Nonmarine strata of the Lower Carboniferous Albert Formation of southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada, contain relatively diverse and abundant invertebrate trace fossils comprising twelve ichnogenera, fourteen ichnospecies, and one vernacular ichnotaxon. These traces occur in two mutually exclusive, spatially and temporally recurrent ichnocoenoses, each related to specific paleoenvironments. TheRusophycusichnocoenosis characterizes upper portions of upward‐fining fluvial channels and comprises ichnotaxa reflecting different behavioral activities of arthropods. ThePalaeophycusichnocoenosis characterizes shallow lacustrine sequences and comprises ichnotaxa produced essentially by deposit‐feeding invertebrates, possibly annelids (?oligochaetes). Exclusion of ichnofaunas from strata of additional and similarly intergradational paleo‐environmental regimes within the sequence (alluvial fan, alluvial plain, algal swamp, deep lacustrine, evaporitic lacustrine) is suggested to reflect several physical environmental constraints, notably parameters such as grain size, availability of nutrients, and oxygen and salinity levels.