24 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.M i n e r a 1 o g i c a1 C h e mi s t r y.The Zundererz or Tinder-ore of Clausthal. By B. ROSING(Juhrb. f. Min., 1879, 137).-An analysis of this mineral gave thefollowing results :-Pb. Cu. Ag. F1. Sb. 5.33.41 0.58 0.05 1.66 36.81 27.49 = 100.00From this analysis, the formula, appears to be Pb4Sb6SI7, and themineral an impure bournonite (bleispiessglanz), in which a part ofthe lead has been replaced by copper, silver, and iron. The authoris of opinion that ziindererz is the final product of the decompositionof an antimonial galena. C. A. B.Freislebenite from Hiendelaencina, Spain. By H. B~~CKING(Juhrb. f. Min., 1879, 161).-Some of. the crystals of this mineralattain a, size of 6 mm. Two new twin-laws were observed occurringon the crjstals from this locality, twins according to the well-knownlaw, ‘K the twin-plane &Pa’’ not having been observed.In conse-quence of repeated combination, the crystals exhibited the characteristiMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 25striation parallel to the zonal axes of the prisms and clinodromes. Thetwo new twin-laws are as follows, viz. :-(la) The twin-plane, a hemi-pyramid, probably - 3P4 ; the prisms observed were mP2 and mP,whilst the domes were +Fm and iym. (2.) The twin-plane, a faceof a prism, probably ms:. The same forms as those observed inNo. 1 occur also in combination in this case. In a,ddition, the follow-ing forms were observed, occupying a very secondary position, viz.,mq5, 0352, mF$, fym, and ism. Thirty forms have now been ob-served on freislebenite.C. A. B.Quartz from the Eleanore Mine, on the Dunstberge, nearGiessen. By A. STRENG (Jahrb. f. Min., 1879, 156).-The quartz inquestion occurs in isolated broken crystals or in druses, enclosed inbrown iron ore, the forms observed by him being R. -R. mP, and aprism having probably the symbol mPS1. The terminal edges of R.were modified by a semi-scalenohedron, but its faces were so smallthat no measurements could be made. The quartz from the EleanoreMine resembles closely that from Striegau, described by Websky(Jaltrb. f. Min., 1871, 732). C. A. B.Fluid Enclosures in Topaz. By T. ERHARD and A. STELZNER(Jahrb. f. Min., 1879, 158--159).--According to Vogelsang, the veryexpansive fluid which occurs in quartz, topaz, and other minerals isliquid carbonic acid, its "critical point" being 30" to 32" C.Theauthors conducted a very careful series of experiments, using a micro-scope which was kept at the same temperature as the object by meansof a water-bath. Two topaz crystals were examined, containing inall seven fluid enclosures. Each fluid enclosure contained two otherenclosures. The results of the investigation were briefly as follows,viz. :-1. For one and the same enclosure the globule disappeared andreappeared with intumescence at the same temperature. 2. The" critical points " of the fluid enclosures in different specimens are notquite identical. 3. As the " critical points '' were found to lie between28.745" and 29.18" C. the authors concluded that the fluid enclosurescould not be pure carbonic acid, as the "critical point" of thatsubstance is about 30.92" C.C. A. B.Andalusite from Brazil. By E. BERTRAND (Jahrb. f. Min., 1879,161-162) .-The author examined some rounded crystals from Brazilwhich were partly light coloured and partly opaque, and stronglydichroitic. They scratched quartz. Sp. gr. = 3.16 to 3.20.C. A. B.Artificial Analcime. By A. DE SCHULTEN (Compt. rend., 90,1453--1495).-0n heating a solution of sodium silicate or causticsoda a t 180-190" with an alumina glass for about 18 hours, smallcrystals covered with a lamellar layer of gelatinous silica are foundadhering to the sides of the tube. These, when examined micro-scopically, appear transparent, of the form of a trapezohedron of thefirst system.Hydrochloric acid acts but slowly on them. The analysisshows that the crystals are a silicate of sodium, aluminium, and cal26 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.cium, of the same composition as natural analcime. Their action onpolarised light has been studied. L. T. 0’s.By L. ROTH (Jahrb. f.A f h . , 1879, 157) .