26 ABSTRACTS OF CBEMICAL PAPERS.Min er a1 o g i c a1 C h e m i s t r y.Effect of Heat on Vesuvian, Apatite, and Tourmaline, ByC. DOELTER (Juhrb. f. M h . , 1884, 2, Mem., 217--221).--The authorhas elaborately investigated the effect of heat on the optical propertiesof vesuvian, apatite, and tourmaline. H e finds that the optical proBIINERALOGIUAL CHEMISTRY. 27perties of vesuvian are very variable, not only in crystals fromdifferent localities, but also in those from the same locality. Manyvesurians are quite normal and exhibit the black cross in all positionsof the plate ; this is the case with the light-green variety from Ala.Much more frequent is the case in which a distinct separation of thearms of the cross occurs. CrystaIs from Vesuvius present a smallaxial angle of 4" to So, and other crystals may be mentioned whichexhibit a considerable axial angle.Thus, an axial angle of 34Q" forred light was measured on a light-brown crystal from Vesuvius, 24"on a yellowish-brown crystal from Piedmont, and 12" on a browncrystal from Zermatt. The vesuvians differing optically also presentdifferences on being heated. With the vesuvians which have a verysmall axial angle, this usually increases with increase of temperature,whilst with those which have a large axial angle: i t decreases.Apatite, according to Mallard, exhibits optical anomalies. This theauthor found to be the case with the violet apatites from Schlaggen-wald and Elirenfriedersdorf, and with coloured apatites generally ;whilst the colourless crystals from Pfitsch, and the pale-green crystalsfrom Salzbach, were perfectly normal.A yellowish-brown crystal oftourmaline from Lower Drauhurg, in Carintliia. exhibited an axialangle of 9" for red light. With a slight increase of temperature, nochange could be detected ; and a t a red heat the arms of the h-j-per-bola came nearer together, but did not even at the highest tempera-ture join completely.Sulphur from Zielenzig. By A. ARZRUKI (Juhrb. f. &tin., 1884,2, Ref., 307).-Rhombic crystals of sulphur occur in fissures in thelignite at the Phoenix Mine, near Zielenzig, in Brandenburg. Thecrptals have been formed by sublimation. The following forms wereobserved: P, OP, Pij, WP, P e , +P, +P, +P.Minerals of the Cryolite-group from Greenland. By A.KRENNER(Jahrb. f. illin., 1884, 2, Ref., 308-310).-This paper contains anaccount of the morphological and optical properties of the cryoliteminerals : cryolite, thomsenolite, pachnolite, arksutite, and ralstonite.Microscopic Association of Magnetite with Titanite andRutile. By A. CxrHmm (Julwb. f. &in., 1884, .2, Ref., 306-307).--Magnetite surrounded by tihnite, disseminated through a mixtureof chlorite and actinolite, occurs in remarkably fine examples in rocksfrom the Alpsbnch and Wildschonau valleys in the Tyrol. A mixtureof magnetite, with actinolite and a little titanite, was obtained afterrepeated washing and extraction with the magnet. This mixture,in very fine powder, after a quarter of an hour's treatment withhydrochloric acid, left a residue consisting of rutile and some actino-Zite.The acid solutionexhibited the composition given under I, 0.3565 gram being employed,with 0.1215 insoluble residue containing 0.11 SiOz, 0.017 Ti02, and0.093 pure actinolite-B. H. B,B. H. B.B. H. B.The latter was isoIated and analysed (11)28 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS.I.SiO,. ..... 4.67l’i02. ..... 5.07A120, .... -Cr203 .... 3-65Fe203 .... 52-94FeO.. .... 29.75CaO .... 2.27MgO .... 2.41H,O.. .... -Total .. 100.76The 90.02 per cent. ofing results :-Ti02. Cr,O,.3.22 4-06Magnetite.