MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 29 Mineralogical Chemistry. Crystalline Form and Composition of Boulangerite. By S. A . HJALMAR SJ~GREN (Geol. $'Or. i Stocklholm For?&., 1897, 19, 153-167). -Boulangerite has long been known a t Sala in Sweden, but has not previously been analysed. It occurs as acicular and capillary crystals embedded in calcite. On dissolving the calcite, striated needles are isolated which are shown to be orthorhombic and to have parameters agreeing with those of diaphorite. a : b c 0.5527 : 1 : 6.7478 0.4919 : 1 : 0.7346 Boulangerite, 5PbS,BSb,S,. , , * . . *,. & . . * . Diaphorite, 5(Pb,Ag,)S,2Sb2S8 ........,30 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. The analysis by R. Mauzelius agrees with the formula 6YbS,2Mb2S,, Pb. Ag. Zn. Sb. S. Insol. (silicate). Total.Sp. gr. 55.22 trace 0.06 2554 18.91 0.23 99.96 6.185 The formula always accepted for boulangerite, namely 3PbS,Sb2S,, was first given when the atomic weight of antimony was not exactly known. From a re-calculation of all the previous analyses, the iron, copper, kc. being taken as replacing lead, i t is found that the majority agree with the formula 5PbS,2Sb2S,, whilst none agree exactly with 3PbS,Sb2S,. The first of these formulw has previously been given by Zepharovich (1867) and Eakins (1888) for sulphantimonites of lead from Przibrarn and Colorado respectively. From Frenzel’s analyses (1870), embrithite and plumbostibiite are made a distinct species under the name embrithite, with the formula 10PbS,3Sb2S3. showing the mineral to be isomorphous with diaphorite. L.J. 8. Vanadium in Rutile. By C. BERNHARD HASSELBERG (Chem. AGews, 1897, 76, 102-104, 112-113 ; from Astrophysical Journ., 1897, 5, 194; 6, 22-26, and Bilmng Svemkcc. vetensk. Akacl. Nandl., 22, (l), No. 7).-For the purpose of mapping the lines in the arc-spectrum of titanium, rutile was the material a t first employed, since this mineral is usually considered to contain, as a rule, only iron in addition to titanic acid. The lines of vanadium and chromium were, however, prominent in the spectra of several rutiles from various localities. Nordenskiold has recently confirmed the presence of vanadium in Norwegian rutile by ordinary chemical analysis. WILLIAM B. GILES (Chenz. News, 1897, 76, 137) points out that Sainte-Claire Deville was the first t o detect vanadium in rutile (Compt.rend., 1859, 49, 210; Ann. Chim. Phys., 1861, 61, 309; Chern. News, 1861, 2). L. J. S. Artificial Production of Laurionite and of Isomorphous Compounds. By AUGUST I;. DE SCHULTEN (Bull. SOC. fkcn. Min., 1897,20,186-19l).-Laurionite, an orthorhombic oxychloride of lead, PbCl*OH, found in the old lead slags of Laurion, Greece, may be pre- pared artificially as follows. To a boiling solution of 1000 grams of neutral lead acetate in 2.5 litres af water is added a hot solution of 50 grams of sodium chloride in 250 C.C. of water; the mixture is quickly filtered, and the filtrate heated on the water bath for 12 to 16 hours, when a deposit of well crystallised laurionite is formed. The crystals are slowly attacked by cold, but more quickly by hot, water.When heated a t looo, they are not affected, but at a low red heat they lose water and melt. The orthorhombic crystals are colourless and transparent with an adamantine lustre, the largest being 1-2 mm. in length and 0.1 mm. in thickness. The observed angles agree closely with those of the natural crystals. Similar crystals are also deposited from a cold solution of sodium chloride and lead acetate, the latter being in excess. a : b - c Sp.gr. PbCl-OH ............... 0.7366 : 1 :0*8237 6.241 PbBr*OH ............... 0.7310 : 1 : 0.8043 6.721 PbI*OH ............... 0,7476 : 1 : 0,8081 6.827MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 31 The corresponding bromine and iodine compounds are obtained in yellow crystals by the same methods, using sodium bromide and potassium iodide instead of sodium chloride, and in the latter case in the presence of free acetic acid.Analyses of crystals of the three Aritificial Phosgenite a n d Bromophosgenite. By AUGUST B. DE SCHULTEN (Bull. Xoc.fi*ccn. Jlin., 1897, 20, 191--193.)