AbstractThree sites in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland in central New South Wales were sampled for the number and composition of seed in the surface cm of soil. There was a total of 3200 seeds/m2beneath eucalypt canopy, 13800 seeds/m2in grassy inter‐tree areas and 4000 seeds/m2in bare inter‐tree areas in April, 1975. These numbers were reduced by 23, 73 and 66% respectively during the subsequent 10 months, when there was no addition of seed. This decline was thought to be mainly due to predation, with germination as a secondary factor. Species composition of the seed pool differed between the three sites with seed of some species being only found beneath the eucalypt canopy or in the inter‐tree areas. There were no seeds that were not present as plants in the community. Any attempts to restore this woodland to its former grassy nature should take into account the low seed population of many of the formerly common grass species and the high number of shrub seeds (>200/m2). Species distribution of seed was highly heterogeneous making adequate sampling very difficult. Extracting and identifying the seed took 8 to 12 man‐h per 100 g