-2-903-6552.9429.251.28--- -90.02Titanite.1.632.1 7----1.52-- --5-32Actinolite.3.04 ----0.500.751-13- -5-4255.38--0-509.1613.6520.620.2799-58-magnetite calculated to 100 gave the follow-Fe203.FeO. MgO. To kal.58.81 32-49 1-42 100.00From the author’s observations, it follows that the so-calledleucoxene surrounding magnetite is a product of alteration. I n themagnetite, Fe,Os is replaced by FeTiO,, and leucoxene, which isnothing other than titanite, is formed. The microscopic investigationsupports this theory. B. H. B.Pseudomorphs after Rutile. By A. v. LASAULX (Juhrb. f. Mi%.,1884, 2, Ref., 299).-Pseudomorphs after rutile occur in the graniteof Morbihan. Rutile crystals are of frequent occurrence, but theyare often altered to a considerable depth into ilmenite. Betweenthe layer of ilrrienite and the rutile, yellow titanic hydrate is fre-quently met with.In other crystals, a product resembling titano-morphito occurs in the immediate neighbourhood of the ilmenite.Other rntile crjstals were altered into a mixture of ferric oxide,minute crystals of anatase, titauite, and rutile. In this case, theanatase is paramorphous after rutile. B. H. B.Natural Borates. By C. RAMMELSBERG (Jahrb. f. Mirz., 1@84, 2,Mem., 158--163).-0n the banks of a salt lake in the Argentine pro-vince of Jujuy, Brackenbusch collected a white mud which hardenedto a solid mass, on exposure to the atmosphere. This substance isboronatrocalcite (Dana’s ulexite), and contains rJodium chloride and alittle clay. It is Free from sulphates, but several of the harderparticles appear to be glauberite.When heated, the powder fuses toa cloudy green glass. Analysis gave the following results :-B203. CaO. Na20. H2O. Total.42.06 15.91 8.90 33.48 100.35from which the author calculates the formula to be : Na4Ca4Bl8033 +27H20 ; this requires :MIXERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 29BZO,. CaO. Na,O. €120. Total.43.03 15.30 8.47 33.20 100*00Na4B,01, + 9H,O{2(C aB60t, 2 + 9Hz0)’and if the borate R’BOz = R”B,04, the oxgen ratio for bases and acidis 2 : 3.In conclusion the author gives a summary of the natural borates,assuming that R’BO, = R“B20+A. Oxygm Ratio for Bases and Acid, 3 : 4.-1. Priceite (a mineralfrom Oregon identical with pandermite from Panderma on the BlackSea)-If the formula is written-CSBSO,, + 5HzO = { igz6y4} + 4&O.2.Boracite (and Stassf urtite)-B. OxygeN Ratio f o r Bases and Acid, 2 : 3.-1. Hodroboracite.2. Boronatrocalcite-3. Franklandite (.Phil. Mag., 1877, 284)-NGJ%Oll + 8&O} = {[?zlz]] Ca B204 { Ca*BsOl, + 8HDHBO,+ 7H20.C. Oxygen Ratio for Bases and Acid, 1 : 2.-1. %orax (Tinkal) ;-NazB& + 10HzO = 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ + 9&O.2. Borocnlcite (Hayesine, Tiza of Atacama)-CaBa07 + 6H20 = 2g:b: + 5H,O. 0D. Oxygen Ratio for Bases and Acid, 1 : 4.--1. Larderellite.AmBO,AmzBbO13 + 4H20 = 2 { 3HB0, } + HZO30 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICBL PAPERS.I n addition to the above are two basic borates.1. Sussexite-R = Mn, Mg.2. Spaibelyite-MgdMA1 i 3H20 =I n ludwigite, datolite, danburi te, tourmaline, and axinite, boronmust beregarded as replacing A1 or Fe.€3. H. B.Apatite from Logrozan (Spain). By A. VIVIER (Compt. refzd.,99, 709-71 l).-Apatite from Logrozan occurs in regular hexagonalprisms, the bases of which are modified by pyramidal faces. Thecrystals are enclosed in an altered trachyte, and are generally more orless opaque, and yellowish or greenish in colour, with an unevenvitreous fracture. They contain numerous enclosures of lamellai=specular hematite. Some of the crystals are as much as 25 mu]. inlength, but the apatite is also disseminated through the rock in micro-scopic crystals. The larger crystals, free from specular hematite,have the composition :-Aluminium and berjlliuni phosphates ........Calcium phosphate ........................ 