OBITUARY NOTICES. 677OBITUARY NOTICES.CHARLES GRAHAM.BoltN SEPTEMBER 4TH, 1836 ; DIED NOVEMBER I ~ T H , 1909.THIRTY years ago, few names were more prominently identifiedwith the science and technology of brewing and malting in thiscountry than that of the subject of this memoir, and there are notninny men to whom those industries owe a heavier debt ofgratitude. Many greater investigators in this department ofapplied science there have been : men whose researches have earnedfor them almost world-wide renown, but it is t o the everlastingcredit of Graham that he was one of the earliest to recognise howgreatly science could aid in the development of the great industriesto which he devoted the best part of his life, and that he succeededin bringing home that all-important fact to large numbers of menwho were steeped in empiricism, and suffering from the paralysinginfluence of an unjustified complacency. From an early age,Graham manifested an intense love of natural science, and havingas a very young man decided to adopt chemistry as a profession,he entered the Chemical and Agricultural College a t Kennington,where he worked under Mr.Nesbit, devoting his attention toanalytical chemistry in general, and to agricultural chemistry inparticular. With a view to graduating a t the University ofLondon, he a few years later entered University College as astudent, and in 1864 took the degree of Bachelor of Science.About this time he was appointed an assistant t o Dr. A. W678 OBITUARY NOTICES.Williamson, then Professor of Chemistry a t that College, and in1866 he received the degree of Doctor of Science a t the Universityof London.Early in 1867, while still engaged a t UniversityCollege, he was invited by Baron H. von Rath, a Member of theReichsrath and President of the Rhenish Agricultural Society,to act as resident chemical adviser at his mining works in Nassau.Graham accepted that position, and was a little later appointedarbitrator in chemical matters between the German mine ownersand the English contractors. During this period Graham’sattention was largely devoted to a study of the Nassau phosphatedeposits, and t o questions connected with the chemistry of soiland to the rationale of artificial manuring. During the years1868-1870 he published, in German agricultural journals, a numberof papers on those subjects, all of which recorded painstakingand sound work, and several of which afforded evidence of thatscientific “ prevision ” which was so noticeable a characteristic inlater years.These papers attracted a good deal of attention a tthe time, and on the expiration, in 1870, of his German engage-ment, he was invited to proceed to Spain to examine and reporton some extensive mining properties in that country. On hisreturn to England a few months later, Graham resumed histutorial work at University College, and at the same timesupplemented his income by carrying on an analytical and con-sulting practice, and it was then that he seriously turned hisattention to the science of brewing and t o the technology of thefermentation industries generally.On December 8th, 1873, hedelivered the first of his well-known Cantor lectures, “On theChemistry of Brewing,” and the remaining four of the series weregiven on December 15th, and in the following February. Thesewere delivered before large audiences at the Society of Arts, werewidely reproduced in the trade and other journals, and produceda great impression. It was not that they contained much that wasstrikingly novel, and certainly nothing that was epoch-making,but they were well modelled, and admirably calculated t o effecttheir main object,, namely, to make the practical man think forhimself. At the end of the concluding lecture, Graham said :“After all, it (that is, this course) has only been suggestive.I t smain object has been to raise discussion, and excite inquiry. . . .My criticisms, however, have been solely actuated by a desire tomake you look a t the matter from a new standpoint, so that youmight see the rationale of the processes employed.” In a verydirect and personal sense, these lectures certainly did “ exciteinquiry,” and, as a result, Graham speedily built up a largeconsulting practice among brewers, maltsters, vinegar makers, anOBITUARY NOTICES. 