-Friedel and Sarasin have prepared phosgenite by heating lead chloride and carbonate with water, in a sealed tube a t 180". The natural occurrence, however, suggests that the mineral has been formed at the ordinary temperature. It may also be obtained a t the ordinary temperature by passing a cur- rent of carbonic anhydride over an aqueous solution of lead chloride; the bright tetragonal crystals thus formed are about 0.1 6 mm. across, they have the composition PbCO,,PbCl, and sp. gr. 6.134. Those formed on the surface of the liquid are pyramidal in habit, ~ ( l l l ] predomina- ting, whilst on those deposited a t the bottom c(OO1) predominates.The corresponding bromine compound is obtained by passing car- bonic anhydride over a solution of lead bromide ; the colourless, transparent crystals have the same crystallographic and optical characters as the chlorocarbonate; sp. gr. 6.550. Attempts to pre- pare the corresponding iodine compound mere not successful. compounds agree closely with the formulE. L. J. 8. L. J. S. Simultaneous Production of Laurionite, Phosgenite, and Cerussite. By AUGUST B. DE SCHULTEN (Bull. 8 o c . f i a n . &!in., 1897, 20, 194-1 95).-Laurionite, phosgenite, and cerussite occur in associa- tion at Laurion, Greece, having been formed by the action of sea water and air on the old lead slags. The three minerals insy be artificially produced together by passing a.slow current of carbonic anhydride over a solution of 20 grams of normal lead acetate and 2 grams of sodium chloride in a litre of water. Bright crystals of laurionite soon make their appearance on the sides of the flask and on the surface of the liquid ; shortly afterwards crystals of phosgenite are also formed, and still later cerussite is produced, apparently at the expense of the laurionite. The small twinned crystals of cerussite show the forms p(111) and m(110), and are deposited on the phos- genite. Experiments made on artificial laurionite and phosgenite show that, in the presence of carbonic anhydride and water, laurioni te is transformed into phosgenite, which in turn is itself transformed into cerussite.L. J. S. Crystallised Cadmium Carbonate and Artificial Dialogite [Rhodochrosite]. By AUGUST B. DE SCHULTEN (Bull. Xoc. fmn. Min., 1897, 20, 195-19S).--Khombohedra of cadmium carbonate have been prepared by Bourgeois (1S87), but attempts to obtain it by Senarmont's method have resulted in the formation of cadmium oxy- chloride. The method now used consists in adding excess of am- monium carbonate to a solution of cadmium chloride, and then just enough ammonia t o dissolve the precipitate of cadmium carbonate ; on heating this solution on the water bath, bright crystals of the32 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. composition CdCO, are deposited as the ammonia is driven off. The transparent crystals, 0.1-0*2 mm.across, are simple rhombohedra with the angle rr' = 74" about ; sp. gr. 4.960. Manganese carbonate has been obtained in the form of a crystalline powder by Senarmont, and the rnethod described above yields it as rhombohedra, but it is liable to oxidation; another method is to boil a solution of precipitated manganese carbonate in water saturated with carbonic anhydride. The bright crystals, which have the composition MnCO,, are simple rhombohedra 0.03 mm. across ; w ' = 7 3 O 25'; sp. gr. 3.65. On heating these crystals of cadmium carbonate and manganese carbonate, they are converted into black oxide without change of external form. L. J. S. Ferric Sulphate in Mine Waters, and its Action on Metals. By L. J. W. JONES (PYOC. Colowido Xci. SOC., 1897 [read June 51,9 pp.).--Water from the Stanley mine, a t Idaho Springs, Colorado, contains in parts per thousand. SiO,. NaC1. Na2S04. K,SO,. AI,(S04),. ZnSO,. 