Red‐breasted MergansersMergus serratorwere counted in the river North Esk, Scotland, and on the sea nearby, 1987–1990. Pairs arrived at the river estuary from early winter, but the main influx to freshwater took place in late April and in May, when breeding pairs dispersed far upriver. Females began incubation from late May. Most young hatched in July and fledged by late September. Males left the river in June and congregated at an offshore moulting site, their numbers peaking in August, and dispersed rapidly in September.Breeding density and total duckling production decreased with increasing distance upstream, decreasing river width and increasing gradient and elevation. The total number of breeding pairs and their distribution on the river were similar from year to year, despite variable numbers killed, suggesting a stable breeding population near the upper limit the habitat would support in those years. It also suggested that killing mergansers in April was an ineffective way to reduce the population. The spatial variation in merganser breeding density was not correlated with the density of their main spring food, parr of salmonSalmo salar, but could have been related to its availability.The production of well‐grown ducklings varied annually and was inversely correlated with river flow during the main period of hatch. It is argued that Red‐breasted Mergansers breed late in the year because the hatching of ducklings in July coincides with an abundance of their food, large aquatic invertebrates and tiny juveni