MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 29M i n e r a l 0 g i c a l Chemistry.Metallic Iron accompanying Native Gold in MontgomeryCo., Virginia, and in Burke Co., N. Carolina. By W. T. PAGE(Chem. News, 46, 205).-The grains of iron removed by a magnetfrom gold, obtained by alluvial washing in the bed of Brush Creek,have a sp. gr. 7.20, and consist of-Fe. c u . S. Quartz.97-12 0.04 1.47 0.82 = 99.45.C, P, Ni, Co, Sn, and Mn absent. This iron is shown not to be derivedfrom tools employed by workers, but is a case of the occurrence ofnative iron with gold. Similar specimens from Carolina had a sp. gr. =7.57, and consisted of-Fe. co. 8n. Quartz.99.77 trace trace (?) 0.25 = 100.02.E. W. P.Chemical Composition of Minerals of the Cryolite-group.By J. BEANDL (Jahrb. f.Mila., 1882, 2, Ref., 201-203).A l . . ...... 13.01 13.606 13.04 13.00 13-26Ca ........ - 18.83 17.22 17.21 17-22Mg ...... - - 0.39 0.20Na ....... 32.41 11.73 10.02 10.49 10.43F ........ 54-29 55.69 50.65 50.62 30.61H,O ...... - - 8.48 8.33 8.42a. 6. cl. c2. c3.-99.71 99.856a.Al.. ........ 22.14Ca.. ........ 1.53Mg ........ 3.56Na ......... 5.50F ........... 57.12HzO ........ 10.0099.80 99.85 99-94e l . e2. f.17.66 17.64 23.37- - 16.19- 0.1124-97 25.00 0.3357.30 57.30 35.01- 12.41-~99.85 99.93 99.94 87.4212-58100*00Loss reckoned as oxygen.. ......a. Cryolite, representing the formula AlF, + 3NaF. b. Pachnolite,Pachnolite contains no water, and thus differsc 1, 2, and 3, are analyses of thomsenolite, agree-d.Ralstonite,e 1, 2, are analysee of chiolite fromAll?, + CaF, + NaF.from thomsenolite.ing with the formula, AIF, + CaF, + NaF + H,O.4A1F3 + 3Na (MgCa)F + 3H2030 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Miask. They represent the formula 3A1F, + 5NaF. f is an ana.lysisof prosopite from Altenberg in Saxony. It proves that this mineralis free from silicon. Supposing that the oxygen is combined withaluminium, so that the aluminium is partly combined with fluorine andpartly with oxygen, the analysis gives the following results :-Ca. Mg. Na. Al. A1203. F. H20.16.19 0.11 0.33 9.82 26.55 35.01 12.41Taking for granted that fluorine and hydroxyl can replace eachother, the formula for pros0pit.e should be Ca(Mg,Na)Al,(F,OH),.This mineral does not yield up its water a t 260".B. H. B.Some Artificial Products from Cryolite. By NOELLLNER ( J a h ~ b .f. illin., 1882, 2, Ref., 200--201).-1n order to determine, experi-mentally, if the minerals cryst'allised out in the cavities of cryolitehave originated from the action of salt solutions, the author digestedfor three months a t 100" about 12 grams finely powdered cryolite witha saturated solution of barium chloride. Saturated solutions of stron-tium nitrate, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride, were alsoemployed. Cryolite was also treated with the same solutions forsix days in closed tubes a t a temperature of 180-190". The productsthus obtained mere then dried and andlysed? giving the followingresults :-Products of the reaction,7 r--A--1. Cryolite + BaCl?.. . . A14BaANa4Fs2. Cryolite + SrNzO, . . A14Sr4Na4FZ( A1,Sr5NaZF2, + 4H203, Cryolite + CaCl,.. . . Al,Ca4Na4F24 Al,Ca5NazF24 + 4H204. Cryolite + MgCl,. . . Al4Mg4Na4FZ4 A14RIg5Na,F,4 + 4H20The product No. 3a was further treated with MgCl, a t 180Oforsix days, and the product had the composition A1,Ca4Nlg,Na6Fd, + 8H,O.I n the same way the Droduct No. 4a. was heated a t 180" for six davsMaterial. a. A t 180" 6. At 100" after(Cryolite = Al,Na,F,,. after 6 days. 3 months.A14Ba5NazF24 + IT,Owith CaCl,, andu yieldid a body of the composition A1,Mg,Ca,Na,F48 $8Hf,0.From these experiments the author deduces :-(l), that cryolite isdecomposed by solutions of salts of the alkaline earths ; (Z), that thealkaline earths displace the sodium which goes into solution ; (3), thatthe degree of change effected is dependent on the time, the tempera-ture, and the proportion of the salt in the solution ; (4), that the perfectdisplacement of the sodium did not occur, but that it would probablybe effected after tlie lapfie of sufficient time. (5.) That the substitutedcalcium or magnesium can be partially replaced by magnesium orcalcium.(6.) That in all these reactions water is taken u p ; theamount being dependent on the nature of the incoming elements.