374 REVIEWS REVIEWS. TECHNICAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Edited by G. LUNGE, Ph.D. English Vol. III., Parts I. The value of this work to British chemists has necessarily suffered from its having been primarily produced for German readers, and although the British editor and his collaborators have done their work of translation and revision, upon the whole, very well, it would have been much better had the editors collaborated from the start and produced two independent treatises, one in German for the Germans, and the other in English for British chemists.One bas only to compare the articles on “Brewing Materials and Beer” and on “Vinegar,” which have been entirely rewritten, with some of the other articles in the volume, to see the force of this contention.translation edited by C. A. KEANE, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. and 11. 1914. London : Gurney and Jackson. Price $3 3s. net. The volume is divided into twenty-three sections or monographs. “Mineral Oils,” by D. Holde, translated, etc., by the late J. Lewkowitsch, contains about as much useful matter as could be compressed into the short space of 57 pages. As an instance of the compression necessary, only one page is devoted to liquid fuel for internal combustion engines.The calorific value of petrol is directed to be carried out in a bomb calorimeter, and the reader is referred to Vol. I. for the method; but reference to Vol. I. shows no mention of petrol, though the combustion of a highly volatile liquid in a calorimetric bomb is a delicate opera- tion, in regard to which the analyst consulting this work might have been glad to find detailed information.The table on p. 23, due to Marcusson, is unintelligible without reference to the original paper. The statement that all methods of estimating petroleum substitutes in admixture with oil of turpentine other than Marcusson’s are inaccurate, is too sweeping, as Armstrong’s method is quite good.Burton’s method is highly dangerous, but no warning is given. The very brief reference to Harker and Higgins’ important investigations of flash-point apparatus might with advantage have been expanded. Freedom from moisture is mentioned on p. 43 as one of the chief requirements of transformer oils, but no test of adequate delicacy is described. Forty-six pages only are devoted to t L Lubricants,” by the same authors, of which nearly two are taken up with a description of Holde’s apparatus for determining the expansion of eight samples of oil a t one time, whilst the much more important subject of (6 absolute viscosity ” is dismissed in less than a dozen lines.Nevertheless, there is a great deal of useful information in these brief pages. ‘‘ Oils, Fats and Waxes ” (pp.105-153) and l C Special Methods of Analysis employed in the Oil and Fat Industries” (pp. 154-209) are dealt with by the late J. Lew- kowitsch, and contain in a very much condensed form the principal matter treated by the author in his standard treatise on these subjects. The section on Resins, Balsams, and Gum Resins ” (pp. 210-222), by K. Dieterich, revised by J.Lewkowitsch, comprises in a series of tables the char- acteristic values of the chief of these commercial products, with the methods of determining their values. I n 1 6 Drugs and Galenical Preparations ” (pp. 223-258),REVIEWS 375 by H. Dieterich, translated by F. B. Power, a brief account is given of the principal vegetable drugs and extracts, the methods of analysis described being chiefly those of the author and the German Pharmacopoeia.“ Essential Oils ” (pp. 259-280), by E. Gildemeister, revised by F. B. Power, contains a good description of the physical and chemical methods used in the examination of these oils, with the constants and properties of those of greatest industrial importance. Articles follow on “ Tartaric ” and ‘( Citric Acids,” by Dr.Klapproth, revised by W. A. Davis, in which the methods of analysis of the raw materials and finished products are given (pp. 281-300). “ Organic Preparations ” (pp. 301 -397) are dealt with by J. Messner, of Merck and Co. (C. A. Keane, translator and reviser). The section appears to be well done, with copious references. Pages 398-451 are devoted to “ India Rubber and Rubber Goods,” by Frank and Marcwald, translated by W.A. Caspari, including the principal rubber substitutes and accessories. There is no reference to synthetic rubber, other- wise the subject appears to be well treated in the brief space. “ Vegetable Tanning Materials” (pp. 452-474), by the late Professor C. Councler, revised by H. R. Proctor, contains an account of the latest approved methods for tannin estimation, including the standard methods of the International Association of Leather Trades’ Chemists ; and in the article on ‘‘ Leather” (pp.475-510), by J. Paessler, also revised by H. R. Proctor, a brief but clear description is given of the methods of analysis of the raw materials used in leather manufacture not dealt with in other sections, and of the finished product.The composition, analysis, and methods of testing inks are briefly treated in the article on “Ink,” by C. Schluttig, revised by C. A. Mitchell (pp. 511-538). Part 11. (really Vol. VI. of the entire work) opens with a very complete monograph on ‘‘ Sugar ” (pp. 539-657), by von Lippmann, revised by A. R. Ling, in which methods are given for the analysis and valuation of the raw materials, pro- ducts, and accessories of the beet and cane sugar industries, followed by a useful article on “ Starch and Dextrin ” (pp.658-687), by von Eckenbrecker, also revised by A. R. Ling. In the next section, on ‘‘ Alcohol, Potable Spirits, and Liqueurs’’ (pp. 688-740), by A. Ebertz and G. Schiile, revised by G. W. Monier-Williams, some overlapping occurs, several pages being devoted to methods for the estimation of starch already described in the preceding article, and the methods for the examina- tion of malt and barley being to some extent repeated in the section on “Brewing Materials and Beer.” Such redundancy is, however, preferable to the cross-references sometimes met with in works of this kind, which end in blind alleys.The reviser of this section has done his work well, and produced a most useful article.