The formation and evolution since the Sinian of the Tirim Basin, NW China, are introduced in this paper. on the basis of a study of stratigraphical and sedimentaty facies. and an analysis of structura1, features. Mechanisms of basin formation have varied throughout this time, caused by frequent tectonic movements along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate. As regards petroleum geology. six structural units have been classified from a consideration of the distribution of major source‐rock sequences. An overall evaluation is made concerning hydrocarbon exploration in the individual structural units. Moreover, a general review is presented regarding source rocks, hydrocarbon reservoirs, trap structures, sealing layers and hydrocarbon generation, as well as possible recent exploration success