0'0438000 0'0134500 0'3117200 0*1654800 0.0197870 0'1224400 0'4271400 0.4674600 0.6362900 0'6033600 0.0093370 0'1918010 3.0020650 The water deposits a muddy brown sediment, which is shown by the following analysis, made on material dried a t looo, to be a hydrated basic ferric sulphate. Fe,O,. A1,0,. SiO,. so,. H,O. Total. 53.57 2.87 10.85 11-46 21-14 99.89. The water has a strongly acid reaction, but contains no free acid ; it very quickly corrodes the pumping apparatus, especially iron and copper, but bronze more slowly. Experiments showed that several metals are acted on by ferric sulphate solution. iIllG304.DIgSO,, CltSO,. Fe,(80,)3. Few4 CUSO,. Total. L. J. S. Pyrophyllite from Colombia. By AUGUSTIN A. DAMOUR (Bull. Xoc. fran. Mim., 1897, 20, 183-185).-The emeralds of Muso, near Bogota, occur in a crystalline limestone, accompanied by a black, car- bonaceous shale, and in association with parisite, pyrites, anthracite, and pyrophyllite. The anthracite has sp. gr. 1.64. The pyrophyllite occurs in greenish-white, flattened nodules with a fibrous structure. Analysis agrees approximately with the usual formula A1,0,,4SiO2,H,O. H,O and volatile LSiO,. Al,O,. Fe,O,. CaO, MgO. matter. Total. 63.56 29-16 1.68 traces 6.36 100.76 L. J. S. Stolzite and Raspite from Broken Hill. By CARL HLAWATSCH (Ann. k.k. natzwh. Hofmuseums Tien, 1897, 12, 33-41 ; and Zeds. I l ~ y s t .A h , , 1897, 29, 130--139).-Transparent, light yellow, red, and brownish crystals of stolzite occur on galena, limonite, and psilomelane at Broken Hill, New South Wales. Five types of tabular and pyramidal crystals are described, and several new forms noted jMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 33 a : c = 1 : 1.5606 ; the tetragonal crystals show the usual parallel hemi- hedrism, and are not hemimorphic ; they are uniaxial and negative ; for sodium light w = 2.2685, E = 2.182. Analysis by F. P. Treadwell gave I. WO,. PbO. MnO. MgO. Fe,O,-t MnO. Total. I. 51.34 47.44 04's trace - 99.56 11. 49.06 48.32 - - 1.4s 98.81 The new mineral raspite is found on some of the stolzite specimens as brownish or yellow monosymmetric crystals with a strong adaman- tine lustre. They are flattened parallel to cc(100), and elongated in the direction o€ the axis of symmetry ; cc : 6 : c = 1.3493 : 1 : 1.1112 ; p = 72" 19'.There is a perfect cleavage parallel to a(100), and the crystals are always twinned on this plane. The plane of the optic axes is b(010); the index of refraction is very high, being about 2-6. Hardness, 24-3. Analysis 11, by Treadwell, gives the formula PbWO,, showing the mineral to be dimorphous with stolzite ; it may possibly be isomorphous with wolframite. L. J. S. The Oscuro Mountain Meteorite. By RICHARD C. HILLS (P,roc. Colordo Sci. SOC., 1897 [read April 31, 4 pp.).-Three masses of this iron were found in December, 1895, close together on the Oscuro Mountains, Socorro Co., New Mexico, weighing respectively 1467, 1226, and 676 grams. There is no sign of weathering. Etching develops distinct Widmanstiitten figures. Graphite and schreibersite are present, but no troilite was observed. Analysis gave Fe. Ni. co. P. c. Total. 90.79 7.66 0.57 0.27 0.07 99.36 Other irons recently described from South Central New Mexico are the El Cttpitan (Abstr., 1896, ii, 193), and the Sacramento Mountairis (Abstr., 1897, ii, 21s). L. J. S. By EDGAR 13. $3. BAILEY (Kansas Univ. Quccrt., 1897, 6, A, 117--119).-Water issuing from limestone at Louisville, Pottitwatomie Go., Kansas, has a temperature of 56" F. ; a t first it is quite clear, but soon becomes yellow and turbid. Analysis gave, in 100,000 parts, Composition of the Louisville Mineral Water. It has an astringent taste. SiO, and Pe,O,. CaO. MgO. Na,O. K,O. SO,. C1. insol. CO,. 2.84 38.17 9.32 8-05 0.52 12.89 3-85 4.64 99.90 Also traces of nitric acid and organic matter. Several waters of Kansas have more magnesium than this, but as they also contain much sodium chloride, they are not palatable. The Saline river contains more mineral matter in solution than the water of this spring. L. J. S. 3