89.54Cdcium fluoride (by diff .) ..................5.234.46Calcium chloride .......................... 0.77100~00C. H. B.Origin of the Phosphorites in the South-West of France.By DIKVLBFAIT (Corn@ rend., 99, 440--443).-1t has been urged thatthe author's theorF of the formation of phosphorites, partially, if notentirely, by the action of percolating saline waters of the tertiary age,is not applicable to the phosphorites in the south-west of France,because this district was never covered by the sea during the tertiaryperiod. In this district, however., there are many deposits of gypsumwhich undoubtedly belong to the tertiary period, and they contain innotfable quantity lithium, strontium, manganese, zinc, copper, .andboric acid, substances which the author has previously shown to becharacteristic of the saline deposits and saliferous marls formed inmodern seas.In all probability, therefore, the gypsums of the south-west of France, like those of the middle, and of the Paris basin, areproducts of the evaporation of saline waters.If the excavation of the phospboritic caverns and the deposition ofphosphorites has been the work of saline waters of the tertiary period,it follows that a calcareous tract may only be expected to containphosphorites when it is covered with deposits of tertiary age.Brazil.C. H. B.Minerals from the Metamorphic Rocks of Ouro Preto,By H. GORCEIX (JLchrb. f. $!in+, 1884, 2, Ref., 302-303).BlISERhLOGICXL CHEMISTRY. 311. Crystals planted on quartz with cobalt oxide. The crystals are ofa white colour, H.= 2-3, sp. gr. 2.3. They are soluble withdifficulty in warm nitric acid, and have the following composition :-A1203. H,O . Total.65.2 34.8 100.0correspoading to the formula A1203,H20.Thecrystals are white or pale-green, acicular, with distinct cleavage.H. = 4.P206. F. A1,03. CaO. MgO. H20. Total.33.0 3.6 36.1 0.3 0 2 26.2 99.42. Crystals of zuauellite in small geodes in black slate.Sp. gr. 2.34. The analysis gave the following results :-2. Pyrophy7Zite. With the above minerals, acicular white, greenishTheSp. gr. 2.76. Theor bluish crystals occur ; sometimes accompanied by disthene.mineral has a pearly lustre and low hardness.analyses gave the following results :-Si02. Al,03. FeO. CeO. H20. Total.65-3 28.0 1.7 0-4 5.5 100.9B.H. B.Empholite. By L. J. IGELSTRON (Jahrb. .f. A!&., 1884, 2, Ref.,317--318).-The new mineral from Horrsjoberg, Sweden, formerlyregarded as diaspore, gave oli analysis the folloning results :-Si02. A1,03. MgO.CaO.Fe0. H,O.53.3 30.5 3.4 13.8The mineral is insoluble in acids, H. = 6. It is found in thequartzose, disthene, and muscovite schists.The Potash-soda-felspars of Silesia. By A. BEUTELL ( J ~ h r b . f.Afin., 1884, 2. Ref., 319--324).-1n an exhaustive paper on thissnbject, the author gives crystallographical descriptions and chemicalanalyses of the following felspars : microcline from the granitite ofSchwarzbach and Griinbusch in the Riesengebirge, albite froni thegranitite of Schwarzbach, microcline from the granitite of Striegau,albite from the same locality, microcline from the granite vein ofIlampersdorf and Leutmannsdorf in the Eulengebirge, and alhite fromReichen bach.B. H. B.B. H. B.Minerals from a Chromite Deposit. By A. ARZRTJEI ( J n h ~ b . f.Nin., 1884, 2, Ref., .303--304.)-The minerals were found near theKassli smelting-works in the Ural. I n fissures in the chromik,crystals of kammererite occur ; they are not violet, but of a bluish-green colour. Crystals of perowskite and rutile also occur, the lattercontaining chromium. This is probably due to enclosed kammererite.B. I€. B.Magnesian Epidote. Bg DAMOUR and DES-CLOIZEAUX (Jdwb. f.ilfin., 1884, 2, Ref ,317).