679others; but they had a far more widely reaching effect, for hheytended in no small degree to accelerate the decline of empiricismand quackery, and to stimulate the spirit of inquiry and research.That they contained many views which are not altogether inaccord with our modern knowledge is not to be wondered at, butthey were models of clear subject arrangement, were characterisedby lucidity of treatment, and were occasionally illuminated byflashes of what, for want of a better term, must be called scientificforesight or prevision.I n fact, not a few processes which are ofcomparatively recent introduction into brewing and maltingpractice will be found to have been suggested, or at leastadumbrated, in those lectures. Six years later, that is, in 1879,Graham attempted to do for bakers what he had already donefor brewers and maltsters, and delivered before the Society ofArts a second series of Cantor lectures, “On the Chemistry ofBread Making.” These were modelled somewhat on the lines ofhis brewing lectures, and, in the words of the presiding chairman,were “not unworthy to take a place by the side of his formercourse.” Graham was always keenly interested in the work ofthe Society of Chemical Industry, and a t the first general meetingof that Society in June, 1881, communicated a paper on LagerBeer, which was a serious attempt to make the English publicacquainted with the virtues and properties of the low-fermentationbeers as made and consumed on the Continent.For a com-paratively short communication, this paper contains a vast amountof information, and can even now be studied with advantage.In 1878 Graham was appointed Professor of Chemical Technologyat University College, London, and in that capacity had t o dealwith the application of chemistry to a number of industries.Courses of study were laid down for metallurgists, alkali, soap andmanure manufacturers, manufacturers of glass, cement, artificialstone, etc., bleachers, dyers and calico printers, brewers, distillers,and vinegar manufacturers, agriculturalists, and consultingchemists and public analysts.Special courses of lectures weregiven on the chemistry of the alkali trade, on the chemistry ofbrewing, and on agricultural chemistry, of which by far the mostimportant and most numerously attended were those devoted to thechemistry of brewing and malting. That Graham’s life at thistime was a busy one may easily be imagined, for in addition tohis exacting professorial duties at University College, including,of course, both lectures and laboratory instruction, he carried ona large consulting practice, and was, moreover, for more thanthirteen years County Analyst under the Sale of Food and DrugsActs for the three divisions of Lincolnshire.In 1889 Graha680 OBITUARY NOTICES.resigned his Chair with the title of Emeritus Professor, and carriedon, in association with the writer of this memoir, a private con-sulting practice, chiefly in relation to the fermentation industries.A t the end of about ten years he retired to Hastings, where helived very quietly, and where he died on November 13th last, a tthe age of seventy-four.He wits an old Member of the Chemical Society, having beenelected in 1862, and served on the Council during the years1880-1881.He was also an original Fellow of the Institute ofChemistry, and had been a Vice-president and an Examiner ofthat body. Graham was a man of iron will and of immense forceof character, and, like many such men, was apt to conceive violentlikes and dislikes, which, so far as an outside observer could judge,were frequently without justification. I n scientific matters cautiousto a fault, and never sparing any pains himself in endeavouringto arrive a t the truth, he was angrily impatient of all who,through defective powers of observation, intellectual laziness, orcarelessness, communicated to him statements which he knew tobe incorrect. He was a man of wide scientific attainments, andpossessed a large fund of hard common sense, qualities whichrendered his advice (not always confined to purely technicalmatters) of the greatest value to his numerous clients.Easilymoved to anger by opposition, direct in his speech, and oftenbrusque in his manner, he was, nevertheless, capable of formingreal attachments, and was the author of many acts of unostenta-tious kindness. Throughout his life, however, his main affectioncentred in his old College, and those who knew him at all wellwill hardly have been surprised that at his death he should havebequeathed to it the bulk of his estate. Apparently strong andvigorous, he yet knew much of physical suffering, and one cannothelp feeling that there is some connexion between that fact andthe terms of his bequest, namely, that it should be devoted to theencouragement of research, having for its object “ the prevention,cure, or alleviation of human disease and suffering.”A.CHASTON CHAPMAN.THEOPHILUS HORNE REDWOOD.BORN JULY 3 1 s ~ , 1849; DIED MARCH 3 1 s ~ , 1909.THEOPHILUS HORNE REDWOOD, the second son of Dr. TheophilusRedwood, was born on July 31st, 1849. He was educated a tUniversity College School, and received his instruction in chemistryin the laboratory of his father, who was Professor of Chemistry a OBITUARY NOTICES. 