QUARTERLY REVIEWS THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY PATRON HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN President 13. J. EMEL~US C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. Vice-Presidents who have filled the office of President SIR IAN HEILBRON D.S.O. D.Sc. SIR CHRISTOPHER INGOLD D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. SIR CYRIL HINSHELWOOD M.A. SIR ERIC RIDEAI, M.B.E. M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S. D.Sc. F.R.S. E. L. HIRST C.B.E. D.Sc. LL.D. TiV. WARDLAW C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. F.R.I.C. Vice-presidents WILSON BAKER M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. R. P. BELL M.A. F.R.S. R.D. HAWORTH,D.SC.,P~.D.,F.R.S. E.D.HUGHES,D.SC.,F.R.I.C.,F.R.S. F. G. MANN Sc.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. h. E. SUTTON M.A. D.Phil. F.R.S. Honorary Treasurer M. W. PERRIN C.B.E. M.A. F.R.I.C. Honorary Secretaries A. W. JOHNSON Sc.D. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. J. CHATT M.A. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. M. J. S. DEWAR M.A. D.Phil. Ordinary Members of Council R.G. R. BACON Ph.D. A.R.C.S. B. LYTHGOE Ph.D. F.R.T.C. F.R.S. R. M. BARRER D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. A. MACCOLL M.Sc. Ph.D. A. J. BIRCH M.Sc. D.Phil. F.R.S. R. S.NYHOLM,D.SC.,F.R.I.C.,F.R.S. R. C. COOKSON M.A. Ph.D. R. E. RICHARDS M.A. D.Phi1. A G. EVANS Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.T.C. L. A. K. STAVELEY M.A. A.C.FARTHINC,M.A.,B.SC.,A.R.I.C. J. C. TATLOW Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. R. H.HALL,P~.D.,A.R.C.S.,F.R.I.C. R. H. ~THOMSON D.Sc. Ph.D. 33. A. HEMS D.Sc. F.R.I.C. L. HUNTER Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. A. I. VOGEL D.Sc. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. L. H. LONG Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. W. B. WHALLEY D.Sc. Ph.D. J. D. LOUDON Ph.D. D.Sc. W. F. K. WYNN.E-JONES D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F .R.I.C. General Secretary J. R. RUCK KEENE M.B.E. T.D. M.A. Librarian R. G. GRIFFIN F.L.R. Deputy Librarian J. BIRD Printed in Great Britain by Butler Sz Tanner Ltd.Frome and London QUARTERLY REVIEWS VOL. XII 1958 Publication Committee Chairman .- SIR CHRISTOPHER INGOLD D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. C. C. ADDISON D.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. WILSON BARER M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. E. BOYLAND D.Sc. 'Ph.D. I. G. M. CAMPBELL B.Sc. Ph.D. N. CAMPBELL D.Sc. Ph.D. N. B. CHAPMAN M.A. Ph.D. J. CHATT M.A. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. P. B. D. DE LA MARE D.Sc. Ph.D. M. J. S. DEWAR M.A. D.Phil. D. D. ELEY Sc.D. Ph.D. * H. J. EMELEUS C.B.E. M.A. D.Se. D.H.EvERETT,M.B.E.,M.A.,D.P~~~. G. GEE Sc.D. A.R.I.C. F.R.S. T. G. HALSALL Ph.D. M.A. A.R.I.C. R. A. HEMS D.Sc. F.R.I.C. D. H. HEY D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. D. J. G. IVES D.Sc. A.R.C.S. A. W. JOHNSON Sc.D. Ph.D. F.R.S. F.R.I.C. A.R.C.S. E. R. H. JONES D.Se. F.R.I.C. G. TV. KENNER M.Sc. Ph.D. H. C. LONGUET-HIGGINS M.A.B. LYTHGOE M.A. Ph.D. F.R.T.C. A. NEUBERGER Ph.D. M.D. F.R.S. R. G. W. NORRISH Sc.D. F.R.I.C. H. T. OPENSHAW M.A. D.Phi1. M. W. PERRIN C.B.E.,M.A. F.R.I.C. V. PETROW Ph.l). D.Sc. F.R.I.C. H. M. POWELL M.A. B.Sc. F.R.S. P. L. ROBINSON D.Sc. F.R..I.C. K. SCHOFIELD Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. J. C. SPEAKMAN M.Sc. Ph.D. DSc. H. W. THOMPSON M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. E. E. TURNER M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. A. R. J. P. UBBELOHDE M.A. I).Sc. F.R.S. D.Phil. F.R.S. F.R.S. F.R.S. F.R.S. D. H. WHIFFEN M.A. D.Phil. Editor R. $3. CAHN M.A. D.Phil.Nat. F.R.I.C. Deputy Editor L. C. CROSS Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Assistant Editors A. D. MITCHELL D.Sc. F.R.I.C. A. E. SOMERFIELD Ph.D. LONDON T H E C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y CONTENTS MECHANISM AND REACTIVITY IN AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS.By J. I?. Bunnett . REDUCTION BY METAL-AMINE SOLUTIONS APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHESIS AND DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURE. By A. J. Birch and Herchel Smith VERATRUM ALKALOIDS. By K. J. Morgan and J. A. Barltrop SOME THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC ASPECTS OF ADDITION POLYMERISATION. By F. S. Dainton and K. J. Ivin . CHEMISTRY OF SOME NEWER ANTIBIOTICS. By N. G. Brink and R. E. Harman . ACTIVE NITROGEN. . QUANTITATIVE NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. By D. L. Baulch and J. F. Duncan . RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOTIDE COENZYMES. By J. Baddiley and J. G. Buchanan . THE STRUCTURE OF CARBONIUM IONS. By D. Bethell and V. Gold . THE TRIPLET STATE. By C. Reid . MECHANISMS FOR CARBON-HYDROGEN BOND BREAKAGE. By E. S. Lewis and M. C. R. Symons . ELECTRON RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF FREE RADICALS. By D. H. Whiffen. THE RELATIVE AFFINITIES OF LIGAND ATOMS FOR ACCEPTOR MOLECULES AND IONS. By Sten Ahrland J. Chatt and N. R. Davies . MECHANISMS OF OXIDATION BY COMPOUNDS OF CHROMIUM AND MANGANESE. By William A. Waters . CHEMISTRY OF ~XYLYLENE ITS ANALOGUES AND POLYMERS. By L. A. Errede and M. Szwarc . STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF C-NITROSO-COMPOUNDS. By B. G. Gowenlock and W. Luttke . COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON-PHOSPHORUS BONDS By P. C. Crofts . By K. R. Jennings and J. W. Linnett PAGE 1 17 34 61 93 116 133 152 173 205 230 250 265 277 30 1 32 1 341