-On lapis lazuli from the Haikal Lake, mixedwith dolomite and iron pyrites, small white or yellowish transparen32 ABSTRACTS OF CHENICAL PAPERS.crystals were observed, the optical and crystallographical propertieso€ which are those of epidote.The crystals scratch glass, are iufusiblebefore the blowpipe, and contain silica, alumina, magnesia, and tracesof lime. The name picro-epidote is suggested for this epidote.B. H. B.Schuchardtite. By G. STARKL (Jakrb. f. M ~ N . , 1884, 2. Ref,,305).--This mineral is of an apple-green colour, soft, and is disinte-grated by water. Heated at 300" it loses 4.477 per cent. of water;in the desiccator i t loses 1.6 per cent. Sp. gr. 2.339. The analysisgave the following results :-SiO.2. A1,0,. Fe,O,. NiO. FeO. CaO.I. 33.281 14.616 3.825 5.678 3.561 1.47211.33% 14.882 3.905 5.t82 3.617 1.49911. 33-214 15.C93 2.605 6.106 3.517 1.824I. 23.723 13907 100*06311. 24.155 12.366 100.092111. 24.747 12.894 100*000MgO. H,O. Total.I is the analysis of fresh material ; I1 that of the substance driedFrom the at loo", and 111 the calculated percentage composition.azalysis is deduced the empirical formula-A1,,Fe,Si,,050 + Fe3Ni,CazMg,Si,,0,, + 44H,O.B. H. B.Groddeckite, a new Zeolite. By A. ARZRUNX (Jalzrb. f. Mi%.,1884, 2, Ref., 318--319).-The groddeckite crystals cover calcitecrystals which are planted on a breccia of a greenish-grey siliceousrock. I n addition to calcite, quartz crystals, galem, and magneticpyrites were observed. Only one specimen from St. Andreasberg hasbeen met with, this is in the collection of the Clausthal School of Mines.The cryetals are colourless and have a glassy lustre, H.= 2-3.Cleavage indistinct, prismatic. The crystals are very similar to thoseof gmelinite. The chemical composition is-SiO,. A1,03. Fe,03. CaO. MgO. N%O. H20. Total.51-53 12.0 7.7 1.1 3.3 4.5 20.2 100.0corresponding with the formula-Constitution of the Amphiboles containing Alumina. By R.SCHARIZER (Jahrb. .f. 2&z., 1884, 2, Mem., 143--157).-Schrauf pub-lished (Juhrb. f. Min., 1883, 2, 84) an account of the action of heaton the hornblende from Jan Mayen, in which he stated that thethermal constants were different from those of actinolite, Theauthor's chemical investjigation now proves that the chemical consti-tntion of actinolite is totally different from that of this hornblende.The analysis gave the following results :hlINERhLOGlCXL CHEMISTRY. 33FiO,.A1,03. Fe,O,. FeO. MnO. MgO.39.167 14.370 12.423 5.856 1.505 10.521CaO. K20. Na,O. HzO. Total.11.183 2.013 2.478 0.396 99.912corresponding with the formula (R’,,R”),(Al,Fe),Si,012, the usualformula for amphiboles, free from alumina, being (Mg,Fe)&aSiSi3Ol2.All amphiboles containing alumina must, according to the author,be mixtures of two terminal members, one being represented by thehornblende, rich in Al2O3 and Fe-03, from Jail Mayen, the otherbeing actinolite free from alumina. For the monoclinic substance,R3RzSi3012, the author adopts Breithaupt’s name, syntogmatife, becausethe hornblende from Vesuvius, so termed, closely resembles the terminalmember of this series of isomorphous mixtures, the hornblende fromJan Mayen.In order to prove the hypothesis that in the monoclinicdivision of the amphiboles t,wo terminal members exist differing inchemical composition, actinolite of the type (Mg,Fe),CaSiSi,Ol2, ainetasilicate and syntagmntite of the type R3R”2Si30,2, an orthosilicate,wliich mixed in variable proportions yields the hornblendes containingAl,O, and Fe,O,, a number of recent analyses were calculated. Theresults were distinctly in favour of the above hypothesis, and provethat three groups of amphiboles may be distinguished : the opticallynegative metasilicate, actinolite ; the optically negative orthosilicate,syntagmatite ; and the optically positive orthosilicate, pargasite, thecomposition of which may be expressed by the formula(~,Ca),(Mg,Fe)3(A1,Fe),Si,01G.B. H. B.Leucite- and Nepheline-basalt from the Vogelsberg. ByH. SOMMERLAD (Jahrb. f. Mi~z., 1884, 2, Mem., 221-223).