ANALYST, SEPTEMBER 1993, VOL. 118 107N Book Reviews The Dynamics of Electrophoresis By R. A. Mosher, D. A. Saville and W. Thormann. Electrophoresis Library Series. Edited by 6. J. Radola. Pp. xv + 236. VCH. 1992. Price DM186.00; f70.00 ISBN 3-527-28379-X (VCH, Weinheim); 1-56081 -1 92-7 (VCH, New York). This book is dedicated to our colleague and friend Milan Bier. In the Introduction many pages are used to define history, without giving overwhelming information on references of the past. An overview of the historical research, that grounded modern electrophoresis, gives young scientists especially a guideline to find their way in the literature. Too often it is thought that the leading figures of today are the leading figures of the past. In this book it is shown that the new generation is taking over the role of those who made and created the electrophoretic techniques.In the classification of the electrophoretic methods it is shown that four basic principles (with and without electro- phoretic flow) exist. As is well known, these four basic principles can be carried out with any electrophoretic appar- atus. With such equipment one can separate small ions, anions, cations, amino acids, even peptides, proteins, DNA and RNA molecules and restriction fragments. In the two- dimensional mode it is important to know that various electrophoretic principles can be combined. It will be clear that such combinations will increase the information output of researchers. This book clearly describes what kind of prin- ciples have to be chosen or which combination.It is, therefore, of importance that techniques such as two-dimen- sional GC-MS , pulsed flow and micellar electrokinetic chromatography are described. In the ‘simplest’ forms of electrophoresis such as zone electrophoresis (ZE), isotacho- phoresis (ITP) , micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEC) and liquid chromatography with isoelectric focusing (LC-IEF) it is rather ‘simple’ to devise computer programs for both qualitative and quantitative purposes. A very good reader guide to overview this book is given on page 4. Chapter 2 discusses the physico-chemical background of electrophoresis. It not only gives attention to electrophoresis, but also to colloid chemistry. A good compromise is found between the well-established theory and the current possibili- ties of using computer programs for evaluation and under- standing of the data obtained.This chapter is especially recommended to those scientists who would like to become experts in the field of electrophoresis. In Chapter 3, sophisticated computer modelling is given, both to understand the programs used and to add specific wishes for those who are trained in soft- and hardware. These programs are checked with experimental data obtained with the so-called CapScan equipment. For most scientists this chapter is difficult, because for one reason or another ‘wet-chemistry’ and ‘colloid chemistry’ no longer feature in the standard university education package. It is, therefore, a pity that so many beautiful analytical ‘separation’ techniques have to disappear.For this reason this book is extremely useful for physical , analytical and biochemists. Such informa- tion must at least be available in the laboratory. In Chapter 4, moving boundary electrophoresis is des- cribed, as introduced by Arne Tiselius. Although it does not have a great analytical importance, the background of this technique has to be understood. It is the separation phase of ITP used especially for injecting samples in gel filled columns. Chapter 5 describes zone electrophoresis. This principle is probably the most used separation technique in, for example, slab gels, paper, cellulose acetate and in capillary tubes in free solutions and in gels. In free solutions this principle can be used with and without electroosmotic flow (EOF). A clear view of various effects is given.Hybrid forms of CZE and ITP illustrate that sharpening up effects and concentrating effects due to ITP and CZE make it important to understand the background of these principles. In Chapter 6 isotachophoresis is described. It will be clear that this technique now has a great potential, because commercial equipment has become available. Again it is important to understand the background of this technique, to use it for sharpening up the sample before zone electro- phoresis is started. This is comparable to the so-called Ornstein and Davis technique, published in 1964. The computer modelling has been checked with real experiments with the apparatus. In Chapter 7 isoelectric focusing is described. Information is given to select the pH gradient needed (wide or narrow).Sometimes just one kind of carrier ampholyte is rec- ommended, sometimes a mixture. The reproducibility of this technique is dependent on the reproducible material (ampholytes) produced batch-to-batch, week-to-week, month-to-month and year-to-year. In this reviwers’ opinion this chapter is very important for the scientists in companies manufacturing these ampholytes. Chapter 7.6 is of particular importance for students on undergraduate courses, but also for Ph.D. students in the fields related to these techniques. More attention could have been paid to the immobilized pH gradient (Chapter 7.2.2, pages 217-221), while the focusing of proteins in natural pH gradients is questionable (Chapter 7.8, pages 221-229). This book should be available in any laboratory.The information given is comprehensive and will last forever. The equations can be given in classical mathematics or, for instance, in fluid dynamics. The theory behind the principles of electrophoresis is well established, and needs to be known by those scientists who wish to develop their own electrolyte systems in order to optimize their separations. Fruns M . Everuerts Particle Size Analysis Edited by N. G. Stanley-Wood and R. W. Lines. Pp. xx + 538. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1992. Price f57.50. ISBN 0-851 86-487-2. This book covers the proceedings of the 25th Anniversary Conference of the Particle Characterization Group of the Analytical Division, Royal Society of Chemistry, held at the University of Technology, Loughborough in September 1991.Now, if you want to know ‘where particle characterization is at present’ and ‘where it is going’, then this is the book for you. It does not, of course, forget its roots and is also a good review of the development of particle analysis over the past 25 years; indeed some of the well tried and tested methods used over this period of time are discussed in some of the contributed papers. This book is published under the subject classifications of analytical and industrial chemistry, instrumentation and chemical engineering. The wide ranging relationship that particle characterization has with these topic areas is more than adequately served by the 58 papers that make up the publication. A subject index, which allows you to browse through this ever increasing branch of science, is provided; although X for X-ray instrumentation does not seem to make it into the index, it is certainly included in the text!108N ANALYST, SEPTEMBER 1993, VOL.118 The first paper is a fine scene setter and considers the philosophy/fundamentals of particle characterization, its development over 25 years and where this development might lead us. Like the first paper, each contribution is a nugget, critically addressing, in many cases, the underlying theory of a particular instrumental or particle characterization technique, its advantages, limitations of use or performance and in a number of papers future trends. The comprehensive nature of this book makes it difficult to say exactly who it is aimed at in terms of level.In some cases it is not for the mathematically squeamish and seems to lean towards the deeper research level, whereas other papers are suitable for undergraduates in their quest for background information. This is not a criticism, more a consequence of the way in which this science has progressed, and continues to progress. The topics under discussion include surface area, porosity and pore structure, particle shape, field-flow fractionation, clectrical sensing, sedimentation, two-dimensional sieve cas- cadography and a range of light- and laser-based particle sizinghhape techniques. The numerous contributions con- cerning the latter include applications of the more advanced techniques of diffraction, scattering, Doppler velocimetry, obscuration/extinction and photon correlation spectroscopy.Mathematical approaches to particle characterization, such as three-dimensional particle reconstruction, packing, fractal gcometry, principal component analysis, particle morphology and shape change, are also discussed. Examples of applica- tions with an industrial bias are fairly well served. In these days of quality assured techniques, thankfully the need for standards is never in question. Hence, calibration and certified reference materials are an indispensable part of particle characterization. Several papers discuss this area in a critical and open manner. A knowledge of the limitations of a technique gives a balanced view and allows the scientist to determine the confidence of data obtained. Although this information is presented it is noted that sometimes the optimism of an interested author creeps in.This aside, certainly industrial establishments as well as academic institutions should place this timely publication on their library shelves. Mike Foulkes Haaland’s topic is ‘Multivariate Calibration Methods Applied to the Quantitative Analysis of Infrared Spectra’. He gives a good comparison of the variety of multivariate approaches to this problem. A practical example based on the industrially important problem of quality control of boro- phosphosilicate glass is also presented. Windig gives some practical industrial examples of the use of chemometric techniques in the solution of problems from Raman, FTIR microscopy and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The technique used for the examples is the SIMPLISMA approach of self-modelling mixture analysis.One data set discussed is again a glass process, the other is a rubber triblends problem. Naes and Isaksson present an excellent view of the use of principal components regression in near-infrared, concentrat- ing on the assessment of the predictive capability. Computer-Assisted Mass Spectral Interpretation: MS-MS analysis is covered by Hart and Enke. They describe work based on a combination of database techniques, pattern recognition and automated rule generation. Meuzelaar and co-workers report work on Canonical Correlation Analysis of Multisource Fossil Fuel Data, where the spectroscopic techniques used are mass spectrometry, pyrolysis-field ionization MS and photoacoustic FTIR. Cor- relation of such multisource data is one of the strengths of the chemometric approach, this worked example will be useful to those new to the field.Harrington reports on the use of fuzzy rule based expert systems in laser ionization MS of polymer thin films. The other chapters on the PAIRS knowledge based system for interpret- ing infrared spectra, Hadamard methods in signal recovery and the report on the work of Munk on the use of NMR spectra in structure elucidation build on several previous publications. Signal processing in ion mobility spectrometry and multi- channel atomic emission spectroscopy are covered in the final two chapters. Overall the work is well presented but suffers from the lack of state-of-the-art reports. The print and paper of the book are of high quality, but the spine of the book is glued rather than stitched, which leads to the pages becoming detached after a short time.R. A . Hearmon Computer-Enhanced Analytical Spectroscopy. Volume 3 Edited by Peter C. Jurs. Modern Analytical Chemistry Series. Pp. xvi + 320. Plenum. 