681the Pharinaceutical Society. For many years he acted as assistantto his father, and then turned his attention to industrial chemistry,accepting an appointment as chemist on the lime plantations ofMessrs. Sturge on the island of Montserrat, West Indies.Sub-sequently he became associated with the important undertakingnow known as Borax Consolidated.He possessed unusual artistic taste, which he turned to goodaccount in cultivating the a r t of landscape photography longbefore the days of films and dry plates. H e was elected a Fellowof the Royal Photographic Society in 1896.He suffered from a congenital malformation of the spine, whichin his later years caused partial loss of power in the lowerextremities, and otherwise prejudicially affected his health, buthis affliction was borne uncomplainingly, his hopefulness, cheerful-ness, and sense of humour being maintained to the last.Although of remarkable keenness of intellect, he was an excep-tionally modest and unselfish man, always taking a kindly andactive interest in the welfare of others, and a t all times readywith encouragement and sympathy.He had, indeed, a charmingdisposition, was loved by all who knew him intimately, and nevermade an enemy.Although for the last two or three years of his life he waspractically confined to his house, he was contemplating anothervisit to the islands of the West Indies, when he had an attackof pneumonia, to which he succumbed on March 31st, 1909.He leaves a widow, two sons and two daughters.B. D.SIR THOMAS WARDLE.*BORN JANUARY ~ ~ T I I , 1831; DIED JANUARY 3RD, 1909.SIR THOMAS WARDLE was born at Macclesfield on January 26th,1831. He was the eldest son of Mr. Joshua, Wardle, of CheddletonHeath, near Leek, who founded the silk dye works of Joshua Wardleand Son, at Leek Brook, when Sir Thomas was scarcely a year old.Educated at Macclesfield and Leek, he entered his father’s business,and his early energies soon bore fruit in the well-being of the firm.His efforts in life were not destined to be restricted to one particularchannel, for soon after the death of his father he brought intobeing the silk and cotton printing business of Wardle and Co., a tHencroft, Leek. Sir Thomas Wardle was a, keen student ofchemistry, geology, and archzeology, and later on of sericiculture,and his tastes ranged over an even wider field.* Abridged, by permission, from the JlmriaaZ of Tndia,t Art and Ividmtr682 OBITUARY NOTICES.The first dealing Sir Thomas had witJi Indian products was thetrial he made, at the instigation of Sir George Birdwood, to utiliseTasar silk, the wild silk of India, and to make it a marketablecommodity. As a result of his experiments he succeeded inbleaching the brown fibre and in dyeing it with such perfection asto make it serviceable in the manufacture of fabrics.For severalyears a Wardle collection of bleached and dyed Tasar silks was onexhibition at Lyons, and this was shown in the British sectionof the 1878 Paris Exhibition. Sir Thomas became a juror at thisInternational Exhibition, and had the honour to be appointed aChevalier of the Legion of Honour.A t the instigation of Sir George Birdwood, the Secretary of Statein the year 1885 sent Sir Thomas Wardle out to India in orderto make a typical collection of silk textiles and native embroideriesfor the Silk Culture Court of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition,and he was also requested to visit the Bengal silk districts and tomake a report on sericiculture.As an outcome of the inquiry, itwits brought to light that 60 per cent. of the silkworms died ofpreventible diseases, and that the reeling from the cocoons in thefilatures was very imperfect.I n the year 1887 he accepted the position sf Chairman to theSilk Section of the Manchester Jubilee Exhibition, and, chieflythrough his energies, a display of silk manufacturing processes fromthe reeling of cocoons onwards was exhibited. It was from thisexhibition that the Silk Association of Great Britain and Irelandcame into existence, witth Sir Thomas Wardle as its president, andto this honourable post he was elected, without intermission, yearafter year, until his death in 1909.During the year 1896 Lieut.-Colonel Sir Adelbert Talbot,K.C.I.E., was appointed Resident in Kashmir, and, as a result ofhis study of Sir Thomas’s encouraging reports on the possibilitiesof Kashmir silks, he recoinmended H.H.the Maharajah of Kashmirto commence the industry on a commercial basis and in a scientificand extensive manner. I n 1897 Sir Thomas was requested toconsult with Sir George Birdwood a t the India Office on the subject,and subsequently he was sent to France and Italy to select thebest races of silkworm eggs, and to acquire the very best reelingmachinery, as well as to find a suitable person to direct operationsin Kashmir.In the year 1897, a t the instance of Lord Salisbury, he receivedfrom her Majesty the Queen the honour of knighthood for thework he had given to India and the silk industry generally.From the year 1897 the sericiculture in Kashmir progressed andwent ahead by leaps and bounds, and in 1900 the output of raw silOBITUARY NOTICES.683was 57,921 lbs.; in 1901 it increased to 90,648 lbs.; and in 1902it reached the very creditable figure of 135,221 lbs.A t a later date Sir Thomas Wardle strongly advocated thecommencement of silk weaving in the State, and he was instructed,with the Maharajah’s sanction, to send out from England theplant necessary for an initial factory, and the first instalment was200 looms, together with a young and capable weaver