-In thecollection belonging to the University of Giessen, the mthor foundtwo interesting rocks in which the presence of leucite and nephelinehad not previously been detected.The leucite-basalt from Ulrichstein presented a compact greenish-black ground-mass, containing olivine and augite crystals. Underthe microscope a finely crystalline ground-mass is seen, formed ofminute augite crystals and magnetite grains, accompanied by occa-sional patches of leucite. Olivine, augite, and brown mica formprophyritic crystals.An analysis of the rock gave the followingresults :-SiO,. 81.203. Fe20,. FeO. CaO. MgO.41.13 18.18 4.71 7.64 13.20 10.59K2O. NaO,. HzO . Total.1.59 2.00 1-74 100.i8The nepheline-basalt from the Ziegenstuck near Herbstein is of agreyish-black colour. In the ground-mass, olivine grains and augitemay be observed. Under the microscope, the principal mass is seen toconsist of black angites, with magnetite grains and irregular patchesof nepheline. The rock is a nepheline-basalt resembling the Taufsteinrock. B. H. B.VOL. XLFITI. 34 ABSTRACTS OF CHEN ICAL PAPERS.A Pegmatite containing Large Crystals of Chloropl?.yllite.By I?. GONNARD (Comnpt. rend., 99, 711-712).-A vein of pegmatitecutting through granite, about 10 kilorn. from Montbrison, Loire.onthe road between that place and St. Bonnet-le-Courreau, containscrystals of chlorophyllite as much as 6 cm. in length aiid about 3 ctn.in diameter. Some are very dark-green, with a fracture which isvitreous in some parts, dull in others. These crystals seem to passinto fahlunite. Others are greenish, greenish-grey, or pearly-grey,and cleave very easily along the basal plane ; sp. gr. 2.77. The peg-matite also contains crystals of white microcline, which have the rareface h. very well developed. These crystals have a reddish tinge, andconsist of thin Iarnin~ united along the direction h, but covered witha thir, layer of the same substance which masks the s t r i aChemical Composition of Augites from Phonolites andSimilar Rocks. By P. MANN (Jahrb. f. &fin., 1884, 2, nilem., 172-205).-The author has isolated and analysed the auqites from a num-ber of phonolites and other rocks pith in alkalis. The rocks employedwere phonolite from Elfdalen, leucitophyre from Rieden, hauynophprefrom Melfi. Of these rocks, the two latter contain augite onlp, whilstin the two former some hornblende also occurs, but in such smallquantity that sufficient material f o r analysis could not be obtained.The aagites from all the rocks examined were proved to contain alkalis,those from the phonolites proper to a much grea,ter extent than thosefrom the leucite and hauyn rocks. All the analyses give a percentageof silica much too low f o r the amount of alkalis present, thus renderingvery probable the presence of the silicate R2R”’Si06, as suggestedby Doelter. The extinction angle increases in direct proportion tothe percentage of iron and alkalis. This is shown in the followingtable :-C. H. B.Fe20,. IMelfi ................Rieden ..............Elfdalen ..............Hohektwiel ..........12.6’719 -5222.4426 -35Total alkalis.1.993 -359.3613 *33Extiiiction angle.39”301210~~ B. H. B