(‘ Vinegar ” (pp. 741-754), rewritten by G. Cecil Jones, is also a useful, practical article. The following section, on Wine” (pp. 755-805), by K. Windisch, translated by P. Schidrowitz, is almost wholly based on the official regulations in force in Germany, and nearly all the references are t o German literature and German wines. DuprB’s work is not mentioned, and there is not a single table showing the composition of wines and the characteristics of the various descriptions of wine produced in different countries.Brewing Materials and Beer ” (pp. 806-837), rewritten by A. R. Ling and G. Cecil Jones, is brief but thoroughly practical, and is one of the best sections in the volume.“Paper,” by W. Herzberg, revised by Messrs. Cross, Bevan, and Bacon, is376 REVIEWS a suggestive article, somewhat unduly brief (pp. 838-863). Textile Fibres ” (pp. 864-909), by R. Gnehm, revised by J. Hubner, contains very complete directions for the qualitative and quantitative identification of fibres used in the textile industry, with excellent photo-micrographs, The concluding section on Inorganic Colours ” (pp.910-1017), by A. Eibner, revised by H. J. L. Rawlins and A. Rule, contains information on and methods for the analysis of a great variety of pigments. Although the toxicity of paints is a subject apart from their technical analysis, yet, as the poisonous nature of white lead is referred to, one would have expected to find some brief discussion of recent work on the alleged poisonous properties of paint made with white lead.But there is nothing more than a reference in a footnote to the papers by Baly and by Armstrong and Klein read before the Society of Chemical Industry. Under L‘ Permanent White’’ no mention is made of blanc $xe, but the term appears on p. 917 and subsequent pages as synonymous with permanent white, though not in the index.Some authoritative statement as to whether the term is applicable to all forms of precipitated barium sulphate, or only to those produced in a particular way, would be useful. No less than five pages are devoted to the analysis of lithopone, a comparatively simple matter, which might have been disposed of in two had the authors sifted the various methods, good and bad, which they describe, instead of leaving the reader to wade through them all.Under Ochre and Umber the analyst will not find much guidance of a practical nature. Some analyses of genuine samples might have been given, also in pigments of this kind, whose oolour and staining power are of chief importance, the method of estimating these should be described.The German impress of this section is particularly marked in the description of the red oxide of iron pigments, prominence being given to German names rather than English, and the general description conveying a foreign impres- sion to those familiar with the industry in this country. The finest and purest oxide (Indian red), containing from 97 to 98 per cent. of Fe,O,, is made in this country in very large quantities by calcining copperas in special gas-fired furnaces.Salt is not used as a rule, if ever. The lightest shades of pure oxide are known as Turkey reds. Venetian red is never known here as English red or Prussian red. I t always contains gypsum in large quantity, and is recognised as a (‘ reduced red.” A useful feature of the work is the Appendix, in which are reprinted for handy reference all the tables included in the text. This volume completes Drs.Lunge and Keane’s work, the publication of which has extended over six years. There seems no reason why the six substantial volumes of which it consists should have been published as three, each consisting of two parts, as there is no more connection between the parts of each volume than between the different volumes.The general plan of the work is excellent, consisting, as ii does, of a series of monographs each written and revised by experts of repute. As a work of general reference it will be found of value by all analysts. L. ARCHBUTT. TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. By GEORGE LUNGE, Ph.D. 1914. London: Gurney Thirteen years have elapsed since the publication of the second edition of Dr.Lunge’e well-known English translation of Winkler’s ‘‘ Handbook of Technical and Jackson. Price 15s. net.REVIEWS 377 Gas Analysis.” The death of Winkler in 1904, and the quantity of new matter published in the interval which has led to the development of new methods and modifications of the older ones, decided the author: to start de novo and write an entirely new treatise, using Winkler merely as one source of information, apart from his own tesearches.The present thoroughly practical volume is the outcome of this resolution. There can be only one opinion as to its merits and usefulness to every analyst who has to make gas analyses. It will rank as one of the best, if not the best, of textbooks on gas analysis in the English language, containing in a volume of moderate size, clearly printed and well illustrated, all the best methods up to date for sampling, collecting, transporting, and analysis of gases, including burette calibrations, estimation of suspended solids, tar, naphthalene, and other vapours, etc.L. ARCHBUTT. ORIUINAL GRAVITY TABLES, computed to Hutzdredths of a Degree from the Table attached to the Finance Act, 1914.By G. CECIL