-Crystals of this mineral occur in drusy cavities,accompanied by crystals of chabasite and phillipsite, in the basalt oftlhe Vogelsgebirge, between Gedern and Oberseemen. They are iden-tical with those found a t Schiffenberg and Rurkhards. The crystalsare rhombic pyramids, 2 to 8 mm. in size, partly simple, partly pene-tration twins, similar to those from Schiffenberg, described by Streng(Jcchrb.f. Min., 1874, 578). They are also often coated with a yellowcrust or with hyalite, but there is always a clear kernel.By A. CORSI (Julwb. f.Min., 1879, 161).-This mineral occurs-;-1. At Impruneta, in gabbro,of which it is a “ decomposition-product.” The crystals are sometimestabular, exhibiting the forms OP.mP*.mP&,mP in combinatipn (OPbeing strongly striated), arid sometimes colourless aggregates of crys-tals. The prehnitc is occasionally accompanied by analcime, whichdecomposes into prehnite. 2. At Figline in tabular crystals, notexhibiting many forms, and accompanied by albite and acicularzeolites. 3. At Moiztecatini, in the Cecina valley, in hollow spacesin gabbro ; prismatic crystals are found exhibiting the formsucrP.mPd;j.OP in combination, and accompanied by calcite and nativecopper.4. At Jlonte Perrone, on Elba, tabular crystals and crystal-line aggregates, in diorite, accompanied by epidote.By C. D~LTER (Jahrb. f. &fin., 1879,157-158) .-In the present paper the author continues his researchesinto the composition of these minerals, the previous results beingpublished in the Jahrb.f. E n . 1878, 657.Aegerine from Brevig.-Sp. gr. 3.501. Chemical composition asfollows, viz. :-51.74 26-17 3.48 0.47 0.46 5.07 1-79 0.34 11.02 = 100.54The small qnan-tity of potash found is the constitueut of orthoclase, which is presentin microscopical particles in the aegerine. Dolter considers the con-stitution of aegerine to be as follows, viz. :-A New Occurrence of Gismondine.C.A. B.Occurrence of Prehnite in Tuscany.C. A. B.Acmite and Aegerine.Si02. FezO3. FeO. A1,03. MnO. CaO. MgO. E20. N%O.This analysis agrees with those already published.Na2Fe,”‘Si4OI2 = 77.0 per cent.Ca,Mg,Si4012 = 9.9 ,,Ca,Fe,Si4012 = 11.6 ,,Ca2Mn2Si40u = 1.5 ,, --100.0Acn7de.-This mineral is crystallographically identical with aegerine.Chemical composition as follows, viz. :- Sp. gr. 3.520.SiO,. Fe203. FeO. Al,O,. MnO. CaO. MgO. K20. Na.0.51.35 32-11 2-59 1.59 0.37 - - 11.3MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 27Acmite is generally weathered, but the aut,hor selected fresh speci-He found a smaller intermixture of other silicatesThe constitution ofmens for analysis.in this mineral than was the case in aegerine.acmite, according to Dolter, is as follows, viz.:-Na2Fe9’”Si101z = 89.0 per cent.Fe2Fel”’Si201z = 6.0 ,,FezAl*’”SizOlz = 3.7 ,,CazMn2Si401a = 1.3 ,,100.0From the above it would appear that a silicate having the formulaNa2Fei”Si401z must be present in acmite and aegerine.C. A. R.Dolomite of South Tyrol. By H. LORETZ (Jahrb. f. 2&., 1879,175) .-On microscopical examination, the dolomite exhibited threekinds of structure, viz. :-1. Oolitic or oolithoidal structure. 2. Stra-tified str’ucture. 3. Breccia-like structure. The first is simply aspheroidal occurrence of the crystalline individuals which the authorbelieves to have been caused by movements taking place round aboutmicrolitic depositions of the dolomite substance, whilst’ the greaterpart of the surrounding mass was in a semi-fluid condition.Thesecond formation is caused by the occurrence of alternate layers orstrata of microcrystalline and macrocrystalline substance. The thirdformation is caused by the fragmentary occurrence of portions ofmicrocrystalline and macrocrystalline substance together.C. A. B.Examination of Melaphyr from the Neighbourhood ofKleinschmalkalden. By F. M. WOLF (Jahd. f. M~TL., 1879, 162-163) .