231 Proceedings of the Council. (June-July, 1920.) Revision of the By-laws of the Institute.-The Council hope to be in a position to call an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Institute in the autumn to consider and adopt the revised By-laws. Fellows and Associates will recollect that the main object of the revision was the alteration of the method of electing the Council. When the work was taken in hand, however, it was found advisable to make athorough overhaul of the By-laws, which had not been changed in any respect since 1893. The By-laws were revised in consultation with the legal advisers of the Institute, and copies were then forwarded to the Local Sections and to Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in India.Upon careful consideration of the suggestions received, further revision ensued, and the final draft has now been submitted to the Privy Council, whose approval is required under the Charter before the new By-laws can be adopted. The alterations made in the method of electing the Council have led to extensive changes in Chapters headed “ 11.-General Meetings,” “ 111.-Votes of Members,” and “ 1V.-The Council and Officers.” In future the Council is to consist of at least 45 members, including 10District Members, and the balloting list will allow a choice of candidates to those who exercise their vote; hence new arrangements will have to be made for the election of District Members, for the nomination of General Members, and for regulating the appointment and duties of the Scrutmeers.232 Other chapters referring to the proceedings of the Council, control of finances, admission of Fellows, Associates and Students, and examinations, have been amplified where necessary to meet present conditions. Chapter IX., relating to the Censors and their duties, has received special consideration, having regard to the importance of maintaining the standard of professional procedure of practitioners in chemistry on a basis similar to that obtaining in medicine and the law. The difficult and responsible nature of the duties entrusted to the Censors is such that election to office as a Censor is regarded as almost the highest honour the members can bestow on a Fellow. The new By-laws, therefore, will provide for election by postal vote instead of, as hitherto, for election by those members only who attend the Annual General Meeting. The deliberations of the Council, General Purposes Committee and a Special Sub-committee were directed to the interpretation of the provisions of Clause (3) of Section 16 of the Charter, under which a member is liable to exclusion or suspension from membership if he “ is held by the Council on the complaint of any member of the Institute or of any person aggrieved to have been guilty of any act or default discreditable to the Profession of Analytical and Consulting Chemist.” In the course of the discussion the question arose whether the new By-laws should incorporate the Resolution passed by the Institute in General Meeting held on April 27th, 1893, which was as follows :-“That the following acts, or any of them, shall be held to b: ‘ discreditable to the profession of Analytical and Consulting Chemist, viz.:-(a) Advertising for practice in newspapers, journals, magazines, (b) Sending out by post, or otherwise, letters, circulars, or cards offering professional services. (c) Undertaking through another person or agency the per-or other published papers. formance of professional work at fees representing onlya small fraction of the usual recognised scale of fees for analytical work. (d) Supplying to other persons, not being qualified chemists, reports upon samples or processes with the knowledge that these other persons will issue such reports &s their own work.(e) Issuing or allowing .to be issued certificates of purity or superiority concermng advertised commodities, such certificates being either not based upon the results of an analysis, or containing exaggerated, irrelevant, or merelylaudatory expressions, designed to serve fhe purposes of a trade puff. (f) The unauthorised use of letters indicating University degrees.” The above resolution if rigidly interpreted by the Censors might not in every instance be easily enforced, and, on the other hand, it has an appearance of finality without in reality being exhaustive. The circumstances in each case of complaint require very careful investigation , and, moreover, while the resolution indicates that certain acts are regarded as dis-creditable, the Council and Committees agreed that the Censors should be allowed unfettered discretion in dealing with complaints.Although the number of cases requiring the attention of the Censors has always been small, the Council felt that some such guidance as that afforded by the resolution was desirable, since every member should be made aware of the obligations mutually imposed upon all Fellows and Associates in the conduct of their professional work, and any regulation would obviously carry greater authority in the form of a By-law, to which every member subscribes on admission, than of a resolution passed in general meeting. ,4 by-law embodying a schedule of discreditable acts could not be exhaustive, but it should have a deterrent effect in relation to such offences as soliciting for practice ; “ under-cutting ” the fees commonly charged for analysis, investiga- tions and advice ; “ trade puffs ” for commodities ; bolstering up manufacturing processes , and similar undignified conduct. The principles on which codes of professional conduct are based are to be found in the sense of Fellowship which professional bodies endeavour to maintain among their members.Professional men, therefore, in accepting the obligations of membership, are bound to avoid taking any unfair advantage of their fellow practitioners and to uphold the dignity and welfare of their calling by conducting their practices with the strictest integrity in all relations with the public.Anew By-law has therefore been framed in the following terms :-The following Acts are such as shall be deemed to be discreditable within the meaning of Section 16 (3) of the Charter :-(a) Unprofessional soliciting for practice. (b) Unfair competition. (c) Supplying to other persons not being qualified chemists, reports or certificates with the knowledge that these persons will issue such reports or certificates as their own work. (d) Issuing or allowing to be issued reports or certificates in-tended for publication containing unjustifiable statements. Provided that the above enumeration of Acts shall not be treated as exhaustive or in any manner limiting the interpretation of Section 16(3) of the Charter.Other new By-laws relate to the formation and work of the Local Sections, which are thereby confirmed as part of the officially recognised constitution of the Institute. The Cost of Printing.-The attention of the Council of the Institute has been drawn to a letter addressed by Sir Richard Glazebrook, President of the Institute of Physics, to the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies, urging the necessity of taking steps to meet the grave difficulties confronting scientific societies on account of the present high cost of printing. The majority of the societies having been established not for purposes of gain, but for the benefit of their members and the advancement of science for the public good, few were able to show, even in pre-war times, any substantial balance of income over expenditure; now, they are either faced with serious deficits, or are forced to seek for sourcesof further income, or to reduce the output of their publications, or to limit their activities in other directions.Sir Richard Glazebrook has suggested that an appeal for funds from public sources might be made through the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the Conjoint Board has been asked to approach the Prime Minister or the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the matter. The Council expressed their desire to support this sugges- tion; but, in the meantime, the Finance and Publications Committees of the Institute had investigated the cost of printing its Journal, and, having obtained estimates from a number of firms, found that a considerable saving could be effected by a change of printers.This part is the first to be entrusted to the firm selected. In view of the heavy expense involved in the revision of the By-laws, the Council, acting on the advice of the Finance Committee, have decided not to reprint the Register this year. Benevolent Fund Committee.-The institution of a Benevolent Fund as a War Memorial appears to have met with general approval. The Committee for the administration of the Fund report that on the a3rd August a sum of E246 stood to the credit of this account. Fellows and Associates who have not already responded to the appeal are reminded that contributions can be forwarded at any time to the Hon.Treasurer or to the Registrar, and will be gratefully acknowledged. Although the need for the fund may not be found to be urgent at present, there is reason to anticipate that it may be required to meet difficulties in the future, when considerable numbers of ex-service students now in training are likely to need temporary help pending their settlement in civil life. The Institute, with its Appointments Register and Benevolent Fund, should be able materially to assist all ex-service chemists to secure appoint- ments; but it must look to the co-operation of Fellows and Associates in that connection, having regard to the fact that the general position of the profession is best safeguarded by ensuring the continuous satisfactory employment of its members.In order to assist in the assimilation into industry of such chemists, the Council have authorised the Registrar to admit to the full privileges of the Appointments Register any 236 registered student in the last term of his college training whose application for such admission is endorsed by the Professors under whom he is working. Royal Technical College, Glasgow.-The Council have decided that candidates who obtain the Associateship of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in Metallurgy, after a four years’ course, including chemistry, physics and mathe- matics, shall be regarded under the Regulations of the Insti- tute as on the same basis as those who obtain the Diploma in Chemistry, and shall be entitled to apply for admission to the Associateship of the Institute, provided they take additional courses in Organic and Physical Chemistry, agreed upon between the Council of the Institute and the Professors of the College, and pass the class examinations in all the required subjects.The Chemistry Board of the College has decided that candidates for the Diploma of A.R.T.C. in Chemistry and in Metallurgy shall be required to pass an examination in French and German translation, without the aid of dictionaries. City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury.-The Council of the Institute have learned with regret of the decision of the authorities of the City and Guilds of London Institute to close the Finsbury Technical College.Many Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who received their training at Finsbury are deeply concerned at the prospect of their College being closed, and hope that means may yet be devised for its continuance. The authori- ties have undertaken, in the meantime, to endeavour to make arrangements for those students who have not finished their courses by July, 1921, to complete them elsewhere. A number of Registered Students of the Institute who are preparing for the Associateship are affected. The Council of the Institute are anxious to afford these students, in their somewhat uncxtain position, every possible assistance, and, in the present emergency, have offered the use of the rooms of the Institute for any meeting of past and present students of the College. Register of Chemical Assistants.-The Institute has a register of chemical assistants who have matriculsted and have pass2d or are preparing for an Intermediate or First Year Science examination.These yoiiths are desirous of qualifying as Associates of the Institute, but their circumstances do not allow of their taking systematic day courses Members are asked to co-operate with the Institute in finding suitable vacancies for such assistants, bearing in mind the importance of making arrangements for them to supplement their experience by day or evening classes. It is obvious that the pay of such assistants should be at least sufficient to cover the expenses of their luncheons, clothes, and travelling, and to enable them to keep themselves or contribute in some measure to their maintenance at home.It is regretable that some employers appear to hold that youths who can be of real assistance in many laboratory operations should be prepared to give their services at 12s. or 15s. per week. It should be recognised that the conditions applying in such cases before the war cannot now be regarded as reasonable since the parents of such youths are very rarely able to bear the whole cost of their maintenance. Training of Chemical Assistants.-In pursuanceof the policy outlined in the last number of the Journal, the Council have instructed the Registrar to write in the following terms to the chief chemists of firms employing chemical assistants:- August loth, 1920.DEARSIR,-Chemical Assistants and Apprentices. The Council of the Institute are considering the general question of the training and employment of chemical assistants, particularly having in view the desirability of arranging that assistants of proved merit, who undergo systematic training, shall have the opportunity of advancing from grade to grade until they are eventually fully qualified members of the profession of chemistry. I would add that, in order to avoid a " blind-alley " occupation,the Council consider it desirable that s ch assistan s should, in the first place, pass a preliminary examination in subjects of general education, such as would allow them to be registered as Students of the Institute in accordance with the nclosed Regulations; further, that those students who do not avail t)hemselves of the facilities which may be provided for systematic training in chemistry and cognate subjects, should be dissuaded from pursuing chemistry, and transferred to other vocations.In view of the above considerations, and in order to assist them in framing a scheme of training, the Council have directed me to ask you if you wili be so good as to inform them what arrangements your company have made to encourage the adequate training of any chemical assist- ants in your employment, by clay or evening classes, at Universities or Tcchnical Colleges. I shall be greatly obliged if you will let me have a reply at your convenience.-Yours faithfully, (Signed) G.S. W. MARLOW, Assistant Secretary :for Registrar and Secretary. A number of replies have already been received indicating that firms are in sympathy with the views of the Council and have already made arrangements for the higher education of their chemical assistants. It is hoped that all chief chemists will assist the Council bj7 making an early reply. Examinations.-The Council have received the Report from the Board of Examiners on Examinations held during July (see p. 250). The Board have observed that in the majority of cases the candidates who have presented themselves for recent examinations have obtained good experience in the practical work of the branches selected.The Board feel, however, that many of the candidates do not appear to realise that the oral examination in general chemistry is an essential part of the examination in which they are expected to acquit themselves well. Mi Ik-Testing-The Council have had before them a copy of an agenda of a recent meeting of a County Council, at which it was resolved that the Medical Officer of Health for the County be empowered to obtain a set of milk-and-fat testing hydrometers for the use of inspectors under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. It was proposed that the inspectors should make a rough testing of informal milk samples with a view to taking subsequently, fo:-mal samples from vendors whose informal samples were found to be unsatisfactory by the hydrometer test-only such official samples being sub- mitted to the public analyst.The Council addressed a letter to the County Council expressing the opinion that the arrangement was likely to lead to waste of time and money on such testing, which was of little use by itself and liable to be misleading, since the mere determination of the specific gravity of the milk might allow many badly adulterated samples to be overloolccd, while it was easy to sophisticate milk to pass the test satisfactorily. It had been found in practice, moreover, that when informal samples were taken, the suspicions of the vendors were for the time aroused, and the formal official samples taken subse- quently proved almost invariably genuine.The Council of the Institute reminded the County Council that the Ministry of Health required high qualifications on the part of public analysts, adding that it was undesirable in the public interest and outside the provisions of the Acts, to entrust their work to unqualified and untrained persons. A copy of the correspondence was transmitted to the Ministry of Health. A ppoint ments Register.--Members have occasionally expressed a doubt whether their use of the Appointments Register when they are actually in employment is iair to the Institute and to their fellow chemists. It cannot be too strongly urged that such a use of the Register is not only justifiable, but is desirable, when the conditions attached to the employment are in any way unsatisfactory.This procedure affords one of the best means of iinprcssing upon employers that they cannot obtain or retain the servicesof highlyqualified men unless the conditions are satisfactory. By proceeding to more satisfactory appointments members not only improve their own positions, but thcy leave vacancies which may be more suitable for younger chemists ; the Institute is better able to exert its influence to improve the conditions when a new appointnieiit is being made than to obtain direct redress for ;I dissatisfied member. 240 Lect u res.-The Council regret that, owing to unforeseen circumstances, the arrangements made for the delivery of lectures before the Institute during the last session were eventually cancelled ; they hope, however, to continue the scheme in the near future.Gas Regulation Bill.-The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has had under consideration the Gas Regulation Bill, to amend the Law with respect to the supply of gas. Clause 4 of the Bill, which has now been enacted, provides for the appointment by the Board of Trade of two gas referees and a chief gas examiner. Further, the Clause provides that the gas referees and the chief gas examiner may, with the consent of the Board, appoint such assistants as may be necessary for the proper discharge of their duties, and gives power to local authorities, unless they are themselves the undertakers, to appoint competent and impartial persons to be gas examiners, who, subject to the prescription of the gas referees, are to test the gas and the pressure at which it is supplied, provided that such gas examiners may be appointed to act on behalf of any number of local authori- ties, who may enter into such arrangement as they think fit in regard to the joint employment of such gas examiners.Any County Council may, if they think fit, with the con- sent of any other local authority within the county, appoint a gas examiner, who shall have the same powers as if he were appointed by that local authority. Section (4)of Clause 4 also provides that “ where no gas examiner is appointed by the local authority, or where the testing of gas is imperfectly attended to, two justices, on the application of not less than five consumers, may appoint a competent and impartial person to act as gas examiner, who shall have the sanie powers and perform the same duties as if he were ap- pointed by the local authority.” Under Clauses following the gas referees are required to prescribe tests, and the apparatus and method to be employed; considerable powers are conferred on the gas referees and the gas examiners ; penalties are imposed on the failure of undertakers to comply with the 241 prescription of the gas referees, and power is given to the Board of Trade to make special orders.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, being of opinion that provision should be made for ensuring the competency of gas examiners appointed by local authori- ties, took steps to suggest to the Board of Trade that persons selected for such appointments should be approvedl by the Board.The Bill was then in its final stages, however, having been presented in the House of Lords by Lord Londonderry, and the Board replied that, having regard to the stage the Bill had reached, they would not feel justified in introducing an amendment, and pointed out that the clause as it stood provided that any gas examiner who might be appointed by the local authority or by quarter sessions must be a " compe-tent and impartial " person. Remuneration of Chemists.-In view of the interest aroused on the publication in Part I. of the Journal and Proceedings in February last of particulars of the pay statistics of chemists holding whole-time appointments and of the desirability of offering members this means of gauging their economic position under present conditions, the Council have decided to send out a further circular letter and form for reply, in the hope that they may be enabled to ascertain whether the average remuneration of such chemists is changing proportionately to the increased cost of living. From careful observation of the work of the Appointments Register, a fairly satisfactory general improvement may be anticipated, since many members have changed their positions during the past twelve months, and very few are now actually without appointments.Professional Fees.-Enquiries are still frequently received at the Institute with regard to the fees which should be charged for analyses and investigations conducted by practitioners.An increase of 50 per cent. on pre-war fees is now regarded as inadequate for the general run of work, and many consultants have found it imperative to double their pre-war charges. Chemists in War.-The Publications Committee regret that they have been obliged, for various reasons, to abandon the proposal to publish a formal volume recording the services rendered by chemists during the war. A number of chemists had kindly offered to co-operate in the work, but the subject is so extensive and the problem of collating and co-ordinating the various divisions of it so involved, that the authorship could hardly be undertaken except by a chemist not only well acquainted with all the activities of chemists throughout the war period, but also able to devote the necessary time exclusively to it, Research Chem icals.-The Council have received from the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers a mor? complete list of the research chemicals which can be supplied by members of the Association.The list contains the names of 505 substances, with an indication of the firmswho are in a position to supply them, and in addition a supplementary list of 30 substances which members of the Association are prepared to make if there is sufficient demand. The Asso- ciation appeals for the support, on behalf of the British fine chemical industry, of all research chemists in this country, both on patriotic grounds and in recognition of the work done by this industry in supplying the needs of the naval and military forces and of the general public, during the war.The Association points out that the next few years will be critical, and unless sympathetic treatment is received from the Government, and cordial support from research chemists, the industry will inevitably fall back into its pre-war state of comparative insignificance. Copies of the lists have already been sent to a number of research workers in the country. Members may obtain copies on applying to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W. I. 243 Local Sections. G asgow and West of Scotland Section.-The Glasg )w Section is interested in a proposal to establish a Socia Club for Engineers, Shipbuilders, Chemists and Metallurgists, to be styled the " James Watt Club." It has long been felt in Glasgow that a Club was wanted where scientific and technical men could meet on their own ground with others of kindred thought and action.As the result of much discussion in the various scientific societies, it was eventually arranged that each should send delegates to a meeting, which was duly held. After discussion, it was resolved that a club was necessary, and a provisional working committee was appointed by the delegates. The above name for the Club was suggested as being associated with all branches of engineering and technical thought and interests.The Committee consists of ten members representing the following bodies : The Institution of Engineers and Ship- builders in Scotland, the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Aeronautical Society. The Committee has approached Lord Weir to become first Hon. President of the Club, and he has agreed to do so provided thak a satisfactory scheme be evolved. It is proposed that the Club be on the lines of the best political clubs, the objects to include providing facilities for exchange of opinion on technical matters among engineers, shipbuilders, chemists, metallurgists, and others of kindred thought or those closely associated therewith.Qualification for membership, being such as would gain admission to the various scientific societies promoting the club, it is hoped that affiliation may be arranged with similar clubs in other centres. 24-4 The Committee have reported that suitable premises are available at a reasonable cost, and it is now desired to interest all who can substantially support such a scheme in order to secure the premises and thereafter to proceed with the formation of the Club. The Committee are satisfied that, having behind them the support of the various technical and scientific societies from the outset, a substantial membership can be obtained. It is proposed that the club should be incorporated under the Companies Act, 1906-1917, and it is hoped that prospective members who can do so will apply for large blocks of shares.These gentlemen will be closely consulted in the formulation of the COI stitution of the Club. Communications on the subject may be addressed to Mr. E. H. Parker, Hon. Secretary brc tern.. 39, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow ; or to Douglas A. MacCallum, F.I.C., 93, Hope Street, Glasgow; or to Prof. F. J. Wilson, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-On June roth, Dr. George Tate read a paper on the chemical character- istics of some Torulae related to higher parasitic fungi. Dr. Tate gave a sketch of the nature of the fungi which are parasitic upon plants, and detailed the life history of the white rust fungus which attack; cruciferous plants such as the cabbage, and the rust fungus, which starts its cycle of life as a cluster cup or ascidium on the leaves of the common coltsfooi weed.He referred to the polymorphism of the parasitic fungi and the power many have of spending a cycle of life on intermediary " host-plants," thereby apparently acquiring increased virulence as plant diseases. As very few of these intermediary hosts are known , chemical knowledge acquired respecting the characteristics of parasitic fungi should be of use in recognising them and obtaining more knowledge of their intermediary hosts, as well as in other directions. Such knowledge should help towards mitigating the virulence of epidemic attacks on plants of economic importance.245 In the course of his inves igations, Dr. Tate had observed that the spores of many parasitic fungi when brought on to suitable nutrient media gave rise to saprophytic growths of torulze or simple budding fungi. Many of these he had isolated and grown as pure cultures with the view to determin- ing their characteristics. Trials were being made to observe whether these toruloid conditions gave rise to the samo, plant diseases as those produced by the higher fungi from which they were obtained. In illustration of the different types of torulze obtainable, Dr. Tate showed torulze from two different species of smut, or ustilago, viz. : the smut of barley and the smut which attacks the anthers of the campions. The former hydrolysed cane sugar and raffinose, whereas the latter did not.The torulze from the barley smut used up starch and glycerine, while those from the anther smut used up no recognisable proportion. Microscopic observations indicated that these toruk were phase forms of the higher parasitic forms, conclusions more or less confirmed by obtain- ing from the anther smut the same torulze from diseased plants from widely separated districts and at different seasons of the year. The torulze obtained from cystopu3 candidus and cystopus spinulosus showed notable differences in their attack on cane sugar. Analogous growths on solid culture media were exhibited as having been obtained from the Uredo or summer spores of Uredines fungi and from the Peronospera, parasitic upon cruciferous plants.Torulze have not so far been obtained from the Teleuto or winter spores of the Uredines. The subject was illustrated by numerous specimens of fungi parasitic on plants. The next meeting of the Section will be held on October 14th. 246 Personal. Sir Herbert Jackson, President of the Institute, has been appointed a Governor of the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau. I-I.M. the King of Italy has appointed Mr. (now Dr.) L. A. Jordan a Chevalier of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Prof. Sydney Young has been appointed a Member of the Advisory Council to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The appointment of Mr.George Tattersall as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute for Western Australia has been confirmed. Dr. J. E. Coates, Examiner to the Institute in the branch of Physical Chemistry, has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at the newly constituted University College of Swansea. Mr. C. 0. Bannister has been appointed Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Liverpool. Dr. T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., has been elected Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Cambridge. This is a first appointment to a newly creatcd chair. Prof. F. J. Wilson has transferred from the Chair of In- organic Chemistry to that of Organic Chemistry, and Mr. W. M. Cuniming, hitherto of the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd., has been appointed Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow.The Council have appointed Dr. Bernard Dyer as Examiner to the Institute in Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry, under the new Regulations. 247 Obituary. ARNOLDBOSWELLdied in his 27th year. Born at Camberwell, and educated at Wilson’s Grammar School, he matriculated at London University in 1910, and then entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. On graduation he proceeded to take Part 11. of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1916, and became engaged as a chemist at H.M. Factory,Oldbury.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. GROSSMANNJACOB died at Manchester in his 66th year. He was trained at the Universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg, graduating in the latter as M.A. and Ph.D., and, after working for two years (1873-1875) with Marquardt at Bonn, and with Schucharclt at Goerlitz, assisted Sir Henry Roscoe for one year at Manchester.He wits for six years chemist to Messrs. J. C. Gamblo and Son at St. Helens, when he became engaged as a. chemical manufacturer at the Harpurhey Chemical Works. He contributed papers on analytical and technical processes to the Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Chemical News. He was for a time Chairman of the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. ALFREDKIRBYHUNTINGTON,who died in London on April 17th, in his 65th year, was trained in the Royal School of Mines, taking the Associateship of the School in Mining and Metallurgy in 187 i.For nearly 40 years he was Head of the Metallurgical Department of King’s College, London, and for about ten years Lecturer on Metallurgy in the Medical School of the Dental Hospital. He was author of a Text-book on Metals, in Longmans’ Science Series, of which a subsequent edition was prepared jointly with W. G. MacMillan; and contributed papers to the J ournals and Transactions of various Societies, including papers on the Mexican amalgamation process and the metallurgy of nickel and cobalt, read at the first Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1892, and a paper on the concentration of metalliferous sulphides by flotation, read before the Faraday Society in 190 ).He was the second President (in 1894) of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, of which he remained a member of Council until his death, and was President (in 1913) of the Institute of Metals. He was an experienced balloonist and an authority on aeronautics. Duringthe war he was engaged upon investigation in connection with explosives for the Admiralty. He was elected a Fellow of the .n,titute in 1 78, and served as a member of the Council from 1885-1ab8. 248 ROBERTMCALLEYdied in his 76th year. He was trained in the Andersonian University, Glasgow, under Professor Penny, with whom he remained for about seven years as an assist,ant and as demon- strator in the University.He was then for two years chemist in the print-works of Messrs. Inglis and Wakefield, at Busby, near Glasgow, before he establisheda practice at Falkirk. He was appointed Public Analyst for the Burghs of Falkirk (1876) and Stirling (1877), and taught in the local Science and Art School. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1886. RUDOLPHMESSEL died in London, on April 18th, aged 72 years. Born at Darmstadt, he studied at Zurich, Heidelberg and Tubingen , graduating at the last-named University in 1868. Coming to England a few years later he became assistant to Sir Henry Roscoe, and then entered the laboratory of Messrs. Dunn, Squire and Co., Chemical Manufacturers, at Stratford, London.In 1876 he published jointly wi h Dr. Squire a paper read before the Chemical Society on the prepaiation of sulphuric annydride, and in the following year an English patent was granted for the production of anhydrous acid by the catalytic process, and the first plant was completed at Silvertown. In 1878 he became managing director of his Company, known thereafter as Spencer Chapman and Messel, and continued to fill that cffice until 1916, when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1912. He was twice President, and for many years Honorary Foreign Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry and was a governor of the Imperial College of Science anu Technology. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1914.LUCIUS TRANT O’SHEA died at Sheffield in his 63rd year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he entered Owens College, where he was trained under Sir Henry Roscoe, graduating as B.Sc. (Lond.). After acting for two years as private assistant to Prof. Schorlemmer, he was for one year chemist to the Cotton Powder Company at Ormskirk. In 1880 he was appointed Demonstrator in Chemistry at Firth College, now the University of Sheffield, where he became Lecturer in Mining Chemistry in 1890, and was appointedProfessor of Applied Chemistry in 1908. His work in recent years was mainly concerned with coke-oven developments and cafbonisation. He haJ given much attention to the prevention of explosions in coal mines ; and was the author of Elementary Chemistry for Coal Mining Students and of papers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society and the Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, of which latter body he was Hon.Secretary. He served in the South African War in command of the 1st West Yorks. Royal Engineer Volunteers, and during the late War as Officer Commanding the Sheffield University Officers’ Training Corps. Ho was elect d a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 249 WATSONSMITH,an Original Fellow of t,he Institute, died at the age of nearly 76 years. Born at Stroud, he received his early training in chemistry under Sir Henry Roscoe at Owens College, proceeding later to Heidelberg and subsequently to Zurich, where he worked under Lunge.After some years in industry and private practice he was appointed Lecturer in Technological Chemistry at Owens College, where he remained until 1889. He was Editor of the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry for thirty-two years (1882-1914), a.nd continued a member of the Transactions and Abstracts Section of the Publication Committee until his death. His investigations were mainly on the subject of coal, and especially directed to economical methods of coking, in which he did pioneer work. He was an Examiner for the Institute for two periods (1883-1887, 1888-1892). ARTHURWINGHAMdied on 24th May, 1920, in his fifty-ninth year. He received his training at the Royal School of Mines, where he was appointed Junior Demonstrator under the late Sir Edward Frankland.From 1882 to 1886 he was Chemist at the Broughton Copper Co., when he returned to the Royal School of Mines to carry out a series of investigations on English Tobacco. From 1887-1888 he carried out under Sir W. Roberts- Austen an investigation into Oriental Alloys. In 1889 he was appointed an Assistant Examiner at the Science and Art Department in Chemistry, and was also engaged as Assayer at the Royal Mint. Early in 1890 he was invalided owing to a severe attack of blood poisoning contracted during his laboratory work, which ultimately resulted in spinal paralysis, and after a prolonged illness he was discharged as incurable. From that time until his death, his life was one of prolonged suffering borne manfully and cheerfully.He developed further organic troubles in 1919 and underwent an operation, from which he did not recover. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. 260 July Examinations. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.-The Examinations were held at the places and on the dates given below :-Branch (b)-For the Associateship and Fellowship, at the Institute, July.12th to 16th. Branch (d)-For the Associateship, at the Institute, July 12th to 16th; and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, from July 5th to 9th. Branch (e)-For the Associateship, at the Institute, July 12th to 16th. Branch (g)-For the Fellowship and Associateship :-In the Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture, at the College of Technology, Manchester, July 12th to 16th.In the Chemical Technology of Coal-Tar Dyestuffs, at the College of Technology, Manchester, July 12th to 16th. New Regulations : General Chemistry-For the Associateship, at the Institute, July 12th to 16th. Branch (d)-Agricultural Chemistry. For the Fellowship, at the Institute, July 12th to 16th. Sixteen Candidates presented themselves ; the number examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table :-NUMBER NUMBER EXAMINED. PASSED. General Chemistry, for A.I.C.. . .. .. 1 0 Branch (a)Mineral Chemistry : For A.I.C. . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch (b)Metallurgical Chemistry : For F.I.C. .. .. .. .. 1 1 For A.I.C. . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 B’ranch (d) Organic Chemistry: For A.I.C... .. .. .. .. 4 2 Branch (e) Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc. : For A.I.C. .. .. .. .. .. 4 3 Branch (9) Chemical Technology. Chemical Technology of Textiles : For F.I.C. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Dyestuffs : For A.I.C. . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 Examination for Fellowship : Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry .. .. 2 2 16 12 261 In the case of one candidate in Branch (e), the Board recommend that when he presents himself again, he be not required to pass any part of the Examination except in general chemistry . The following Candidates satisfied the Board :-For the Fellowship. Knowles, George Edward .. .. . . Branch (9) Melville, Archibald Carswell .. .. 9, (b) Por the Associateship.Cocks, Leslie Victor .. .. .. Dakers, Robert Gillies Muir) ' ' .. .. Greenberg, Solomon .. .. .. .. Hollingsworth, Clifford .. .. .. Morris, Edgar Archibald . . .. .. Newcombe, Vera . . .. .. .. Potter, Alfred .. .. .. .. Winch, Hope Constance Monica .. .. The following Associates have passed the examination for the Fellowship (and will be entitled to apply for election to the Fellowship on the completion of three years registration as Associates) :-Auchinleck, Gilbert Grahame .. .. Branch D. Whalley, Hubert Charles Siegfried de . . D.9, The practical work of the successful Candidates was satisfactorily carried out. The Candidates were, in some cases, insufficiently prepared for the viva uoce examination in general chemistry; they appeared to have relied mainly upon the reading of past years, and to have made no special study for the examination.The papers and particulars of the exercises, etc., are attached. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the College of Technology, Manchester, and of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, for laboratory accommoda- tion, and to Professor Allmand and Mr. A. C. Chapman for the loan of microscopes. The Board of Examiners is indebted to Professor E. Knecht and to Mr. F. M. Rowe for help in connection with the Examinations in Chemical Technology. 252 Examination Papers, July 1920. Branch (a)-Mineral Chemistry. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th : 10 a.m.to 1p.m. 1. State how you would prove experimentally the course of the following reactions : (a) The action of sulphuretted hydrogen upon a 10 per cent. solution of arsenic acid. (b) The action of hydrogen containing hydrogen arsenide upon an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. 2. Give a detailed account of the methods of preparation of perchloric, hydrofluosilicic and hypophosphorous acids. State the analytical uses of these acids, the impurities which may be expected to be present from the mode of preparation, and indicate the effects of these impurities when these acids are employed as reagents. 3. Mention the chief ores of chromium and give an account of the industrial methods of extraction from the ores. State some of the more important uses of chromium and the chromates.4. Discuss the properties of fluorine and its compounds as a member of the halogen group. Draw up a scheme for the accurate determination of fluorine in the presence of calcium and magnesium silicates and free silica. 5. Write a short essay on one of the following : (a) Industrial applications of catalysis in the domain of mineral (b) A. chemical reaction, carried out on the industrial scale, at chemistry. high temperatures and pressures, in which at least one of the substances reacting is a gas. (c) Recent work on clays from the chemical standpoint. TUEXDAY and WEDNESDAY, JULY 13th and 14th: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the limestone (A) and report on its suitability for the manufacture of calcium carbide.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. Sample (B) is a crude potassium nitrate. Determine the nature and amounts of the impurities and also the nitrate present expressed as (NO,). THURSDAY, JULY 15th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Sample (C) is the scum from a melted hardening alloy. Make a qualitative examination for carbon, manganese dioxide and copper. 2. Estimate moisture, ash, volatile matter and sulphur in the fuel (D). Give an opinion as to its nature and commercialvalue as a fuel. (This exercise may be completed tomorrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 16th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Prepare a specimen of ferrous ammonium sulphate in fine crystals (not less than 10 grams.).2.Determine the aluminium in the alloy (E). Branch (b)-Metallurgical Chemistry. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th :10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Pive questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the chemical reactions which occur during the reduction of an iron ore in the blast furnace, including the formation of the gaseous products and of the slag. 2. How is copper extracted from a rich copper matte ? Give equations for the chemical reactions involved. 3. Explain the part played by phosphorus in the basic Bessemer process. Why is it impossible to remove phosphorus in the manufac- ture of steel by the original Bessemer process ? What conditions determine the value of basic slag as a phosphatic manure ? 4. How is the hardness of a metal determined ? What relations exist between the hardness of a metal and its other physical properties ? 5.Construct a diagram of thermal equilibrium for the alloys of gold and lead from the following data : Gold melts at 1064" and lead at 327"; two compounds are formed, both of which decompose on melting, A%Pb at 418" and AuPb, at 254", there is a eutectic point at 215" and 85 per cent. of lead, and solid solutions are not formed. 6. Describe one method for the manufacture of metallurgical coke with recovery of by-products, and make sketches showing the construction of the oven. 7. What changes take place in the annealing of a cold-rolled metal, such as brass ? How would you determine whether a metal had been properly annealed ? What is the effect of over-annealing ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JULY 13th and 14th : 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Make a full analysis of the given sample of steel. THURSDAY, JULY 15th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Prepare and etch the two given specimens, and report on their micro-structure. FRIDAY, JULY 16th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Assay the given ore for silver and gold. General Chemistry. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th :10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Describe two methods by which hydrogen is now prepared on the large scale for industrial purposes. 2. What oxy-acids of chlorine are known, and how may their potassium salts be prepared ? 3. Discuss the action of steam on carbon at varying temperatures and the chemical and thermal changes which take place in the reaction.4. Write a short account of hydrogen peroxide and explain its relation to persulphuric and permonosulphuric acids. 5. Mention the most important ores of zinc. How is the metal obtained from these ores ? 6. How may (a) sodium hydrosulphite and (b) sodium thiosul- phate be prepared? Describe their chemical properties and give the constitutional formdae you would suggest for these substances and the facts on which your view is based. 2p.m. to 5p.m. 1. How would you prepare samples of the following :-(a) chloropicrin ; (b) ethyl malonate ; (c) toluo-nitrile ; and (d) benzo-.phenone ? 2. What different types of the " diene " series of hydrocarbons can exist, and how do these differ chemically from the isomeric homologues of the acetylene series ?3.What substances may be prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzene ? Mention the reducing agent employed in each case. 4. What is meant by the molecular conductivity of a solution ? How may it be applied to determine the degree of ionisation of a dissolved salt ? 5. Explain how the refractive index of a carbon compound may be used in determining the constitution of the substance. 6. Describe the means of preparation and the chief properties of ketoximes, and write a note on the stereoisomerism exhibited by these compounds. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JULY 13th and 14th: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Substance (A) is a sample of zinc blende. ,Determine the following constituents in it :-Moisture, iron, zinc, sulphur.2. Prepare a sample of pure crystallised ferric ammonium alum from a sample of commercial ferrous sulphate. (These exercises may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, JULY 15th and 16th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Prepare a sample of pure aluminium chloride from the metal and employ your product to prepare acetophenone from benzene and acetyl chloride. 2. Prepare a specimen of pure acetic anhydride from acetyl chloride. (These exercises may be completed to-morrow.) 255 Branch (D)-Agricultural Chemistry. July 12th to 16th, 1920 (Regulations, 1920.) MONDAY, JULY 12th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give some account of the principal well-recognised micro- organisms which exercise beneficial action in the soil, assigning to each its special function.Write a short account of the investigations carried out in recent years on what is known as “ Soil Sterilisation,” and indicate their practical bearing. 2. Discuss the nature of the principal causes of loss during the storage of farmyard manure, and indicate the methods of mitigating such losses. 3. What kinds of soil are benefited by the application of lime ? In what forms and in what quantities per acre is it used ? And what are its special functions in the soil ? 2p.m. to 5p.m. 1. What is meant by the “ albuminoid ratio ” in the diet of animals, and under what practical farming conditions or circumstances is its consideration of especial importance ? 2. Indicate the approximate percentages of the chief manurial constituents in (a) raw bone meal, (b) steamed bone flour, (c) fish guano, (d)dried blood, (e)hoof and horn meal, (f)kainit, (9)well-made farmyard manure.3. What features in the growth and metabolism of crops are especially affected by sufficiency and insufficiency of available potash in the soil ? Mention any farm crops that differ from others in their ability to gather the necessary quantity of potash for their well-being from the same soil and how is this recognised in their manurial treat- ment ? 4. State the average composition of the milk of Jersey cows and of the Dutch or Friesian cows respectively. Describe briefly three distinct methods for the determination of the percentage of fat in milk. TUESDAY, JULY 13th : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m.Make a full analysis of the sample of ground feeding cake, and identify it by microscopical examination. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 14th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Determine the water-soluble sulphuric acid (SO,) and potash in the sample of potash salt. (The potash determination is to be carried out by the perchlorate method.) THURSDAY, JULY 15th : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the total phosphate (calculated as tri-calcium 2. Determine the lime in the sample of soil and report how the phosphate) in the sample of basic slag. result would affect your recommendation as to its treatment for a prospective turnip crop. -FRIDAY, JULY 16th: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Analyse as far as you can in one day the sample of sheep-dip provided.2. Identify by inspection the various specimens shown to you. Branch (d)-Organic Chemistry. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th : 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Describe the more important reactions of pyridine and quinoline, and contrast the behaviour of the derivatives of these substances with that of the corresponding members of the benzene series. 2. Utilising as second components H acid* and y acid,t give brief details illustrating the methods by which you would prepare azo-dyes (a) having the property of being diazotised and developed on the fibre, and (b) without this characteristic property. 3. Give a short account with fairly full experimental details of one general method by which compounds of the purine series can be prepared.4. Discuss a method which is used on the large scale for the preparation of saccharin (550).* 1:8-Arnidonaphthol-3:6-disulphonic acid. f 2:8-Amidonaphthol-6 monosulphonic acid. TUESDAY, JULY 13th : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. (A) is a solution of R salt (2-naphthol 3:6-disulphonic acid) ; you are required to standardise the solution against pure aniline. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (B). B. 1. Quinine sulphate, urea, potassium ferrocyanide. WEDNESDAY, JULY 14th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. (C) is a mixture of aniline, methylaniline and dimethylaniline ; you are required to determine the amount of each constituent of the mixture by the method of Reverdin and De la Harpe, using the solution of R salt estimated yesterday.(Particulars of the method were supplied.) 2. Identify the organic compound (D). D 1. Ethyl acetoacetate. D 2. Ethyl malonate. THURSDAY, JULY 15th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the mixture (E) which contains two sugars E. 1. Sucrose and glucose. E. 2. Sucrose and laevulose. 2. Identify the substances (F) and (G).F. 1. Toluene-para-sulphonamide. F. 2. Benzamide. G. 1. Resorcinol. G. 2. Mannitol. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 16th: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Prepare and charge a tube for the estimation of bromine in (H)by the method of Carius. (Bromobenzene.) 2. Isolate and identify the acid of the ester J. From the result of a quantitative hydrolysis of the ester , calculate the molecular weight of the alcoholic radicle.(Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate.) Branch (e)-The Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th :10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Describe the chemical constitution of meat extracts. What do you suppose to be the part played by them as a food adjunct ? 2. Draw up a report on a sample of milk which gave on analysis the following figures :-Total Solids : Fat .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.00 Proteids .. .. .. .. .. 3.60 Lactose .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.64 Ash . . .. .. .. .. .. 0.70 3. How would you determine quantitatively the extent of contamination with tin in a sample of "tinned " fruit ? Answer in a separate note-book. 1. What are the botanical sources of aconitine, emetine, and pilocarpine ? Describe in each case the crude drug which contains the active principle, and enumerate its pharmacopceial preparations. 2.What are the criteria of a good microscopic objective ? Discuss the use of the polariscope in microscopy. 3. Under what conditions is poisoning by carbon monoxide likely to occur ? Describe the symptoms which characterise it, and state what evidence could be obtained to prove that, in a given case, it was the cause of death. 2p.m. to 6p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the sample of wheaten flour, (A),2. Report upon the nature of the stain upon the cloth (B).and report upon it. (Pure wheaten flour.) (Blood.)3. C is powdered nux vomica. Extract its chief alkaloid and demonstrate to the examiner tests for its identification.TUESDAY, JULY 13th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Examine the sample of sweet spirit of nitre and express your 2. The white powder is a mixture of sugar and of a synthetic drug. result in proper form on the blank certificate provided. Identify the latter. (1. Aspirin ; 2. Acetanilide.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 14th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. The sample provided consists of starch-glucose syrup. Determine the optical rotation and copper-reducing power and the specific gravity of a 10 per cent. solution and deduce from your results the approximate chemical constitution of the syrup. 258 THURSDAY, JULY 15th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. (A) is a sample of fruit juice, which is stated by the vendor to be preserved with "a small quantity of salicylic acid." Estimate the quantity of preservative, and state whether or not you consider it to be excessive, and why.2. Determine the water-soluble sulphuric acid (SO,), and potash in the potash fertiliser. (The potash determination is to be carried out by the Perchlorate .method.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 16th :10a.m. to 4.30p.m. Report as fully as you can on the sample of butter fat. Branch (g)-Chemical Technology of Textiles. July 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, JULY 12th: 10a.m. to 1p.m. General Chemical Technology. (Not more than five questions to be attempted.) 1. It is known that most colouring matters are thrown out of their aqueous solutions by the addition of salt. Explain the principle underlying this process.2. Describe, with the aid of sketches, any form of refractometer with which you are familiar, and mention some of the principal uses for which this instrument is employed in chemical work. 3. Explain the principles underlying the purification of a substance such as nitrobenzene by steam distillation. 4. You are required to determine the coke and volatile matter in a sample of coal. State how you would proceed, and what inferences you would draw from the results. 5. In what essential points do the products of high and low temperature carbonisation of coal differ from each other ? 6. Briefly describe the methods in use for the production of ammonia and nitrates from the air.2p.m. to 5p.m. Not more than five questions to be attempted. 1. Give some account of the action of sulphuric acid on castor oil, 2. What changes are considered to take place in the drying of an and mention any recent work that you have read on the subject. oil ? How are these changes affected by the addition of catalysts ? 3. How would you estimate the unsaponifiable matter in a lubricant consisting of a mixture of rape oil and a hydrocarbon oil ? 4. What are the more important characteristics of gallotannicacid ? State briefly its principal applications, and mentios any of its commercially important derivatives. 5. What is the chief constituent of ordinary French rosin, and how may this substance be obtained in the crystallised state? Enumerate the principal uses of the rosins in industry.6. Write a brief account of the manufacture of any one of the following substances :aniline, oxalic acid, acetic acid, cellulose acetate, lactic acid. 259 TUESDAY, JULY 13th: 10a.m. to 1p.m. Textile fibres and their preparation. (Five questions only to be attempted.) 1. What means have been suggested for ascertaining whether a cotton fabric has been mercerised or not, and upon which of these would you place most reliance ? 2. It is known that electrolysed brine bleaches more rapidly than a solution of bleaching powder or of chemically prepared sodium hypochlorite of equivalent strengths. How may this be accounted for on theoretical grounds ? 3.What is the object of weighting silk ? State in outline how this is usually effected (a) for blacks, (b) for colours. 4. What is meant by the term “ permanent ” finish, and how do es this finish differ in its quality and in its mode of production from an ordinary Schreiner finish ? 5. In what way is cellulose affected by oxidising agents ? How may the degree of oxidation be ascertained and expressed ? 6. Describe the Manzoni process of bleaching and give instances in which this process has been found advantageous. 2p.m. to 5p.m. Colouring matters and their application. (Not more than Jive questions to be attempted.) 1. How would you explain the dyeing of wool with an acid colour such as fast red A and with a basic colour such as crystal violet ? 2.Classify and describe briefly the methods in use for obtaining white discharges on indigo in calico printing . 3. What is the composition of “ nitrosamine red,” and how is this substance ordinarily employed in the production of paranitranilinered ? What attempts have been made to utilise the nitrosamines for the direct production of insoluble azo dyes on unprepared material ? 4. How would you obtain a black on wool (a) with logwood, (b) with diamond black ? Contrast the two colours from the points of view of economy and of fastness. 5. What means have been suggested for improving the fastness of direct colours on cotton (a) to !jght, (b) to washing ? 6. Describe the dyeing of a copper ” aniline black on cotton linings and explain, as far as you are able, the chemistry of the process.THURSDAY, JULY 15th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the colouring matters in the dyed fabrics submitted. 2. Estimate the copper number in the sample of oxycellulose submitted. FRIDAY, JULY 16th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Estimate quantitatively the amount of dyestuff in each of the two solutions submitted (methyl violet and crystal scarlet), and express your results in grams per litre. 2. Ascertain and report on the cause of the defects in the two samples of fabric submitted. 260 Branch (9)-Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Dyestuffs. TUESDAY, JULY 13th : 10a.m. to 1 p.m.Intermediate Products. (Candidates are required to attempt five questions out of six.)1. Describe the principle of a continuous still, with specialreference to its application in dealing with coal-tar.2. State the rule governing the introduction of nitro groups into hydrocarbons of the benzene and naphthalene series. How is the result affected by the presence of an OH group in the compound ? 3. What general methods are employed for the introduction of the NH, group into aromatic compounds ? Give examples. 4. Describe methods for the estimation of any two of the follow ing :-“ R salt,” dimethylaniline, benzaldehyde, anthracene. 5. Describe the manufacture of B-naphthol from purifiednaphthalene.6. Outline a process for the manufacture of a 90 per cent. anthra- cene. State the principal commercial uses of this substance.2p.m. to 5p.m. Colouring Matters. (Candidates are required to attempt five questions out of six.)1. Explain what is meant by tho Quinonoid Theory of colour, and discuss its limitations. 2. How would you prepare the following Azo-dye ? What products are obtained from it on complete reduction ? 3. How is P-aminoanthraquinone obtained ? Give some account of its uses in the preparation of vat dyes. 4. How is tartrazine prepared, and what is its constitution 1 Give some examples of other important dyes of this series. 5. How is patent blue obtained ? What is the constitution of this dye, and in what respects is it superior to the acid greens and soluble blues ? 6. What is the constitution of alizarine viridine ? How is this dye obtained, and to what properties does it owe its great value as a dye ? THURSDAY and FRIDAY, JULY 15th and 16th :10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the samples of dyes numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, and 2. Estimate the purity of the sample of benzidine and carry out state whether you consider them to be uniform products. the technical examination of the sample of dimethylaniline with which you are provided. 3. Prepare a well crystallised specimen of p-aminoacetanilidefrom the acetanilide provided. State the yield obtained. 4. Determine the constitution of the Azo dye provided, and repare specimens of the products obtained. 261 Candidates were required to translate the following passages from French and German :-En r6sum6, les principaux faits, observes relativement A la constitution des alliages fer -carbone, peuvent s’interprbter de la faqon suivante : Les alliages de fer et do carbone contenant moins de 0.9 pour100 de carbone sont form&, quand ils sont recuits, par des grains de fer B peu prhs purs (ferrite), entoures de perlite ; la proportion de ce dernier constituant au-gmente avec la teneur en carbone et forme 8.peuprbs la totalit6 du metal A 0.9 pour 100 de carbone. Quand on 81bve la temperature graduellement, il se produit B 700” une absorption de chaleur, la perlite s’homogenise et produit une solution solide ; si la temperature continue Q s’elever, la ferrite en excbs se dissout graduelle- ment et le metal devient complbtement homogbne au-dessus d’une temperature (a3)d‘autant plus &levee que la teneur en carbone est plus faible.Par un refroidissement brusque on peut maintenir partielle- ment 1’Qtat correspondant B la temperature it laquelle etait chauff6 le metal, surtout dans les parties exGrieures, on maintient certainement les constituants B un &at de division exterieure, et l’on produit sur le metal un 6crouissage hergique, toutes causes qui peuvent, suivant les circonstances, avoir une influence preponderante, et qui tendent A modifier les propri6ths du metal dans le m6me sens, augmentation de la r6sistance et diminution de la mall6abilite. Trait6 de Chimie Minerale.-Tome IV. HENRIMOISSAN. Translate into English. Endlich stellt die Erorterung der Kohlenstoffverbindungen andere theoretische Aufgaben als die Behandlung der anorganischenVerbindungen.Bei einer anorganischen Substanz geniigt in der Regel zur Erklllrung ihrer Verschiedenheit von allen anderen Stoffen die Angabe ihrer molecularen Zusammensetzung, soweit dieselbe durch die Anzahl und Art der zu einem Molecul zusammentretenden Elementara- tome bedingt ist. 1st z.b. fur die Schwefelsaure erkannt, dass ihr Molecul aus 2 Atomen Wasserstoff, 1 Atom Schwefel and 4 Atomen Sauerstoff besteht, so konnen wir uns zunachst mit diesem Befund begnugen ; denn wir kennen keine zweite Verbindung, welcher gleich- falls eine durch die Fonnel H,S04 ausdruckbare Zusammensetzung zukommt. Aber fiir eine organische Verbindung ist mit der Erkenntnis ihrer “ empirischen ” Zusammensetzung vie1 weniger geleistet.Der Aethylalkohol z.b. besitzt die Zusammensetzung C,H,O ; dieser Befund genugt indessen nicht, um zu erklaren, warum der Aethylalkohol ein besonderes chemisches Individuum mit bestimmten charakteristischen Eigenschaften ist; denn wir kennen eine zweite Verbindung: den Dimethyliither, welche ganz andere Eigenschaften besitzt, wiihrend ihr Molecul genau dieselben Elementaratome in derselben Anzahl-2 Kohlenstoffatome, 6 Wasserstoffatome und 1 Sauerstoff atom- enthiilt. MEYER-JACOBSON. 262 The following Papers in Biological Chemistry which were set for the Examinations held in October, 1918, and November, 1920, have not previously been published :-Branch (f)-Biological Chemistry. October 25th to 29th,1918.MONDAY, OCTOBER 25th: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Write a brief essay on the so-called “accessory growth sub- stances.” 2. Give an account of the main principles underlying the modern methods adopted for the treatment of domestic sewage. M’hat are the more important chemical differences between a sample of crude sewage and one of a satisfactory effluent ? 3. Enumerate the chief groups of enzymes. Give one example of each group stating its specific action and the conditions under which it exerts its maximum activity. 4. Describe with all essential details how you mould prepare from natural sources specimens of any two of the following substances :-Cholesterol, Theobromine, Glycogen, Nucleic Acid, Salicin. Give the more important properties of the substances you select.TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26th, : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Estimate the percentages of cane sugar and of milk sugar in the sample of Condensed Milk and ascertain the cause of the “ blowing ” of the tin. 2. Separate, and if possible identify, the two organisms in the given liquid. (These exercises will be contimhed to-morrow, but the Candidate must describe. in his notes to-day what he proposes to do.) WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Continue the exercises of the previous day. 2. Examine the powders (A1 and (B) for the presence of maltase, and ascertain their relative activities. THCTRXDAY, OCTOBER 28th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Continue the previous exercises. 2. Estimate in the given sample of Extract the total nitrogen and the nitrogen existing as amino-acids.Make such further cxamina- tion of the sample as will enable you to state whether it has been pre- pared from meat. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete the previous exercises. 2. Make amicroscopical examinstion of the given specimens and identify them as far as possible. 263 Branch (f)-Biological Chemistry. November 3rd to 7th, 1919 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 3rd : 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Write a short essay on Enzyme Action. 2. Describe methods by which the hydrogen ion concentration of two solutions can be compared and give instances illustrating the influence of hydrogen ion concentration on biochemical changes.3. Describe as fully as you can the preparation of any TWO substances by biochemical means. 4. Give an account of the principles underlying ONE of the following processes :-(a) Dialysis. (b) The analysis of a mixture of carbohydrates. (c) The determination of the constituent amino-acids of a protein. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 4th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Make the following observations on the sample of milk (A).(i) Determine the number of organisms present per C.C. which are capable of development on nutrient agar at 25" in 48 hours. (ii) Determine the number of B. Coli Communis present per C.C. 2. Make experiments to ascertain whether the sample of milk (B) has been heated.WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 5th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Prepare a solution of invertase from the yeast supplied and compare its activity with that of the solution (C). THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Examine and report on the cultures (D), (E), (F), and (G). Submit all stained specimens to the examiner and make drawings of the various organisms. PRIDAY, NOVEMBER 7th: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of available chlorine in the sample of bleaching powder (H). Ascertain what quantity of this bleaching powder must be added per !itre to the water supplied (J)in order that, at the end of half an hour it may contain 1 part of available chlorine per million. 264 Books and their Contents. [Books marked * have been presented by the authors or publishers,and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “ Cocoa and Chocolate.” A.W. Knapp. Pp. xii. & 210 (London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. History; cacao and its cultivation; manufacture of cocoa and chocolate ; by-products of the industry ; composition and food value ; adulteration and the need for detinitions ; bibliography. ‘‘ Chemical Theory and Calculations.” F. J. Wilson and I. M. Heilbron. 2nd Edition. Pp. vii. & 144. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. net. Elementary Manual of Paper Technology.” R. W. Sindall. 3rd Edition. Pp. xvi. & 337, with 13 plates. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. net. Technical difficulties ; rag papers ; esparto straw ; notes on beating ; wood pulp ; packing papers ; art papers ; physical qualities ; chemical constituents ; microscopy ; fibrous materials ; analysis ; C.B.S.units ; cellulose and its derivatives. “ Flax and its Products.” H. R. Carter. Pp. 311. (London : John Ball, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net, Flax and its cultivation ; retting ; scutching ; hackling ; flax and tow preparing and spinning ; yarn department ; linen weavingand hishing ; linseed oil and cake and other products of flax. “ Glue, Gelatine and their Allied Products.” T. Larnbert. Pp. xii. & 153. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 6s. net. Glue ; gelatine ; size and isinglass ; treatment of effluents ; 1 quidand other glues ; cements, etc. ; uses ; residual products ; analyses of raw and finished products.“ Introduction to Chemical Engineering, An.” A. F. Allen. Pp. xvi. & 272. (London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Crushing and grinding machinery ; separating and mixing machinery filtering apparatus ; driers and evaporators ; distilling apparatus water treatment plant ; confrol of temperature ; transportappendix, with tables. “ Life and Work of Sir J. C. Bose, The.” Patrick Geddes. Pp. xii. & 259. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 16s. net. *“ Manufacture of Lake Pigments fromArtificia1 Colours,The.” F. H. Jennison, F.I.C. Second revised edition. Pp. vi and 172. (London : Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 15s. net. Classification of artificial colouring matters ; nature and manipula- tion of artificial colours ; lake-forming bodies for acid colours ; lake-forming bodies for basic colours ; lake bases ; principles of lake formation ; red lakes ; orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, and black lakes ; production of insoluble azo-colours in the form of pigments ; general properties of lakes produced from artificial colours ; striking,washing, filtering, and finishing ; matching and testing of lake pig- ments ; sketch of organic combinations.* “ Monographs on Industrial Chemistry : Cement.” By Bertram Blount, F.I.C., assisted by W. H. Woodcock and H. G. Gillett. Pp. xii. & 284. (London : Long-mans, Green & Co.) 18s. Noticed in Journal, Part IT. “ Paper Making.” Cross & Bevan.5th Edition. Pp. 527, with 17 plates. (London : E. & F. N. Spon, Ltd.) 30s. net. Cellulose ; physical structure ; diagnosis and chemical analysis ; chemical and physical characteristics and raw materials ; special treatment of various fibres ; bleaching ; beating ; sizing ; loading ; colouring of paper pulp ; paper machines ; hand-made paper ; calendering and cutting ; qualities ; testing ; general chemical analysis ; site for paper mill. 266 “ Paper Making and its Machinery.” T. W. Chalmers. Pp. xi. & 178, with 6 plates. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) 26s. net. Cutting, cleaning and boiling ; washing, breaking and bleaching ; purifying and pulping ; beating ; refining ; Fourdrinier mBehine, with details ; pulp strainers ; tub sizing ; calendering, cutting and winding ; wood pulp ; coating and finishing of art paper ; coatingof photographic paper.“ Report on the Quantum Theory of Spectra.” L. Silberstein. Pp. 42. (London : Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 5s. net. “ Union Textile Fabrication.” R. Beaumont. Pp. xxii. & 354. (London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 21s. net. Section I. : Bi-fibred manufactures ; yarn and fabric colourisation ; textural toning ; pattern origination. Section 11.: Compound yarn fabrics. Section 111. :Woven unions ; looming principles ; textures light in construction ; structural schemes. 267 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held in June and July, 1920,7 new Fellows were elected ; 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship ; 74 Associates were elected ; and 63 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost I Fellow by death. S.=Naval, Military, or Air Service. M=Munitions. I.I.=Passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute. New Fellows (By Examination). Knowles, George Edward, 37, Malvern Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Melville, Archibald Carswell, 50, Perth Road, Ilford, Essex. New Fellows. Davies, Daniel James, B.Sc. (Wales), The Government Laboratory, St. Johns, Newfoundland. [Govt. Analyst, Newfoundland Govt.]Dixon, Prof. Harold Baily, C.B.E., M.A. (Oxon),Hon. Ph.D. (Prague), F.R.S., The University, Manchester. [Prof. of Chem. and Director of Chem. Labs., Univ. of Manchester.] Fort, Morris, M.Sc. (Leeds), Cromwell Park Cottage, Almondbank, Perthshire.[Chief Chemist and Tech. Adviser, Messrs. Lumsden and Mackenzie ; Research.]Jones, William Jacob, D.Sc. (Manc.), 2, Lancaster Road, Fallowfield, Manchester. [S. ; Senior Lecturer, Manchester Univ. ;Research.]Sand, Henry Julius Salomon, D.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Zurich), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, Jewry Street, Aldgate, London, E.C. 3. [Lecturer and Demonstrator ; Research.] Associates Elected to Fellowship. Jephcott, Harry, M.Sc. (Lond.), 121, Cambridge Gardens, London, w. 10. Keys, William Harold, 1168, London Road, Alvaston, Derby. McEwan, Thomas Lawson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), Oakfield, Brampton Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. Nemnan, William Alfred Cyril, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Assay Office, Royal Mint, London, E.1. 268 New Associates (By Examination). Cocks, Leslie Victor, Tara, Highfield Road, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Dakers, Robert Gillies Muir, c/o Wightman, 10, Steels Place, Edinburgh, Greenberg, Solomon, 41, Frithville Gardens, Uxbridge Road, London, w. 12. Hollingsworth, Clifford, Brooklyn, Broomfield Road, Chadwell Heath, Essex. Morris, Edgar Archibald, 26, Etwall Street, Derby. Newcornbe, (Miss) Vera, 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. 1. Potter, Alfred, 16, Nelson Street, Lower Broughton, Manchester. Winch, (Miss) Hope Constance Monica, 315, Elgin Avenue, Maida Vale, London, W. 9. New Associates. Bate, Philip James, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 4, Station Parade, Sanderstead, Surrey. [S.]Beedle; Francis Charles, B.Sc.(Bris.), 5, Clift House Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol. [S.]Bolton, Edward William, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), St. Ives, Dollis Park, Finchley, London, N. 3. [S. ; Research.]Bromley, Ralph Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, London, E. 7. [S.]Buck, Johannes Sybrandt, B.Sc. (Liv.), 40, Falkland Road, Egremont, Cheshire. [S.]Chaudhuri, Tarini Charan, M.A. (Calcutta), Krishnath College, Ber- hampur, Bengal, India. [Prof. of Chem.]Cheeseright, Lionel Sidney, B.Sc. (Dun.), 69, Bewick Road, Gateshead- on-Tyne. [S.]Cohen, Abraham, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cardogan House, 296, Old Ford Road, Victoria Park, London, E. 3. [Works Chemist.] Crowther, Raymond Edwin, A.M.S.T., Townscliffe, Mellor Road, Marple Bridge, nr. Stockport. [Research ; dyes.] Cuckney, John, M.A.(Cantab.), Cobham, Gravesend, Kent. IS.]Darke, Wilfred Frederick, B.Sc. (Bris.), 10, Charlotte Street, Park Street, Bristol. [S.]Dsvies, Thomas Ifor, B.Sc. (Wales), Lansdowne House, Edward Henry Street, Rhyl. [S.]Dunk, Alfred James, 12, Southwold Road, Clapton, London, E. 5. [Finsbury Tech. Coll. Certif. ; M.]Dunworth, James Francis, B.Sc. Tech. (Vict.), 150, Warwick Road, Carlisle. IS. ; dyes.]Dunworth, Sidney William, B.Sc. Tech. (Vict.), 150, Warwick Road, Carlisle. [Research ; dyes.]Ellis, Oliver Coligny de Champfleur, M.Sc. (Vict.), Chemical Dept., The University, Manchester. [S.]Evans, (Miss) Dorothy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Longcroft, Oakerthorpe, Alfreton, Derby. [Research.]Evans, William, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 35, Mitchell Street, Ancoats, Manchester. [Works and Research Chemist ; dyes.] 269 Fazackerley, Douglas James, B.Sc. (Liv.), 10, Tiber Street, Princes Park, Liverpool. [S.]Fowler, Alexander, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o I. Watson, Esq., 24, HenryStreet, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. [S. ; M. ; Research.]Garbutt, (Miss) Phyllis Louisa, Bank House, Ledbury Road, S. Croydon, Surrey. [I.I.; Research.]Gibson, James, jun., Blackland Cottage, Paisley. [Royal Tech. Coll., Glasgow; 8.; M.]Gaths, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 178, Cathays Terrace, Cardiff. w.1Gupta, Biraj Mohan, M.Sc. (Allahabad), 21, Cromwell Road, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. [Asst. Prof., Canning College, Lucknow.] Harnaman, James, A.M.S.T., 50, Canal Bank, Port Dundas, Glwgow. [S.; M.]Heathcote, Brian, B.Sc. (Liv.), Dulcie Lodge, Riversdale Road, Aigburth, Liverpool. [S.]Hellings, William, B.Sc. (Wales), 5, Mill Street, Ystrad-Rhondda, Glam. [S.]Henderson, Henry Willie Caird, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 34, BarrowgateRoad, Chiswick, London, W. 4. [War relief work.] Heyes, Thomas Francis, B.Sc. (Liv.), 12, Appleton Village, Widnes, Lancs. [S.]Hunter, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 213, Strone Road, Manor Park, London, E. 12. [S. ; M. ; Research.]Ison, (Miss) Edith Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, North Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. [Drugs.]James, Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.), 25, St. Paul’s Road, Balsa11 Heath, Birmingham. [S.]Kingan, Robert, Camerton House, Gomeldon, nr. Salisbury. [Liverpool Univ. and Tech.School ; S. ; Research.]Kon, George Armand Robert, M.A. (Cantab.), D.I.C., 22, Eaton Mansions, Cliveden Place, London, S.W. 1. [S. ; Research.] Marshall, James Curie, jun., B.Sc. (Glas.), Corsehillbank, Crossfobs Barrhead, Glasgow. [S.]Maurice, Norman Brocklehurst, M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), College of Technology, Manchester. [Research ; S.]Mellor, Joseph Crosland, B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Queen’s Terrace, S. Clarence Road, Longsight, Manchester. [S. ; dyes.] Middleton, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 80, Woodgrange Road, Forest Gate, London, E. 7. [S.]Nicklin, George Norman, M.A. (Cantab.), 9, Willis Road, Cambridge. [S-IOllard, Eric Alexander, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 15, Bedford Row, London, W.C. 1. [S.]Pawsey, (Miss) Edith Hilda, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Department, South Metropolitan Gas Co., 709, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.[Research ; Gas.]Penn, (Miss) Emily Beatrice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 146, Jamaica Road, London, S.E. 16. [Govt. Lab.] Price, James Ernest Bartlett, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W. 19. [S.] 270 Ruddock, Frederick Amory, R.N. College, Greenwich, London, S.E. 10. [Sheffield Univ. and Univ. Coll., Cardiff; S.]Sanderson, William James, B.Sc. (Vict.), 9, Cranworth Street, Stalybridge, Cheshire. [S. ; M.]Scarlett, (Miss) Olive Worth, B.Sc. (Edin.), 204, Newhaven Road, Leith. [Demonstrator, Edin. Univ.] Seaton, William Dunham, R.E. Experimental Station, Porton, Salisbury. [S-IShiels, Douglas Oswald, M.Sc. (Melbourne), c/o Agent General for Victoria, Australia House, Strand, London, W.C.2. [S.]Shulman, Isaac, MSc. (Leeds), 75, Reginald Terrace, Chapeltown, Leeds. [Works Chemist.] Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.), 26, Mahood Street, Stockport. [S. ; M.; Research.]Srivastava, Jwala Prasad, M.Sc. Tech. (Vict.), A.M.S.T., Civil Lines, Cawnpore, India. [Industrial Chemist.] Stephen, Alexander Charles, B.Sc. (Aberdeen), The Manse, Garvock, Laurencekirk, Scotland. [S.]Stott, George Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 16, Lynwood Road, Rice Lane, Liverpool. [S.] Strachan, James Thallon, Bogalusa Pulp and Paper Co., Inc., Bogaltlusa, La., U.S.A. [Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh ; Paper Works Chemist ; over 12 years’ experience ; patent.]Tait, Leonard, B.Sc. (Glas.), Applegarth, Albert Drive, Pollokshields, Glasgow.[S.]Taylor, Albert, B.Sc. (Vict.), North View, Buxton Road, Disley, Cheshire. [Dyes.]Taylor, Cyril Bertram, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Westfield Cottage, Woking Surrey. [S.]Thomson, James Simpson, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Station House, Bield- side, Aberdeen. [M.]Tomkinson, (Miss) Margaret Grosvenor, Franche Hall, Kidderminster. [Nat. Sci. Tripos, Cambridge ; Asst. Lecturer, Girton Coll.] Walxnsley, James Rawson, A.M.C.T., Dean Brook Cottage, Dean Lane, Moston, Manchester. [7 years’ experience.] Whelan, Peter, A.R.C.S.I., 11, Fair Hill, Cork, Ireland. [Demon-strator, R.C.S.I.] Wilford, Arthur Thomas, B.Sc., A.R.C S., (Lond.), 102, Denmark Road, London, S.E. 5. [S.]Wilkinson, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Vict.), Holmwood, Davenport Park, Stockport.[S.]Wood, (Miss) Florence Mary, B.Sc. (Lond. and Birm.), Belgrave House, 6/7, Montague Street, London, W.C. 1. [Research.]Wood, Robert, B.Sc. (Dun.), 2, Linden Terrace, Gloucester Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. [S.]Youll, John William Reginald, Keswick, Rainsford Avenue, Chelms- ford. [Finsbury Tech. COIL Certif.] New Students. Adcock, Roland Eric, 69, High Street, Syston, Leicester. Bailey, Robert Arthur, 4, Warton Street, Bootle, Liverpool. 271 Baird, James, 1, Arran View, Beith, Ayrshire. Balfow, Robert Paterson, 4, Forbes Terrace, Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire. Barnes, Alfred Raymond, 167, Middle Furlong Road, Meadows, Nottingham.Best, John Kenneth, 8, Sycamore Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Bilton, Ralph Moulton, Sizer Hill, Yeadon, Leeds.Booth, Walter, Brookdale, Ferrybridge, Yorks. Budgen, Norman Frederick, Southbourne, Birchfield Road, Hands- worth, Birmingham. Butler, Edwin Harold, 26, St. James Road, Leicester. Carmichael, Kenneth Francis, Fetteresk, Penicuik, Midlothian. Catton, Eric Draycott, Beeston, Swaffham, Norfolk. Chilvers, Percy Monkman, 53, Caledon Road, Sherwood, Nottingham. Clatworthy, (Miss) Joan Catherine, 6, Beverley Road, Highams Park, Chingford, London, E. 4. Coburn, Andrew, Pumpherston, Mid-Calder. Coucher, (Miss) Amy Gladys, 2, St. John’s Wood Road, London, N.W. 8. Crombie, John James, 94, Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Cutting, Cecil George, St. Hilda’s, 47, Whitehall Park, London, N. 19. Davies, John Edward, 106, Gordon Road, West Ealing, London, W.13. Dee, Thomas Pride, 17, Ratcliffe Road, Loughborough. Drabble, Arthur Garnet, 13, Stemp Street, Sharrow, Sheffield. Frankenburg, William Eric, 78, Goldhurst Terrace, Hampstead, London, N.W. 6. Fraser, Bertram Turner, 23, Restabrig Terrace, Leith. Grant, Reginald Lindsay, Church Villa, Northenden, Cheshire. Gregory, Louis Wilfred, 273, Woodborough Road, Nottingham. Harper, Hugh, 7, Meadowbank Terrace, Edinburgh. Houlihan, John Ernest, 38, Park Road, Plumstead, London, S.E. 18. Jenkinson, Thomas Alfred, 5, Glebe Street, Marsh, Huddersfield. Johnston, George, 80, Balgreen Road, Murrayfield, Edinburgh, W. Kay, Lohn Louden, 39, Heugh Street, Falkirk, Scotland. Lacamp, Auguste Leonard Bernard, St.Louis, Marlborough Grove, York. Laing, Alexander George, 30, Murrayfield Avenue, Edinburgh. Laing, John Barclay, Railway Hotel, Haddington, Scotland. Lee, William Joseph, 23, Well Close Terrace, Leeds. Lohn, Clarence Edward, 79, Clova Road, Forest Gate, London, E. 7. Mair, John Alexander, 52, Holmhead Street, Glasgow. Meacock, Harold Robert, 103, St. Leonard’s Road, Northampton. Morgan, Frank Ewen, 6, Pavilion Parade, Brighton. Murray, Alexander Frederick, 3, Barns Park, Ayr, Scotland. Palmer, Neil, The Grasshopper, Westerham, Kent. Prowse, William Elliott Ashfield, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. Radford, William Howard, Westwood, Shobnall, Burton-on-Trent. Rice, Frederick, Carisbrook House, Fitzwilliam Street, West, Hudders field. Rider, Harold Baty, 81, Atherley Road, Southampton.Robb, William, 11, Glenview, Paisley, Scotland. Russell, William Lyle, Academy House, Berwick-on-Tweed. 272 St. Claire, Gerald, c/o Messrs. The Magadi Soda Co., Ltd., Lake Magadi, British East Africa. Scott, Robert, 12, Balsusney Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Smith, Harry, 2, Federation Road, Abbey Wood, London, S.E. 2. Smith, Walter, 69, Montpelier Park, Edinburgh. Snell, Arnold Arthur Hony, 17, Dangan Road, Wanstead, London, E. 11. Southall, Colin Lambert, 39, Gough Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Sowter, Frederick Archibald, 30, Nelson Street, London Road, Leicester. Spicer, George William, 204, Wellingborough Road, Rushden, Northamptonshire.Stuart, Leslie Donald, 147, Breakspears Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4.Sword, James, Smith Institute, Stirling. Thorn, Stanley Charles Hammond, 44, Castelnau, Barnes, London, S.W. 13. Wall, William, 111, Berridge Road, Sherwood Rise, Nottinghsm. Wrtygood, William Arthur, 134, Braidwood Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. Westrip, George Meredyth, Palmyra, Portsmouth Road, Surbiton, Surrey.Wilson, George Edward, 16, Caledonian Road, Edinburgh. Wilson, John Norman, 30, Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh. Woods, Norman Edward, Rangiora, 20, Arthur Road, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W. 19. DEATH. Fellow. Arthur Wingham. 273 General Notices. Examination.-An Examination in Biological Chemistry, Bacteriology, Fermentation, and Enzyme Action will be held during the week commencing Monday, 25th October. This examination is open to any Fellow or Associate, and to any Candidate whose application for admission to the Examination has been accepted by the Council.The examination extends over at least four days, and mav be theoretical and practical, writ ten and oral. The syllabus includes Biological Chemistry, Bacteriology, Fermentation, and Enzynie Action with special reference to the Chemistrv and Bacteriology of Food-Stuffs, Water Supply, and Sewage Disposal, and the application of Biological Chemistry to Industries and Maniifactures. Candidates who desire to be examined in this Branch should notify the Registrar before Monday, 13th September, 1920. Not ice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to August, 1917,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain forms of application for election to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to communicate with the Registrar in any instance in which they are able to assist in securing appointments for qualified chemists. The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M.and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to 9 P.M. on week-days : (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.) Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Students notifying changes of address are requested, to give as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Additional Privileges of Registered Students.-Any Registered Student in the last term of his college course who desires to make preliminary arrangements with a view to obtaining an appointment may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that his application for this privilege be endorsed by his Professor. 275 Editorial.REGISTER OF CHEMICAL ASSISTANTS. As indicated in Parts 111.and IV., the Council have considered the question of the employment and the training of Chemical Assist ants. The Institute maintains a Register of such -4ssistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations, and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. These youths are capable of doing useful laboratory work and are seeking positions, at a living wage, while preparing by evening classes to obtain a qualification.In this connection the Institute is associated with a Committee of the Ministry of Labour, Employment Department, in co-operation with the In-corporated Association of Headmasters. While the Council consider it desirable that all who intend to practise the profession of chemistry should attend a systematic day course of training at a recognised college, they know that in many cases this is impossible. Chemistry is now taught as a regular class subject in most secondary schools, and many boys are anxious to take up work involving the application of the science ; but few can win scholarships, and the parents of the others cannot in many cases afford to support them and to pay their college fees. At the same time, many simple routine chemical operations can be performed by well- educated youths after a little training and, in most laboratories, there is a demand for chemical assistants.The Council are anxious, however, that these youths shall not be led into a " blind alley " occupation, and shall not become mere crafts- men, adepts in one or two operations, who by styling them- selves chemists are liable to give rise to a mistaken impression of the qualifications required for the profession. 276 Having these considerations in view, the Council have formulated a more definite scheme for keeping a Register of Chemical Assistants, and they ask Fellows and Associates to take their part in ensuring its success. They trust, moreover, that Members, when appointing Chemical Assistants, will bear in mind the following considerations :-(a) Candidates, without exception, should have matricu- lated or have passed some other approved preliminary examination.(b) They should only be appointed if their parents are unable to provide for their taking a day course of training at a recognised University or College. k) They should receive advances in wages in proportion as they show assiduity in prosecuting their evening studies as well as in making good progress in their employments. (d) They should be transferred early to other vocations if they do not show an aptitude for chemical work. Already considerable response has been received from Fellows in charge of laboratories of many important an’d influential industrial concerns who are prepared to adopt the proposals set forth above; and their co-operation, in turn, is awakening among some of those Technical Colleges which are not yet formally recognised by the Council of the Institute a desire to provide systematic courses to enable the junior members of works chemical staffs to prepare for Degrees and for the Associateship of the Institute.In several instances, the head chemists are in direct touch with the teachers in the institutions, and the courses have been arranged on lines and at times mutually agreed upon. The directors of several concerns where junior staffs are recruited systematically, in many instances under articles, have undertaken to allow assistants to leave work in time to attend classes, to pay fares and college or examination fees, or to remit them, or to make awards sufficient to cover all expenses, including the cost of text-books, when satisfactory evidence is produced of attendance and of passing the class examinations. The chemists of such concerns naturally afford instruction in the particular work required in their laboratories; but under the above arrangement they take care to inquire into the general progress made by their assistants, not only in chemistry, but in other subjects-especially physics, mathe- matics, and languages-required by the universities and the Institute. Assistants who profit by the help thus afforded them and obtain recognised qualifications are promoted to the permanent technical staffs, with corresponding emoluments and conditions of appointment.The advantages to the employers are abundantly clear since they have not only the satisfaction of helping their employees and thereby securing their services with a greater prospect of permanency, but they provide themselves with definite grounds for dispensing with the services of any assistants who do not fulfil their part of the agreement, thus evading the old system under which a proportion, at least, of their laboratory staffs were engaged in a “ blind alley” occupation. One or two companies have found that the assistants recruited uqder the above or a similar scheme are specially suited for plant control, rather than for higher laboratory work; but no generalisation on this point should be allowed to interfere with the disposal of each assistant according to his individual merits.The Institute’s Register of Chemical Assistants contains only the names of youths who have complied with condition (a) above, whose parents, moreover, have given a written state- ment that the youths are of necessity precluded from under- going a systematic four years’ day course at a recognised college, and have given an undertaking that they shall attend an approved evening course of study with a view to obtaining a qualification. Provision is also made that when a youth has once secured a post through the agency of the Register, he will not be allowed the further use of the Register except on the production of satisfactory certificates of the work he 278 has done in the intervening period.In this way youths who are unlikely to qualify will be dissuaded from pursuing a career in chemistry before they have reached such an age that it is difficult for them to adopt another vocation. The Register is divided into three grades :-Grade A. Youths who have passed an approved preliminary examination. * ,, B. Youths who have also satisfactorily completed studies of the standard of a first year University course. ,, C. Youths who have also satisfactorily completed studies of the standard of a second year University course. Fellows and Associates and employers who have vacancies to offer such Chemical Assistants are asked, in the first instance, to communicate with the Registrar indicating the grade required.They will thus assist in establishing on a definite footing a Register of Chemical Assistants, who should in all cases be encouraged to register as Students of the Institute with the intention of qualifying for the Associateship and Fellowship. The Council, having made provision for the admission of all suitable candidates to the membership, are unable, to concern themselves with those who neglect the many oppor- tunities afforded them for obtaining an adequate training. They hope, therefore, by the means above indicated, to avoid the further creation of a body of partially qualified men. SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH In this part a brief summaryis given of the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.A few points of interest to,chemists call for special mention. The Advisory Council, in their Report to the Committee have made their position much clearer in regard to individual research workers not engaged on any specific industrial problem. " No conditions are attached 279 to the grants made to workers whose sole aim is the extension of knowledge, either as to the line of their work or as to the use to be made of the results. If they propose to make commercial use of their discoveries we require them to consult us, because at this point they are leaving the field of pure investigation. ” A fairer statement could not be expected; it should do much to remove the doubts that have often been felt on this point.In the Report for 1919-20,p. 85, it was stated that “ only in exceptional cases in which results of commercial value were expected or obtained is it desirable to limit the freedom of publication of results of researches carried out with the aid of public funds.” It appears now, however, that if a research worker wishes to publish his results in the usual scientific journals and not to make Commercial use of his discoveries, but to give them to the world, he is at liberty to do so. Another sentence in the Report which calls for comment is-“ The new research associations . . . are finding it difficult to secure scientific staffs of the necessary ability.” There has always been a shortage of research workers in this country, largely due to an educational system which grants a degree to a student at what is but the foundation, and not, as is generally supposed, the conclusion of his scientific educa- tion.The present boom in research has caused keen competi- tion for the best men, and the research associations do not appear to have offered sufficient inducement, more p articu- larly to the younger men. A suggestion was made at the Conference of Research Associations held recently that fI400 per annum was a reasonable salary for a graduate with two or three years’ research experience. The position of the Associa- tions and of their workers when Government aid is no longer forthcoming in five years’ time is uncertain.The research worker has to assign to the association all rights in any discovery he may make, and has little prospect of publishing his work and thus gaining the recognition of his fellows. Such a salary and with such uncertain prospects is not sufficiently 280 tempting cQmpared with those attaching to permanent posts in Government research departments and industrial concerns. A system of royalties to individuals for discoveries in a research department which will be satisfactory to the best interests of efficiency and good team work has yet to be dis- covered; but it is felt that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research should use its influence fully to secure for the research worker the certainty of an adequate salary.It may be argued that salaries will improve when results are obtained. For the realisation of that desideratum the research worker has to rely on the generosity of the firms concerned in the research association to which he is attached. The experience of pre-war times has shown that this argument is at best a poor one. Those who are working under the research associations are asked to give their services for five years at moderate salaries in the hope of securhg better remuneration in the future. The research associations are at present heavily financed by public funds, and research workers look to the department to repudiate the bad example of pre-war days. An Inter-departmental Committee is to be formed to consider the question of rights in inventions made by workers aided or maintained from public funds.This apparently covers inventions by individual research workers aided by the Department and by service men and Government employees, but not those by the research workers in the Research Associations. As long as these Associations are aided by public funds there appears to be no justification for this omission. The suggestion that the firms concerned in the Associations resent interference is not likely to enhance the research workers’ opinions of their prospects.