fromMacclesfield to superintend the preliminary stages.Success provedto be in the wake of this venture, and at the present time scientificweaving takes place daily at Srinagar.One of the most important honours, and certainly the one thatgave Sir Thomas Wardle one of his greatest pleasures in life, washis admission by the Worshipful Company of Weavers to thehonorary freedom of the Weavers’ Company on February 3rd, 1903.He was then able to acquire the Freedom of the City of London.Sir Thomas Wardle wrote many monographs on scientific andtechnical subjects. He added a learned chapter in the geology ofLeek and district to the first edition of the “History of Leek,”by John Sleigh, published in the year 1862.His splendid collectionof carboniferous limestone fossils he gave to the Nicholson Instituteat Leek. Other works on geology were: (( Geology of the Roches,”“ Geology of Shuttlingslowe,” (( Geology of Mid-England.” He alsowrote on the technical aspects of artistic weaving, and his mono-graph on “ The Present Development of Silk Power-loom Weavingin France” was the outcome of a visit to Lyons in 1893 toinvestigate the subject. His works on silk and the silk industrywere most numerous, the most important being (I Report on theEnglish Silk Industry,” “ Silk : its Entomology, History, andManufacture,” “ History and Growing Utilisations of Tasar Silk,”(‘ The Wild Silks of India,” ‘( The Dyes and Tans of India,” (( TheAdulteration of Silk by Chemical Weighting,” Kashmir : its NewSilk Industry,” etc., and his last work was a monograph on the‘‘ Divisibility of Silk Fibre,” published in 1908.Sir Thomas Wardle died peacefully at his Leek residence onJanuary 3rd last year, in his seventy-eighth year, surviving his wifeby seven years.He always lived a life of high pressure, he workedwell, and played well, and it was doubtless in consequence of thisjudicious combination of the two that he was enabled to live a lifeof almost youthful activity. It was only six months from hisdeath that the strain perceptibly told on him, and from that periodhe gradually sank and passed away.VOL. XCVII. z 684 OBITUARY NOTICES.ALEXANDER FORBES WATSON.BORN JANUARY IGTH, 1872; DIED AUGUST 4TH, 1909.ALEXANDER FORBES WATSON, Chief Chemist in the Brewery ofMessrs.Arthur Guinness, Son and Co., Ltd., died on August 4th,1909, in his thirty-eighth year, as the result of an accident atFerbane, King’s Co., Ireland.He was born in Edinburgh on January 16th, 1872, and receivedhis early education at George Watson’s College in that city. I n1889 he began t o study chemistry a t Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh,and the Heriot-Watt College, where Prof. W. H. Perkin, jun.,occupied the chair of chemistry. He then entered the Universityto become a student under Frof. Crum Brown, and graduatedB.Sc. in 1893, in which year he was also appointed a UniversityAssistant. During his career as a student he gained the HopeScholarship, and in 1894 the George Heriot Fellowship.I n pursuit of an intention to devote himself to some branch oftechnical chemistry, Mr.Watson turned his attention to bio-chemical problems in connexion with brewing, and in order t oacquire a special knowledge of mycological work, he spent sometime in the laboratory of Alfred Jorgensen in Copenhagen, andalso in that of Dr. Mach, of the Scientific Institute of San MichBle,where a study of wine ypsts could be made. +On his return toEdinburgh, Mr. Watson was appointed Lecturer on Fermentationin the University, but his tenure of this post ceased in 1896, whenhe took up his appointment as Chemist to Messrs. Guinness.Although Mr. Watson as a chemist was probably not widelyknown, those who had any acquaintance with the extent andvariety of his professional work knew him for a man of distinctionin all that he did. The problems of a great brewery call for anapplication of almost every branch of chemistry, and Mr. Watson,encouraged by a sympathetic directorate, was not slow to demon-strate the interpretative powers of laboratory experiments in theirbearing on practice. His success was largely due to his facultyof adhering to strictly scientific methods, while never failing tosteer his investigations according to the practical object in view.In the biochemical industries this is, perhaps, a much more difficultproposition than it is generally known to be; a t any rate, thechemist who would be a success in an essentially conservativeindustry like brewing must be ever ready to justify his science bywhat it can add to practical experience, instead of producingresults which may be only interesting and suggestive. From sucha point of view, R4r. Watson was one of the most able technica1 : 4-DICHLOROANTHRAQUINONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 685chemists of his day, and although his work as an investigatorwas compressed into a few short years, its soundness and thorough-ness have probably not been surpassed, even in an industry whichis justly celebrated for the high standard of its scientific work.J. H. M