The development of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) has provided clinicians with a valuable tool for proactive management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. However, clinicians are also presented with the challenge of appropriately targeting this treatment to patients at serious risk of neutropenic complications, while maintaining an economic approach to prescribing. This article discusses the seriousness of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and reviews current approaches to the management of this condition. Febrile neutropenia risk models, new therapy options and international guidelines for the use of CSFs are also discussed.