The severity and treatment of rectal infections in persons with acute leukemia has been given little attention in the nursing literature. Perirectal infections in this patient population have been associated with mortality rates as high as 50%. The clinical presentation of infections of the perirectal area is often altered, with typical signs and symptoms absent. The nursing care of persons undergoing intensive therapy for acute leukemia is the major factor in preventing and/or minimizing infections. This article discusses risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, and medical treatment of rectal infections. Appropriate nursing interventions are suggested so that infectionlimiting treatment can be initiated expediently.