1992. Price US$175.00. ISBN 0-306-43859-3. How to Use Reverse-Phase HPLC By Gabor Szepesi. Pp. x + 356. VCH. 1992. Price DMI 68.00; f63.00. ISBN 0-89573-766-3 (VCH Publishers); 3-527-27939-3 (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft). This is the third book of proceedings of the excellent Snowbird series of symposia on the application of computers in analytical spectroscopy. As with all conventionally produced symposia proceedings the book suffers somewhat in the gap between the meeting and the publication of the proceedings. The reported lectures were presented at the third symposium that was held in 1990, the fourth symposium in the series has since been held in 1992.Thus it is important for the proceedings to conform to the editors aim that they ‘provide a cross-section of current research activities in this important and active field’. Most spectroscopic techniques are men- tioned. The texts concentrate on chemometrics, knowledge- based systems and signal processing, rather than attempting to cover the full range that the title might imply. The proceedings are presented as 11 chapters by the speakers. Some of these take the form of general overviews or comparisons of methods, others cover specific examples. The highlights of the proceedings are the chapters by Haaland and Windig.This book contains seven chapters on various aspects of reversed-phase HPLC although in places it goes outside of this subject encompassing other HPLC modes such as ion- exchange, size-exclusion and intermediate-polarity phases, but, surprisingly, includes nothing on the use of graphitized carbon packings apart from a passing mention in the Introduc- tion. The book is probably most suitable for analysts with some reasonable experience of HPLC and who require an introduction to the more specialized topics included in later chapters. Chapter 1 presents some advantages and disadvantages of straight-phase versus reversed-phase chromatography. Chapter 2 consists of a summary of basic HPLC theory followed by a survey of different separation modes.The former section is poorly presented and this reviewer would certainly not recommend it as a training aid for inexperienced chromatographers. The latter section seems irrelevant for a book devoted to reversed-phase chromatography, although it would appear from the presentation that the author considersANALYST, SEPTEMBER 1993, VOL. 118 ROYAL SOC,ETY CHEM,STRY To Order, Please write to: Royal Society of Chemistry, Turpin Distribution Services Ltd, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts SG6 IHN, UK. or telephone (0462) 672555 quoting your credit card details. We accept Access/VisalMasterCard/Eurocard. Turpin Distribution Services Limited is wholly owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry. For information on other books and journals, please write to: Royal Society of Chemistry, Sales and Promotion Dept., Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 4WF, UK.RSC Members should obtain members prices and order from: The Membership Affairs Department at the Cambridge address above. @- && _~ information Services I 109N ion-exchange and size-exclusion modes to be reversed-phase met hods. Chapter 3 discusses stationary phases providing quite a nice review of different packings from different sources, the importance of variations in parameters such as pore size, particle size, nature of bonded alkyl chains, extent of phase coverage, etc. Polymeric-based phases and chiral packings are discussed as well as further considerations of ion-exchange, and size-exclusion phases. Chapter 4 is concerned with mobile phases and discusses solvent selectivities, approaches to problems of polar adsorptions at residual silanol sites using mobile-phase additives, e.g. , competing amines, ion-suppres- sion techniques and ion-pair reagents. However, the author then goes on to discuss a number of aspects of column performance, which although useful, should be included in the previous chapter on columns. The final three chapters were considered to contain the most valuable contributions in this publication. Chapter 5 discusses some special techniques. The section on ion-pair chromatography includes useful material on how various factors influence chromatographic performance. This is fol- lowed by reasonable sections on chiral chromatography, indirect detection methods, mu1 ticolumn methods and peptide separations.Chapter 6 provides a good review of optimization techniques and includes practical examples for applying such methods and checking expert systems. The final chapter is a topical discussion on method validation and in which the most valuable section is a very interesting approach to the deter- mination of ruggedness. This book contains several interesting topics and most chapters provide a good selection of references, which are usually reasonably recent. However, it is spoiled by poor presentation of material in many sections sometimes due to badly expressed ideas and sometimes due to grammatical errors. Either way, readers are likely to find these sections difficult to understand. In addition, many diagrams and tables were poorly prepared in some cases rendering them incom- prehensible and a number of typographical errors were found. G. P. R. Curr ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Quality Assurance for Analytical Laboratories Edited by: M. Parkany International Organisation for Standardization, Geneva At the present time, when public opinion is demanding accountability of laboratories carrying out analyses related to socially sensitive issues, such as drug testing, blood alcohol monitoring, HIV-testing, water and air purity, acid rain, etc., the importance of harmonizing protocols for quality assurance schemes cannot be over-emphasized. The first step in obtaining the status of ‘Certified in Accordance with...’, is for a laboratory to make a full and detailed internal evaluation, and this invaluable new book will assist you in that step. Quality Assurance for Analytical Laboratories shows how to introduce internal quality assurance schemes that can form the basis for third party assessment, certification and accreditation. It gives real-life examples from a wide range of laboratories, illustrates the statistical tools needed and details the correct terms and their definitions. It also contains a list of all relevant International Standards. For those laboratories wishing to establish a self-audit for checking conformity with the IS0 9000 series, this book is a must. Special Publication No. 130