ABSTRACT.While exploring the effects of mescaline in primates, Klüver and Bucy fortuitously discovered that placidity occurred after temporal lobectomy in the ferocious female rhesus monkey,“Aurora.”Elaboration on this in a series of three articles published between 1937 and 1939 eventually led to what is recognized today as the Klüver-Bucy syndrome (KBS). This syndrome is highlighted by inability to recognize objects visually (visual agnosia), hypermetamorphosia or loss of habituation to repetitive stimuli, eating disorders (bulimia), loss of normal fear and anger responses, and altered sexual behavior. Its equivalent in humans is further complicated with dementia, amnesia, and aphasia, and it has been encountered in association with many clinical conditions ranging from porphyria to adrenoleukodystrophy. KBS is currently understood as a disorder of cross-modal association due to interruption of the bidirectional amygdalocortical network mediated by opiate-containing fibers. KBS is of interest to epileptologists as a very exotic“ictal”variant. It may hypothetically result from inadvertent therapeutic removal of one epileptogenic temporal lobe in an individual harboring a contralateral, unrecognized, nonepi-leptogenic temporal dysfunction.At the time of their discovery, Klüver and Bucy were part of the historic“Neurology Club”of Chicago.