% of subjects, respectively (P= .018). Among women receiving antiretroviral therapy, cervicovaginal lavage revealed HIV-1 RNA in 67%, 31%, and 25% with CD4 cell counts of less than 200, 200–500, and more than 500/mm3, respectively (P= .042).ConclusionThe presence of HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal lavage correlates significantly with the level of HIV-1 RNA in plasma and negatively with CD4 cell count.