AbstractStudy of plants from Scotland recently referred toBryoerythrophyllum jamesonii(Tayl.) Crum shows that they are distinct fromB. jamesoniiand allied S. American and Asiatic taxa and are therefore described as a new species,Bryoerythrophyllum caledonicumLong sp. nov. The history of this species in Scotland is outlined, with a discussion of differences between it and its allies.