Secrecy, simultaneous discovery, and the theory of nuclear reactors
作者:
Spencer Weart,
期刊:
American Journal of Physics
(AIP Available online 1977)
卷期:
Volume 45,
issue 11
页码: 1049-1060
ISSN:0002-9505
年代: 1977
DOI:10.1119/1.10970
出版商: American Association of Physics Teachers
关键词: REACTORS;NEUTRON DENSITY;FOUR−NUCLEON TRANSFER REACTIONS;FISSION;CHAIN REACTIONS;NEUTRON ABSORBERS;CRITICALITY;NEUTRON REACTIONS;FISSION;REACTOR KINETICS EQUATIONS;URANIUM−235;MODERATORS;HEAVY WATER;GRAPHITE
数据来源: AIP
摘要:
The history of nuclear reactors gives us a singular opportunity to study what happens when the world’s leading physicists, faced with the same problem, find solutions in complete isolation from one another. This paper takes as an example an elementary part of reactor theory, the four‐factor formula. It was discovered independently at least six times (in France, Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States). But the groups, separated by wartime secrecy, used the formula in very different ways. Usually it was simply ignored. In only two cases was the formula integrated with experimental work—by the French and, in an entirely different way, by Fermi’s team in Chicago. Thus even though simultaneous discovery occurred, we need not conclude that the physics developed inevitably in a unique pattern.
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