-A very complete examination showed that all the specimenscontained as essential constituents (wesentliche Bestandtheile) plagio-clase, augite, and olivine embedded in a “ base ” of varying constitu-tion, from which it was evident that all the rocks examined were truemelaphyr. The author divides the melaphyrs of Kleiiischnialkaldeninto two groups, viz.:-1.The rocks from the Reisigenstein, theFinsterliete, and the Linsenkopf. 2. The rock from the Eberhaidekopf.Analyses made of the above rocks showed that those of the first groupcontain 43 per cent. of silica and compounds of iron, whilst that ofthe second group contains 5’2 per cent. The rocks of the first groupare characterised by a porphyritic occurrence of crystals of augite,olivine, and mica, which are surrounded by numerous small bands offelspar. These melaphyrs are augitz’c nzelaphyrs. The melaphyr fromthe Eberhaidekopf contains very little augite, no mica, and has a fine-grained structure. C. A. B.Petrographical Constitution of the Monzonite of Predrazzo.By V. HANSEL (Jahrb. f. J h ., 1879, 162).-Although monzonite be-longs to the trias formation, it exhibits externally the characteristicsof the old crystalline rocks, graoite and syenite. Its microscopicalenclosures make this resemblance a11 the more striking. On the otherhand, its connection with more recent rocks is shown by the occurrenc28 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.of “glass enclosures ” in the felspars. The varieties of monzonitecan be arranged into two groups, in both of which plagioclase occurstogether with orthoclase. The first group includes basic rocks, which(mineralogically speaking) correspond with diabsse and gabbro, andcontain from 40 to 50 per cent. of silica. The second group includes acidrocks, corresponding with syenite or diorite, and containing from 50 to59 per cent.of silica. The last-mentioned group includes rocks consist-ing principally of hornblende, augite, and biotite, whilst those of thefirst group ‘consist principally of augite or diallagite. Thc monzoniteof Predrazzo is (mineralogically and geologically) almost identical withthe monzonite of Monzoni, the only difference between them being thelarge occurrence of biotite in the rock of Predrazzo. C. A. B.The Ferruginous Rocks of Ovifak and Assuk, in Green-land. By A. E. TORNEBOHM (Jah~b. f. Min., 1879, 173--175).-Therocks which furnished the famous iron masses of Ovifak appear t o beportions of a formation consisting principaily of basalt, in which areenclosed fragments or portions of a dolerite and an anorthite rockcontaining graphite. The aut.hor found the native iron to OCCUL’principally in the dolerite or other enclosures in the basalt; he didnot find ib in the basalt alone.The dolerite consisted of plngioclase,augite, olivine, titanic iron, and a glassy ‘‘ interpolation mass,” andnative iron occurs filling up the irregular interstices which existbetween the above-mentioned mineral constituents of the dolerite.The native iron occurs as ductile grains, having an almost silver-whitecolour, also as dull grey almost lustreless particles, and black opaquemasses (consisting probably of finely-divided iron, magnetite, andcarbon), accompanied always by magnetic iron pyrites and a ferru-ginous silicate. The shining metallic particles do not consist ofnative iron alone, but in all probability contain schreibersite.Themagnetic iron pyrites has a yellowish-grey colour, and containsparticles of a sulphide which is easily decomposed (probably calciumsulphide or troilite). The ferruginous silicate varies in appearance,according to its more or less decomposed condition. It is rarely foundfresh, and when it is in that condition it is isotropic, grass-green incolour, and is sharply defined from the “ glassy mass ” above men-tioned. I n the fresh condition, the silicate resembles chlorophaite,whilst in the decomposed state it resembles hisingerite. This silicateoccurs also in amygdaloidal nodules, analogous to the chlorophaitenodules found in basalt and melaphyr, so tha’t the mass filling up theirregular interstices between the various mineral constituents of therock of Ovifak differs only from the corresponding mass of the basalts ofother localities