This paper analyzes the distribution of osteons and interstitial bone in the femoral compacta according to their structure, degree of calcification and mechanical properties. Three cross sections, 100 μm thick, each located 1 cm from the next, were prepared by grinding from the middle third of a human femoral shaft. Starting from the premise that, in lamellar bone, lamellae whose fiber bundles and crystallites have a longitudinal course withstand loading by tension, whereas those whose fiber bundles and crystallites have a transversal course withstand loading by compression, each osteon and fragment of interstitial bone has been given a number recording the percentage of its surface consisting of lamellae with transversally oriented fiber bundles and crystallites (bright under the polarizing microscope). The degree of calcification of the same structures was determined micro-radiographically. The distribution of both osteons and interstitial bone was assessed using a tungsten grid for reference. The total surface of each bone microstructure, and the percentage of that surface consisting of bright lamellae, were all calculated using a Zeiss Video-plan. Our results confirm the view that the distribution of both osteons and interstitial bone is mainly related to their structure – and hence to their mechanical properties. In addition, bone remodeling seems to be most active in areas capable of supporting tensile stre