Rapid methods and automation in microbiology are dynamic fields and are constantly moving forward in helping to solve applied microbiology and food safety issues. This article is a review of the current development of this field in the areas of sample preparation, alternative methods for viable cell counts, new methods for estimation of microbial populations and biomass, and new and novel techniques. This article should be of interest to all scientists concerned with the current development of rapid methods and potential application of these techniques in their daily work. The article addresses the basic principles of rapid methods and specific applications of methods, and provides an updated reference list for further investigations by readers.