in containing native iron and magnetic iron pyrites.Theround cavities in the dolerite of Ovifak are often filled with native iron(exhibiting sometimes Widmannstatten’s figures) and magnetic ironpyrites, and it is quite evident that these globules of iron are notmechanical enclosures. The anorthite rock consists of a coarse-grainedmass of asymmetrical felspars (anorthite and labradorite), graphite,and spinelle. It occurs sometimes in fragments interspersed in thebasalt, and sometimes it is very intimately intermixed with the dole-rite. Iron is found in this rock also, filling up the breccia-like interMIKERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY.29stices. The rock of Assuk, in the Waigattet, consists of enstatite,a s p metrical felspar, and a glassy base. Between these constituentsare interspersed numerous small grains of native iron, lumps of anopaque substance (most probably graphite), and some magnetic ironpyrites, whilst here and there a greenish mass was observed (ansful-lungsmasse), also larger nodules filled up zonally with viridite, quartz,or garnet. The Assuk rock, therefore, does not resemble that ofOvifak, and it cannot be a basalt, as it contains 56 per cent. of silica ;it is probably a secondary molten mass.A New Meteoric Mineral. By J. LAWRENCE SMITH (Cow@. rend.,90, 1460--1462).-The author has made a further examination of themineral obtained from the meteoric shower at Iowa, 1879. Themineral forms projections on the surface of the stones.It has an easycleavage, and on breaking presents an opalescent fatty appearanceand a greenish-yellow colour. Its microscopic structure differs fromthat of olivine.C. A. B.Sp. gr. = 3.25.The results of the analyses are as follows :-I. 11. Oxygen.SiOz ........ 49.60 49.59 25-73FeO ......... 15.78 17.01 3.77MgO ........ 33.01 32-51 12.66Prom these numbers the formula BSiO,.RO + Si02.2R0 may bededuced, which represents 2 mols. of enstatite or bronzite with 1 ofolivine. For this mineral, the author proposes the name peckhamite.An account is also given of the meteoric shower. L. T. 0's.Chemical Examination of the Grossliider Mineral Springat Salzschlirf.By E. REICHARDT (Arch. Pharm. [3], 16, 208-216).-This spring is distinguished for its richness in carbonic anhydride,which constantly escapes; it discharges itself a t a depth of about1 metre from the surface, and therefore requires to be pumped. Thesamples received were slightly turbid, but became much more so afterthe escape of carbonic anhydride.The analysis was made in the usual way, the following analyticaldetails alone being noteworthy.The specz& gravity was taken after the escape of carbonic anhydrideat the ordinary temperature (13.5" C.) had ceased.Boric and nitric acids were absent.Silicic acid was chiefly present in the deposit formed by standing ;when hydrochloric acid in excess was added, this deposit entirely dis-solved after a time, and silicic acid was then estimated by evaporationin the usual way.Barium was detected in the sodium carbonate precipitate, but nostrontium was found.The direct results of analysis showed that 1,000 parts of water con-tained-c1.Br. P,O,. SiOB. SO3. COZ. Na. K.9.653 0.1186 0.0008 0.3176 1.852 2.776 6.619 0.31430 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Li. CaO. MgO. SrO. Pe,03. MnO. Al,03.0*005 1.5869 0.5582 0*0009 0,0326 0.0044 0.0045.Alkaline carbonates were absent, for the aqueous solution of thedried solid residue was not alkaline ; but some of the potassium andsodium were present as organic salts, as was proved by igniting t,heresidue, and also by permanganate. The following proportions ofsolid substances were calculated to have been present :-Sodium chloride ..........Potassium chloride ........Lithium chloride ..........Magnesium chloride. .......Sodium bromide ..........Sodium (organic salts) ....Calcium sulphate ..........Magnesium sulphate ......Strontium sulphate ........Calcium phosphate ........Calcium carbonate ........Magnesium carbonate.. ....Ferrous carbonate..........Manganous carbonatme ......Dissolved silica. ...........Alumina. .................In one litre.grams.15.68350.61020.00330.05270.155'70.50201.64021,38730.00160.00171.67300.21 730.04810-00730,32330.004622.3118I n 1,000 grams.grams.15 *41220.59960.003'20.05180.15500.49331.61181.36330.001 60,001 71.64410.21350-04730.00720.31 760.004521.9257Free carbonic anhydride at11.5" C.and 760 mm. .... 