(7.) That the products obtaiiied artificially closely resemble the naturalminerals crystallised out in the cavities of cryolite, and that thetheory of their formation by the same chemical process is highlyprobable.B. H. BMISERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 31The Pgrolusite Mines of Bolet. By T. Nomsmofir (Juhrb. $~Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 195).-At Bolet, in Sweden, pyrolusite occurs insufficient quantity to be worked. The veins and pockets are found a tthe contact of finely grariiilar gneiss and mica-slates with granitic gneiss,which is a variety of Orebro granite. The carities were first filledwith mica and chlorite, which was then partially replaced by pyrolusite.The latter is, in places, accompanied by heavy spar, calcspar, quartz,felspar, vanadinite, fluorspar, and calcspar coloured black by fine needlesof pyrolusite. B. H. B.Artificial Production of Witherite, Strontianite, and Cal-cite. By L. BOURGEOIS (Bull. Xoc. Chim. [2j, 37, 447-448).-Ifsmall quantities of precipitated barium, strontium, or cltlciurri car-bonate are thrown into a, fused mixture of potassium and sodiumchlorides in equivalent proportions, no carbonic anhydride is given off,but the carbonates assume a dist,inct crystalline form, identical in eachcase with that of the corresponding mineral.Barium carbonate formshexagonal plates, sometimes elongated in it direction parallel with thefaces of the prism. Strontium carbonate forms elongated primis, andcalcium carbonate usually forms agglomerations of crystals resemblingsnow crystals. C. H. B.Mineralogical Notes. By A. BRUN (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2,Ref., 198) .--(a) Xtypticite from ChiZi.-The empirical formula of thissalt, Fe203,2S03 + 10H20, should be H4Fe,S2OI1 + 8Aq, as the wateris given up at 80-180", with the exception of the last 8 per cent.,which is only driven off at a dull red heat together with the sulphuricacid.On dissolving it in boiling water, brown basic iron snlphate isprecipitated .(b.) Dolomite fronz Teruel in Xpain.-This is shown by the micro-scope to be composed of grey and brown zones; the latter beingcoloured by numerous opaque granules (magnetic iron ore). Theanalysis gave 2.63 per cent. FeOj and traces of- MnO.(c.) Minerals of the Miage Glacier, $1. Blanc.--In the moraine ofthe " Glacie_r_ de Miage," crystals of quartz htlxle-been found, on whichonly R(1011) is developed, without -R(O111). The author alsofound galena, albite (complicated crystals), orthoclase (simple com-binations), various micas, chlorite, asbestlos, and small crystals ofberyl.B. H. B.Chalcomenite, a New Mineral Species (Selenite of Copper).By DES CLOIZEAUX and DAMOUR (Jc1hrb.f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 204).-For some time the existence has been known of selenium-lead,selenium-silver-copper-lead, and selenium-copper-lead ores at the Cerrode Cachenta, about 50 miles south-west of Mendoza in the Argen-tine Republic. Accompanying these ores, Des Cloiseaux found somevery small crystals of a violet-blue colour, which he called chalcomenite.The system of this new mineral is monoclinic ; the axes have the pro-portion a : b : c = 0.722187 : 1 : 0.246037. L3 = 89" 9'. Chalcomenitehas the formula CuSe03 + 2H20 ; and is therefore a representativeof a group, the selenious acid salts, up to the present time unknown innature. When heated in a, tube closed at one end, the mineral give32 ABSTRACTS OF CIIEMICAL PAPERS.up first water, which is acid, then selenious acid, and finally melts to abrown mass.Heated on charcoal before the blowpipe, it melts to ablack slag, gives off selenium vapours, and colours the flame dark blue.I n a bead of microcosmic salt, it is quickly dissolved, and gives agreenish-blue glass, which becomes red in the reducing flame, especi-ally after the addition of tin. The mineral is soluble in the ordinaryacids. A drop of the solution in sulphuric acid, placed on a brightplate of copper, gives a black stain which cannot be removed by wash-ing, and the mineral can thus be distinguished from the phosphatesand arsenates of copper.The analysis gave thefollowing result :-Its sp. gr. is 3.76.SeO. CUO. E20. Total.48.12 35.40 15-30 98.82At the request of Des Cloizeaux, Friedel and Sarasin prepared chal-comenite artificially. They employed for the purpose a neutral solutionof potassium selenide, and to this they added copper sulphate, when awhite smorphous precipitate was formed, which became converted intoa blue crystalline powder. Seen under the microscope this was foundt o be a mass of small rectangular pyramids, which might be rhombicor monoclinic. The analysis gave results corresponding with theformula of chalcomenite. B. H. B.Fergusonite from Brindletown, Burke Co.,’ N. Carolina, ByW. H. SEAMON (C’hem. News, 46, 205).-The crystals are small, oftetragonal habit, reddish-brown, and give a yellow-brown streak.Lustre between vitreous and resinous, brittle, fracture conchoidal.Hardness = 6.Sp. gr. 5.6.Nb,O,. Ta,O,. WO,,SnOs. UrO2. Y203, &c. Ce203. Di2O3,%O3.43.78 4.08 0.76 5.81 37.21 0.66 3-491.81 0.65 1-62FeO. CaO. H2O.Counting the water as basic, the above figures lead to the orthonio-bate formula M”NbO4. E. W. P.Analysis of a Niobate which has been improperly calledEuxenite from Mitchell Co., N. Carolina. By W. H. SEAMOM(Chem. News, 46, 205).-This mineral, formerly described by J. L.Smith, in no way agrees with the mineral of that name from Norway ;it is reddish-brown in colour, with lustre between resinous andadamantine. Hardness = 5.5. Sp.gr. 4.33. Freed from mica andcrust the mineral contains :-Kb205. W03Sn02. Ur02. Y203. Ce203. Di2O3L%O,. FeO. CaO. H,O.47.09 0.40 15.15 13.46 1.40 4.00 7.09 1.53 9.55but very little of any oxide of the erbium or ytterbium class could bedetected by the spectroscope ; the orthoniobate formula is thereforeM”,Nb,O,, in which about one-eighth of the hydrogen of the water iMIXERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 33basic, the actiial distribution of the elements being (33”‘ + ++M” + :$M”’ + +8M’”’)Nb20e ; euxenite, besides containing much titanicoxide, is a metaniobate. E. W. P.Rutile, as a Product of the Decomposition of Titanite. ByP. MANN (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Briefw., 200-201).-111 somefoyaites from the Serro de Monchique, the titanite (sphene) was com-pletely decomposed, and the author found in the decomposed massnumerous bright yellow crystals which, by the help of the microscope,he proved to consist of rutile.The lime had probably been extracted by the action of water andconverted into carbonate of lime, whilst the titanic acid, mixedperhaps with some amorphous silica, formed the decomposed crust.B.H. B.Artificial Production of a Crystallised Hydrated Silicate.By A. DE SCHULTEN (BUZZ. SOC. Chim. [2], 37, 449--457).-Whenlime-water is added to a concentrated solution of potassium silicateuntil a slight precipitate is formed, and the mixture is then heated i nsealed tubes at 180-200” for 24 hours, the gelatinous mass whichforms on cooling encloses a small quantity of some substance crystnl-lised in prismatic needles.If the tube is heated for several days withoccasional agitation, tthe gelatinous matter gradually disappears, andthe quantity of the crystals increases. By repeated levigation, theplates of silica can be removed, and the prismatic crystals are thenobtained, mixed only with a small quantity of hexagonal plates : thequantity of hexagonal plates increases, and that of the needles dimi-nishes if the lime-water is added in too small quantity ; if, however,too much lime-water is added, no crystals are formed at all. Theprismatic crystals are white, have a Cacreous lustre, melt before theblowpipe, and are decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separationof gelatinous silica which retains the form of the original crystals.They have the composition :-Si02.A1203. CaO. Na20. E20. H,O.64.2 0.7 14-7 3.3 2.2 14.5 = 99.6,which corresponds with the formula (R,,N~,Ca)0,3Si0,,2H20, theratios between K20,Na20 and CaO being 1 : 2 : 10. The soda isderived from the glass tubes, and the presence of alumina is due to t,hepresence of the hexagonal plates, which probably consist of Zezyne,formed by the action of potassium silicate on the aluminous glass.When dried in a water-bath, the crystals lose4to 5 per cent. of water.S o natural zeolite has the composition of these artificial crystals.Okenite consists of calcium silicate, and contains SiO,, 56.60 ; CaO,Examined by polarised light, between crossed nicols, the crystalsexhibit brilliant colours which are extinguished longitudinally.Thegreatest axis of elasticity corresponds with the direction of elongation.If sodium silicate is used instead of potassium silicate, a compoLuldis obtained which has a very similar composition.VOL. XLIV. d26.42; HzO, 16.98.C. H. I(34 ABSTRAUTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Artificial Analcime. By A. DE SCHULTEN (BUZZ. SOC. Chim. [2],37, 448449).