AbstractMother and infant squirrel monkeys that lived together in a socially restricted environment were separated for a period of seven days after the infants had become relatively independent, and were then reunited. Behavioral observations before, during, and after separation indicated that(1)female infants became independent of their mothers earlier than males,(2)neither mothers nor infants were severely affected by separation, and(3)an increase in attachment occurred following reunion only when the mother had a limited history of maternal experience. These results suggest that(1)certain characteristics in the maternal behavior of the squirrel monkey facilitate readjustment in mothers and infants following maternal separation,(2)maternal experience can influence the mother‐infant relationship following a period of separation, and(3)the independence of infants from their mothers may be a function of both sex and specie