JONES, F.I.C., and JULIAN L. BAKER, F.I.C. 1915. London : Brewers’ Journal. Price 2s. 6d. net. The new Origins1 Gravity Tables of Sir T. E. Thorpe and Dr. Horace T. Brown, substituted by the Finance Act of 1914 (this Journal, 1915, 191) for the old tables of Graham, Hofmann, and Redwood, authorised by the Finance Act of 1870, are of great importance to all connected with the brewing industry or brewing analysis.The authors have therefore done a great service in issuing these tables in such a convenient and extended form. The tables in the Act are only given to tenths of a degree, and the authors’ interpolations to one-hundredths thus obviate calculations. The tables are clearly printed and arranged, and are mounted on a folding and cloth-bound card, which, when open, presents the whole tables on a card 14 by 11 inches.METALLURGICAL SMOKE. L. T. THORNE. C. H. FULTON. United States Bureau of Mines, Bulletin A discussion of the general aspects of the smoke problem is followed by detailed description and illustration of many of the appliances which have solved it more or less satisfactorily in certain localities.The enormous scale of American metallnr- gical operations has led to some publicity being gained in this country for American methods of precipitating dust and fume, but stress has generally been laid more on the magnitude of the units than on the principles underlying the methods. Thus many references can be found to the dust-precipitating plant at Great Falls, to the fact that it involved the use of 600 tons of wire and the expenditure of nearly a quarter of a million sterling, a capital expenditure that returns considerably over 10 per cent,, besides securing the abatement of an intolerable nuisance.Now, in addition to such statistics, one can for 20 cents get a sufficiently detailed set of drawings of this plant to be really helpful to anyone desirous of applying the principle to somewhat different material and on a different scale.There are also drawings of plant for the electrical precipitation of fume, another principle of more or less general application. By the application of these two principles-that of the dust chamber with or without wire baffles, and that of electrical precipitation-together with the simple principle underlying bag-house practice, serious nuisance from dusb 84.Pp. 94. Price 20 cents.378 REVIEWS and fume is nearly always avoidable, and the precipitating plant can usually be made to pay for itself, if not to yield a large profit. But with the great preponderance of sulphide ores in America, and American methods of smelting, it is probable that even in the days when a single stack was allowed to discharge nearly 100 tons of dust and fume daily, less damage was done by this than by the sulphur dioxide simultaneously discharged.At any rate, serious damage may be occasioned by the discharge into the air of vast quantities of sulphur dioxide, and for this there is no panacea in sight at present, nor does it seem likely that one will be devised.Every case needs separate consideration, locality being perhaps the most important factor because a permanent one, whereas the concentra- tion of the furnace-gas, though important, can be to some extent controlled, When, in 1911, the Tennessee Copper Company produced 150,000 tons of sulphuric acid from smelter smoke, increasing their production to nearly 200,000 tons in 1912, there were sanguine persons who considered the smelter smoke question finally solved.Yet not only is the success of this process dependent on the concentration of sulphur dioxide (and carbon dioxide) in the furnace gases, and on the capacity of the market to take indefinite quantities of sulphuric acid, but it is still more dependent on the locality of the plant, especially in a country of great distances, like America, where a low-priced product such as sulphuric acid, a thousand miles from a possible user, may be worth nothing at all.Similar criticism attaches to the more recent proposal to produce elemental sulphur from sulphur dioxide, though sulphur will stand heavier freight charges than oil of vitriol. These processes will doubtless receive extended application in suitable localities, but for many years the commoner problem will be that of reducing nuisance without any hope of a direct profit.The author of this bulletin shows that some methods directed to this end, which have been applied on a comparatively small scale in certain localities in Germany, have no prospect of wide adoption in America.The only general method in sight is the old one of diluting the gases before they leave the works and seeking to secure their subsequent rapid diffusion, and for this purpose there is an increasing body of evidence, though perhaps it cannot yet be regarded as conclusive evidence, that a large number of low stacks are better than one great one. & 6 * * + 5 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY. G. CECIL JONES, PASS LIST : JUNE-JULY (1915) EXAMINATIONS. OF eleven candidates who presented themselves for the Intermediate Examination, seven passed: C. E. Corfield, A. Hancock, T. Hopkins, J. McLeod, J. Ogilvie, Agnes Shore, and A. Stewart. In the Examination in General Chemistry for the Associate- ship (A.I.C.), E. R. Taylor passed. Of twenty-four candidates who presented them- selves for the Final (A.I.C.) Examination, sixteen passed : I n the Branch of Mineral Chemistry : E. Arundel; in the Branch of Organic Chemistry : G. M. Bennett, A. J. Boyd, R. C. Denington, H. Hepworth, I. Hopper, G. L. Hutchison, C. H. Lumsden, J. W. Porter, and 9. H. Tucker; in the Branch of the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, Fertilisers and Feeding-Stuffs, SoiIs, and Water : G. A. Bracewell, P. Cheng, A. 0. Jones, C. H. Nanley, C. C. Roberts, and 5. Emsley.