This article summarizes published data on employment and cancer patterns in the motor vehicle manufacturing (MVM) industry and presents results from a new study of female MVM workers. Historically, female MVM employees worked primarily in aerospace; electric and electronic equipment manufacturing; and paint, plastic, and trim operations. Women are now moving into vehicle assembly and metal parts production. Investigations of cancer have focused on men and reported excesses of lung cancer in foundry operations, of gastrointestinal cancer in metal processing operations involving exposure to machining fluids, and of colorectal cancer in wood pattern making. Numbers of women were insufficient for a meaningful evaluation of their cancer patterns. A recent study found that white women employed at a MVM company, compared to the female general US population, had small excesses of lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–1.63) and of colorectal cancer (SMR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.87–1.78) and a deficit of breast cancer (SMR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48–0.92). The lung cancer increase was concentrated among women in assembly jobs (SMR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07–2.26); the colorectal cancer increase, among women in nonproduction jobs (SMR = 1.78, 95% CI = 0.97–2.98); and the breast cancer deficit, among women in production-related jobs (SMR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.37–0.91). Further investigation is needed to determine if these patterns are due to the occupational environment and to clarify causes of cancer among women in the MVM industry.