-When solutions of sodium silicate and sodium alu-minate are mixed in such proportions that the silica and the aluminaare in the same ratio as in analcime, a suitable quantity of lime-wateradded, and the liquid heated in a closed copper tube at 180" for 18hours, crystals are obtained which have a composition identical withthat of natural analcime. The lime-water simply facilitates crystallisa-tion.If it is not added, isolated crystals are rarely obtained; thecryskals separate out in spherical aggregations with rough surfaces.The crystals are sometimes cubical trapezohedrons, sometimes hexa-hedrons. Apparently the trapezohedrons are formed when the solu-fions are concentrated and strongly alkaline, and the hesahedronsunder the reverse conditions. Unlike the artificial analcime obtainedin glass tubes (Abstr., 1881, p. 25), the crystals have no action onpolarised light, even when a quartz plate cut parallel with the axis isinterposed. The optical properties of natural analcime are similar t othose of crystals of the quadratic system ; the optical properties of theartificial variety previously obtained (Zoc. cit.) are those of the hexa-gonal system.The optical behaviour of the new crystals is identicalwith that of crystals of the cubic system. It is evident therefore, thatthe axes of elasticity of the crystals of analcime undergo slightchanges sufficient to modify their optical properties, but not sufficientto alter the external forms of the crystals from those of the cubicsystem. C. H. B.By SANDBERGER (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2,Briefw., 192-193) .-The author received a crystal of phlogopite,about a pound in weight, from Ontkrio, in Canada. I n it he dis-covered, by means of a lens, numerous colourless crystalline needles,which he proved by analysis to consist of pure titanic acid. This is,without doubt, the best material to illustrate the separating out oftitanic acid from a decomposing mica.Rutile in Phlogopite.B.H. B.Analysis of beautifully Crystallised Albite from Amelia Co.By R. N. MUSGRAVE (Chew. News, 46, 204).-This mineral occurs inmasses of clear colourless flattened crystals, having a hardness = 6 ;sp. gr. = 2.605 ; and a composition of-SiO2. AW,. Na,O. E,O .68.44 19-35 11.67 0.43 = 99.89.E. W. P.Euclase from the Alps. By F. BECKE (Ja,hrb. f. Min., 1882, 2,Ref., 209).-Sinall pale yellow crystals, which proved to be euclase,have been found in the Alps, toget'lier with pericline. The crystalswere about 0.5 mm. long. The following combination is tolerablygeneral : mpm, mF2, mg20, 2gm, cmP, 3gm, -P. Theaccompany-ing minerals are pericline and ankerite as theoldest, also rock crystali n long prisms.The euclase appears to have been formed at the sametinie as the rock crystal, as do also little globules of helminth.B. H. BMINERALOOlCAL CHEMISTRY. 35Occurrence of Minerals at Jordansmuhl, in Silesia. By B.SCHUBERT (Jahvb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 193--195).-This paperdescribes the following minerals and rocks found in the serpentine bedat Jordansmuhl.Prehnite occurs partly in crystals, partly in crystalline aggregates.It is rose-red, orange-yel_low, or "greenish, rare5 cologrless. - The-fol-lowing faces occui': mPm, mPm, OP, wP, Pm, aPm, SPm, $Pm,P, 2P. The analysis yielded :-Si02. Al,O,. Fe20,. CaO. MgO. H20.4412 26-00 0.61 25.26 traces 4.90approximating to the prehnite formula EI&a4A14Si602, = +(- 2Ca2Si0,.A14S13012White garnet, for which the formula is calculated t o be Ca,A1,Si3012.Chronziunz garnet forms an emerald-green coating over prehnite.Garnet rock, of a white colour, has the following composition :-Si02. Al,O,.Fe,03. CaO. H,O. Total.38.91 24.29 0.70 37.07 0.45 101.42From this the formula of the lime-alumina-garnet may be calculated.A second piece of rock gave-SiO,. A1,0,. CaO. MgO. H20. Total.43.94 21.79 34.19 1.54 0.60 102.06From this is calculated the formula Ca,A12Si301z + SiO,.By the help of the microscope, the rock was proved to consist ofA third rock of a dirty pink colour lime-alumina-garnet and quartz.gave-Si02. &03. Fe20,. CaO. MgO. H,O. Total.36-84 31.53 2.78 25.53 192 2-51 101.11It contained diaspore, and probably some quartz.nation of the forms aP, mPm, P, Pm, OP.cavities of the white garnet rock ; the analysis gave-Vesuvia,n, characterised by its fine blood-red colour and the conibi-It occurs in drusySO2.A1203. Fe203. CaO. MgO. HdO. Total.37.51 21-24 0.69 35.45 2.11 2.77 99.77Diaspore occurs in compact garnet ; analysis gave-A1303. H20.82-66 17.44Natrolite, in drusy cavities of the garnet rock in radiabed apb ogre-gates, in the combination wP, P.d 36 ABSTRACTS OF CHEBIICAL PAPERS.Mangartese-ore.-Pseudomorphs, apparently pyrolusite after calcite,consisting ofMnO2. MnO. SiO2. H20. Fe203. MgO. Total.62.92 4.80 8.00 18.79 2.77 4.41 101-69Quartz Rock.-This rock was ricb in quartz, of a rose-red colour,and occurred in great beds. It gave on analysis :-Si02.A&03. Fe,03. CaO. H20. MgO. Total.69.48 19.21 0.34 10.29 0.34 trace 99.613It probably consists of a mixture of quartz and a lime felspar.02aZ, of a bright green colour, gave on analysis :-SiOP 8120% Fe203. FeO. CaO. MgO. H,O. Total.81.43 4-11 1.04 0.83 8.06 4.65 0.80 100.92SeTentine, containing magnetic iron ore, gave on analysis :-SiO,. A1%03. Fe203. MgO. H20. Total.42.21 9.59 1.40 34.88 13-28 101.36B. H. B.Waltherite from Joachirnsthal. By C. BERTRAND (Jahrb. f.Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 195--197).-Vogl described, under the name ofwaltherite, a mineral from Joachimsthal, occurring in thin prisms ofa brown and green colour. This is now proved to consist of twodistinct minerals. The brown jibrow mineral cleaves easily.It isrhombic; mP = 116". The cleavage is in the direction of OP, mP,and mP&.The green mineral, on the other hand, is not so distinctly fibrous,and does not cleave so easily as the brown. The system could not bedetermined, on account of the smallness of the crystals.The Granites on the Banks of the Sa6ne. By F. GONNARD(Juhrb. f. Xin., 1882, 2, Ref., 199).-During the construction of awater reservoir near Lyons, a bed of pegmatite was laid bare, in whichthe following accessory minerals were found :-Almandine, combinations mO, 202 of 15-20 mm.diameter. The smaller crystals were partly opaque and partly trans-lucent, of a fine red colour, and simple (202).B. H. B.(1.) Garnet.(2.) Small columnar crystals of black tourmaline.(3.) Pinite. Only one crystal was found, 10 mm.long and 4 i mm.(4.) A mineral belonging to the Cordierite group, very similar to(5.) A yellowish-grey mica, of silky lustre, and easily scratcheddiameter, enclosed in the quartz of the pegmatite.the chlorophyllite of Haddam.with the nail ; it appears to be related to sericite. B. H. B.Chemical Composition of Various Layers of a Lava Currentfrom Etna. By L. RICCIARDI (Compt. rend., 94, 1657--1659).-Theresults given in this paper go t o prove that samples of lava taken fromone current at various depths on the same vertical plane differ onlORGAN10 CHEMISTRY. 37in the greater or lesser quantity of protoxide and peroxide of iron theycontain, the quantity of the latter being great'er where the parts havebeen in contact with aqueous vapour or the atmosphere. The lavasbelonging to one and the same eruption, however, if collected atdifferent points, may differ in their chemical and mineralogical compo-sition. R. R.Lithological Determination of the Meteorite of Estherville,Emrnet Go., Iowa (10th May, 1879). By S. MEUNIER (Compt.rend., 94, 1659--1661).-The Emmet meteorite belongs to the typedesignated logronite by the author in 1870. The chief minerals itcontains are olivine, bronzite, peckltanzite (Lawrence Smith), pyrrhotin.e,schreibersite, ferric oxide, and nickeliferous iron.Supposed Meteorite found in Augusta Co., Virginia. ByW. H. SEAMON (Chem. News, 46, 204).-The mass of metallic iron,which weighed 1-25 kilos., and was covered with a crust 13 mm. deep,was at first supposed to be a meteorite, but the analyses show that it isnot so.Pe. Mu. C. S. P. SiO2. Al,O,. CaO. Oandloss.R. R.90.45 G.10 0.13 0.15 0-37 4.18 0.49 2.16 1.91Sp. gr. = 5.76 ; Ni and Co absent ; SiO, soluble in sodium carbonate.Widmanstatt figures not produced by treatment with acids.E. w. P