Salmonella gastroenteritis is an important, common, and usually self-limited illness. Problems relating to invasive salmonellosis in immunocompromised hosts, chronic carriage, and increasing antibiotic resistance have made the management of salmonella infections more complex. This article reviews salmonellosis, focusing on recent epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment considerations. Areas of recent investigation of mechanisms of pathogenesis, including signal transduction pathways, the role of cytokines, and the mechanisms of the heat-labile enterotoxin, are reviewed. New concepts are also considered for enteropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus.