QUARTERLY REVIEWS THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY PATRON HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN President SIR ALEXANDER TODD M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. Vice-presidents who have filled the office of President H. J. EMELBUS C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. SIR CHRISTOPHER INGOLD D.Sc. SIR CYRIL HINSHELWOOD O.M. M.A. SIR ERIC RIDEAL M.B.E. M.A. E. L. HIRST C.B.E. D.Sc. LL.D. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON O.M. D.Sc. F.R.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Sc.D. F.R.S. D.Sc. F.R.S. F.R.S. LL.D. F.R.S. Vice-presidents F. BERGEL D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. E. J. BOWEN M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. E. R. H. JoNEs,D.S~.,F.R.I.C. F.R.S. J. M. ROBERTSON M.A.,D.Sc. F.R.S. M. STACEY Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Honorary Treasurer J. W?. BARRETT Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Honorary Secretaries K. W. SYKES M.A. D.Phil. J. CHATT M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S. A. W. JOHNSON Sc.D. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. Ordinary Members of Council C.B. AMPHLETT Ph.D. D.Sc. A. K. HOLLIDAY Ph.D. D.Sc. G. 0. AsPINALL,D.SC.,P~.D.,F.R.I.C. F.R.I.C. L. J. BELLAMY B.Sc. Ph.D. G. E. COATES M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. W. COCKER M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. D. P. CRAIG M.Sc. D.Sc. D. H. EVERETT M.B.E. M.A. H. T. OPENSHAW M.A. D.Phil. 1. J. FAULKNER Ph.D. F.R.I.C. R. A. RAPHAEL Ph.D. D.Sc. W. GERRARD D.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. C. H. HASSALL M.Sc.,Ph.D.,F.R.I.C. R. N. HASZELDINE M.A. Sc.D. W. A. WATERS Sc.D. F.R.I.C. Ex Oficio J. W. COOK D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (Chairman of the Chemical Council) D. H. HEY D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (Chairman of the Publication Committee) E. D. HUGHES D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (Chairman of the Joint Library Committee) J. HONEYMAN Ph.D. D.Sc. A. H. LAMBERTON Ph.D. J. W. LINNETT M.A. D.Phil. F.R.S. M.R.I.A. E. A. MOELWYN-HUGHES D. Phil.D.Phi1. D.Sc. Sc.D. H. M. PowELL,B.SC. M.A. F.R.S. J. C. ROBB D.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. General Secretary J. R. RUCK KEENE M.B.E. T.D. M.A. Librarian R. G. GRIFFIN F.L.A. QUARTERLY REVIEWS VOL. XV 1961 Publication Committee Chairman D. H. HEY D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. G. 0. ASPINALL D.Sc. F.R.S.E. C. KEMBALL M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. J. A. KITCHENER D.Sc. Ph.D. WILSON BAKER M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. G. KOHNSTAM Ph.D. J. W. BARRETT Ph.D. A.R.C.S. H. T. OPENSHAW M.A. D.Phi1. L. N. OWEN Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. R. P. BELL M.A. F.R.S. R. A. RAPHAEL D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D. M. BROWN Ph.D. F.R.I.C. G. M. BURNETT Ph.D. D.Sc. A. G. SHARPE M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. I. G. M. CAMPBELL B.Sc. Ph.D. J. C. SPEAKMAN M.Sc. Ph.D. D.Sc. N. CAMPBELL O.B.E. D.Sc. Ph.D. K. W. SYKES M.A. D.Phi1. N.B.CHAPMAN M.A.,Ph.D.,F.R.I.C.J. C. TATLOW B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. J.CHATT M.A.,Sc.D.,F.R.I.C.,F.R.S. SIR ALEXANDER TODD M.A. D.Sc. T. COTTRELL B.Sc. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. D. P. CRAIG Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. H. J. V. TYRRELL B.Sc. M.A. D. D. ELEY Sc.D. Ph.D. B. C. L. WEEDON D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D. F. ELLIOTT Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. D. H. WHIFFEN M.A. D.Phi1. R.H.HALL,P~.D.,A.R.C.S.,F.R.I.C. M. C. WHITING M.A. Ph.D. T. G. HALSALL Ph.D. M.A.,A.R.I.C. A.R.C.S. C. H. HASSALL M.Sc. W. WILD Ph.D. A. W. JOHNSON Sc.D. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. G. WILKINSON Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F. R. I. C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. A.R.I.C. Editor R. S. CAHN M.A. D.Phil.Nat. F.R.I.C. Deputy Editor L. C. CROSS Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Assistant Editors A. D. MITCHELL D.Sc. E.R.I.C. I. J. CANTLON Ph.D. L O N D O N T H E C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y CONTENTS SYNTHETIC GEMSTONES.By E. A. D. White . . . . . THE CHEMISTRY OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULPHUR-FLUORINE BONDS. By H. L. Roberts . . . . . . . . . THE GIBBERELLINS. By John Frederick Grove . . . . NUCLEAR FISSION. By G. N. Walton . . . . . . By A. V. Kiselev . . . . . . . . . . SURFACE CHEMISTRY ADSORPTION ENERGY AND ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIA. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC OXYGEN ~OMPOUNDS. By J. H. S. Green . . . . . . . . . . THE HISTORY AND CHEMISTRY OF MUSCARINE. By S. Wilkinson HALIDES OF THE PHOSPHORUS GROUP ELEMENTS (P As Sb Bi). By D. S. THE THEORY OF CHARGE-TRANSFER SPECTRA. By J. N. Murrell . MECHANISMS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER AND RELATED PROCESSES IN SOLUTION. By J. Halpern . . . . . . . . THE PRODUCTION DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF ATOMS IN THE GASEOUS PHASE. By K. R. Jennings . . . . . . . . ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS. By A. R. Battersby . . . . . MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTRA. By S. F. Mason. . AN OUTLINE OF RHENIUM CHEMISTRY. By A. A. Woolf . . . PHOTOCHEMICAL REARRANGEMENTS AND RELATED TRANSFORMATIONS. By P. De Mayo and S. T. Reid . . . . . . NITROSATION DIAZOTISATION AND DEAMINATION. By J. H. Ridd. . THE ACTINIDE OXIDES. By L. E. J. Roberts . . . . . CUMULATIVE INDEXES . . . . . . . . . Payne. . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 1 30 56 71 99 125 153 173 191 207 237 259 287 372 393 418 442 461