1656.24 C.C. 1627.59 C.C. = 3.107grams.Specific gravity = 1.0176.Subtracting from the total carbonic anhydride evolved on boilingthat which had been expelled from the ferrous and manganous car-bonates, the weight evolved from 1,000 grams of water would be3.0864 grams.The total solid residue from 1,000 grams of water dried at 100" C.weighed 21.860 grams, the loss on the weight calculated above beingdue to partial decomposition of the ferrous and manganous carbonatesduring evaporation and drying.The analytical numbers obtained from four other Salzschlirf medi-cinal springs are tabulated with those yielded by the Grossluder spring,The latter is remarkable as st saline spring, containing iron and muchcarbonic acid ; it also contains much magnesium sulphate, whoseunpleasant taste is masked by t,hat of the carbonic acid ; the watermost closely resembles that of the Hissingen Racoczy, but is fourtimes stronger.It remains clear for a considerable time after haringbeen bottled. F. c.Analysis of the Kanizer or Kainzen Spring. By F. HULWA(J. ,237. Clxm. [2], 22, 290-293).-This spring comes from the car-bonaceous and dolomitic rocks not far from Partenkirchen, in thePartnacht valley of the Bavarian highlands. Under these rocks lies MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 31stratum containing iron, lead pyrites, and different salts. The tem-perature of the water is 8” ; it is nearly clear, but a sediment formson standing.It does not effervesce, but carbonic anhydride is evolvedon heating. It has a distinct odour of sulphuretted hydrogeii, anda faint sulphurous taste. The sediment consists of remains of phanero-gams and cryptogams, together with organic detritus. The reactionis distinctly alkaline, especially on boiling. Sp. gr. 1.00074. Itcontains no free carbonic acid. Sulphuretted hydrogen is present onlyin minute quantities. Composition in 100,000 parts = 100 litres :-a. Changeable Constituents.Organic residue .................. 1.200 parts.Oxygen required for oxidation ...... 0.288 ,,Calculated for organic bodies ...... 5.683 :,Ammonium nitrate ................ 0.185 ,,b. Nineral Constituent$.Sum of solid constituents : total residue = 58.6 parts containing :-Sodium ..............31.303 parts.Potassium ............ 0.4915 ,,Lithium .............. 0.0023 ,,Lime.. ................ 0.5230 ,,Magnesia .............. 0.4967 ,,Strontia .............. 0.0042 ,,Baryta ................ traceFerric oxide. ........... 0.075 ,,Manganese dioxide. ..... 0*0008 ,,Lead oxide ............ 0.005 ,,Copper oxide .......... 0.0082 ,,Silicic acid ............ 1.0000 ,,S ulphuric acid. ......... 2.646 ,,Chlorine .............. 0.7472 ,,Bromine ............... 0.009 ,,Jodine ................ 0.0045 ,,Sodium carbonate ...... 51.7538 .,Lithium .............. 0.005 7 ,,Manganese carbonate.. , . 0.1090 ,,Manganous ,, .... 0.0124 ,,Potassium sulphate. ..... 0.9082 ,,Sodium ,, ...... 0.8675 ,,Calcium ,, ...... 1.2700 ,,Magnesium sulphate . . . . 1.4901 ,,Strontium ,, .... 0.0070 ,,Sodium chloride ........ 1.2315 ,,,, bromide ........ 04026 ,,,, iodide .......... 0.0053 ,,Lead oxide ............ 0.0050 ,,Copper oxide .......... 0.0082 ,,Silicic acid ............ 1.0000 ,,Total carbonic acid. ..... 3 1.9000 ,,As bicarbonates. ........ 0.3 7032 ABSTRACTS O F CHEMICAL PAPERS.The following points are characteristic of the Kainzen spring.(1.) The extreme softness of the water(2.) The relatively small quantity of mineral constituents.(3.) The occurrence of minute quantities of sulphuretted hydro-(4.) The absence of free carbonic acid.(5.) The combination of sodium carbonate, chiefly as monocar-(6.) The relatively large proportion of sodium carbonate to the othergen.bonate.constituents. G. T. A