The investigators examined the cultural differences and similarities of nurses' attitudes in Africa and in Midwest America. In South Africa, questionnaires were given to the South African English nurses and to the African Zulu nurses who practice in the area of hospital clinical oncology. Also, the attitudes of Midwest American nurses were surveyed by the investigators. The investigators found interesting correlations and trends among the different groups regarding attitudes toward pain, caring for the dying patient, and attitudes toward disease modality. The three groups were questioned as to the nurse's preference of age and sex in caring for the oncology patient, and to the nurse's responses to the family and patients' questions regarding dying, treatment, and patient care. The research was done partly in Africa by an Oncology Head Nurse who is presently the Executive Director of a Community Oncology Research Program in Dayton, Ohio, and a Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist who is presently an Assistant Professor of Nursing at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio.