Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates - Formerly ARAAS) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman: L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) J. Brew (London, UK) M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) A. M. Ure (Aberdeen, UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports t o the Analytical Editorial Board, Chairman J. D. R. Thomas (Cardiff, UK) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp, Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) L. Bezur (Budapest, Hungary) R. F. Browner (Atlanta, GA, USA) S. Caroli (Rome, Italy) L. de Galan (Delft, The Netherlands) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) K. Dittrich (Leipzig, GDR) W. Frech (Umeii, Sweden) K. Fuwa (Tokyo, Japan) A. L. Gray (Guildford, UK) S. Greenfield (Loughborough, UK) G.M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada) J. J. LaBrecque (Vienna, Austria) 6. V. L'vov (Leningrad, USSR) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing, China) N. Omenetto (lspra, Italy) E. PlSko (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa, Canada) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp, Belgium) A. Walsh, K. 6. (Victoria, Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) T. S. West (Aberdeen, UK) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman: *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) N. W. Barnett (Plymouth, UK) *J. Brew (London, U? *A. A. Brown (Cambridge, UK) J. C. Burridge (Aberdeen, UK) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) *L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) H. J. Ellis (Ross-on-Wye, UK) J. Fijalkowski (Warsaw, Poland) D. J.Halls (Glasgow, UK) S. J. Haswell (London, UK) *D. A. Hickman (London, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloornington, IN, USA) S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK) H. Hughes (Anglesey, UK) P. N. Keliher (Villanova, PA, USA) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan) *D. Littlejohn (Glasgow, UK) C. W. McLeod (SheHield, UK) K. W. Jackson (Saskatoon, Canada) F. J. M. J. Maessen (Amsterdam, The Nether- lands) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough, UK) *D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) E. Norval (Pretoria, South Africa) I. Novotny (Brno, Czechoslovakia) P. E. Paus (Oslo, Norway) P. R. Poole (Hamilton, New Zealand) T. C. Rains (Washington, DC, USA) J. M. Rooke (Leeds, UK) G. Rossi (lspra, Italy) I. RubeSka (Prague, Czechoslovakia) W. Slavin (Norwalk, CT, USA) R. Stephens (Halifax, Canada) J.Stupar (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) A. Taylor (Guildford, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) J. F. Tyson (Loughborough, UK) *A. M. Ure,jAberdeen, UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) J. B. Willis (Victoria, Australia) *B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor, JAAS: Judith Brew The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WIV OBN, UK. Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex No. 268001 US Associate Editor, JAAS: Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Telephone 301-344-2569 Advertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN. Telephone 01-437 8656. Telex No. 268001 Journal ofAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry IJAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published eight times a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London WlVOBN, UK.All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, The Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts.SG6 lHN, UK. 1987 Annual subscription rate UK f180.00, Rest of World f202.00, USA $356.00. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. USA Postmaster: send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS), Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacharn Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. Second class postage pending at Jamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe.PRINTED IN THE UK. @The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit material for publication in JAASare given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1. Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers, short papers, communications and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques.The journal will be published bimonthly, will include com- prehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and will incorporate the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spec- trometric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted, including fundamental studies, novel instrument developments and practical analytical applications. As well as AAS, AES and AFS, papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry and X-ray fluoresc- ence/emission spectrometry. Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterisation of sources normally used for the production of atoms, or are concerned, for example, with indirect methods of analysis, will also be acceptable for publication.Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g., GC-coupled AAS and HPLC - ICP) will be parti- cularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists, including sample preparation and dissolution and analyte preconcentration procedures, as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be accept- able for publication. There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be con- sidered. Full papers, describing original work. Short papers. the criteria for originality are the same as for full papers, but short papers generally report less extensive investigations or are of limited breadth of subject matter.Communications, which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews, which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a parti- cular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees, by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be g'uided as to its acceptance or rejection.Papers that are accepted must not be published else- where except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spac- ing) should be addressed to: Judith Brew, Editor, JAAS The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WIV OBN, UK US Associate Editor, JAAS Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA or AH queries relating to the presentation and submission of papers, and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs, should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above).Members of the JAASEditorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments, suggestions and advice on general policy mat- ters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.J ou r n a I of Ana I yt ica I Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates - Formerly ARAAS) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman: L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) J. Brew (London, UK) M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) A. M. Ure (Aberdeen, UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports t o the Analytical Editorial Board, Chairman J. D. R. Thomas (Cardiff, UK) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp, Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) L.Bezur (Budapest, Hungary) R. F. Browner (Atlanta, GA, USA) S. Caroli (Rome, Italy) L. de Galan (Delft, The Netherlands) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) K. Dittrich (Leipzig, GDR) W . Frech (UmeA, Sweden) K. Fuwa (Tokyo, Japan) A. L. Gray (Guildford, UK) F. Greenfield (Loughborough, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada) B. V. L'vov (Leningrad, USSR) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing, China) N. Omenetto (Ispra, Italy) E. PlSko (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa, Canada) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp, Belgium) A. Walsh,.<K. B. (Victoria, Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) T. S. West (Aberdeen, UK) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman: *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) R.M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) N. W. Barnett (Plymouth, UK) *J. Brew (London, UK) *A. A. Brown (Cambridge, UK) J. C. Burridge (Aberdeen, UK) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) J. R. Dean (Norwich, UK) *L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) H. J. Ellis (Ross-on-Wye, UK) J. Fijalkowski (Warsaw, Poland) D. J. Halls (Glasgow, UK) S. J. Haswell (London, UK) *D. A. Hickman (London, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, lN, USA) S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK) H. Hughes (Anglesey, UK) P. N. Keliher (Villanova, PA, USA) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan) *D. Littlejohn (Glasgow, UK) K. W. Jackson (Saskatoon, Canada) F. J. M. J. Maessen (Amsterdam, The Nether- lands) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough, UK) *D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) E. Norval (Pretoria, South Africa) I. Novotny (Brno, Czechoslovakia) P.E. Paus (Oslo, Norway) P. R. Poole (Hamilton, New Zealandl T. C. Rains (Washington, DC, USA) J. M. Rooke (Leeds, UK) G. Rossi (lspra, Italy) I. RubeSka (Prague, Czechoslovakia) A. Sanz-Medel (Uviedo, Spain) *B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) W. Slavin (Norwalk, CT, USA) R. Stephens (Halifax, Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) A. Taylor (Guildford, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) J. F. Tyson (Loughborough, UK) *A. M. Ure,(Aberdeen, UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) J. B. Willis (Victoria, Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor, JAAS: Judith Brew The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W I V OBN, UK. Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex No. 268001 US Associate Editor, JAAS: Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.Telephone 301-344-2569 Advertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W I V OBN. Telephone 01-437 8656. Telex No. 268001 Journal ofAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published eight times a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London WIVOBN, UK. All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, The Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 IHN, UK. 1987 Annual subscription rate UK €180.00, Rest of World f202.00, USA $356.00. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003.USA Postmaster: send address changes t o Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS), Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. Second class postage pending at Jamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. @ The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit material for publication in JAASare given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1.Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers, short papers, communications and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques. The journal is published eight times a year, includes com- prehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incor- porates the literature reviews which were pre- viously published in Annual Reports on Analy- tical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARMS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spec- trometric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted, including fundamental studies, novel instrument developments and practical analytical applications.As well as M S , AES and AFS, papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry and X-ray fluoresc- encelemission spectrometry. Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterisation of sources normally used for the production of atoms, or are concerned, for example, with indirect methods of analysis, will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g., GC-coupled AAS and HPLC - ICP) will be parti- cularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists, including sample preparation and dissolution and analyte preconcentration procedures, as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be accept- able for publication.There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be con- sidered. Full papers, describing original work. Short papers: the criteria for originality are the same as for full papers, but short papers generally report less extensive investigations or are of limited breadth of subject matter. Communications, which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific i m portance. Corn m u n ications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt, They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage a t which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews, which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a parti- cular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to a t least two referees, by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published else. where except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spac- ing) should be addressed to: Judith Brew, Editor, JAAS The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor, JAAS US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA or All queries relating to the presentation and submission of papers, and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs, should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). Members of the JAASEditorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments, suggestions and advice on general policy mat- ters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.