J. Xi. NEWLANJM ON-THE CONSTRUCTION OF V111.-Qva the C~nstructionof Table8 exhibiting the Cornpition and Mutual Relations of Oryunic Substances. By JOHN A. R.NEWLANDS, F.C.S. THESE Tables may be formed hy arranging all homologous series (whether kuomn or otherwise) in tvro directions vertically accord-ing to the difference in the number of equivaleiits of C and H and horizontally according to the number of cquivalents of 0 con-tained in the general formula of each wries or vice versii. TABLEH BELATIlW TO OBGAAIC SUBSTANCES. The accompanying Table map ierve as a Bpecimen of those of a more complete character it is divided into a number of types uder each sf which are placed all eubstances homologous or isomeric with each other. The following are the principal relations observed on contrasting bodies belonging to these various types :-I.Vkrtically. 1. Bodieb differing by H as C,HI10,“ amyl-glycol ;C5H?,01 vderianic acid; CSHBO angelic acid ;and C,H6O picro-toxin. 2. Bodies differing by C as C,H,O” ethyl-glycol ; c3H60 propylic acid ;C,H60 crotonic acid ;C,H60 picrotoxin ; C,H60 oxpphenic acid; C,H,O benzoic acid; and C,H60 cumarin. 3. Bodics in which C and H replace each other as C,H,O1 biityric acid ; C,H60 picrotoxin ; and C,H,O kinone. 4. Bodics in which C arid H replace each other as butyl- glycol C,H,,0/ ; aid picrotoxin C,H,O,. 5. Bodics differing by CH as C,H,O benzoic acid; C,H,OO tcrebeutiiic acid; C,,H,,O eampholic acid; and C,,H,O margarit ic acid.TI. Horizontally. Bodies differing by 0 as C,H,” propylene C,l160 propyl-aldehyde or allylic-alcohol ; C,H60 propylic acid ; C,H60 lactic acid; and C,H,O glyceric acid. III. Diagonally from lcft to right. 1. Bodies in which 0and H replace each other as C,H60 alcohol ; C2H,02 acetic acid; and C,H,O glyoxylic acid. 2. Bodies differing by CO as CH,O methylic alcohol C2H,0 acetic acid; C H 0 pyruvic acid; C41J404” fu-maric acid; and C,H,&,” meconic acid. *3. Bodies differing by CO,. A few of these are here given from which it may be seen that monobasic bibasic and tribasic acids and also hydrocarbons and alcohols mtty be formed from each other‘by the addition or subtractim of co,. * The diagonal line exhibitiig thie relation ie drawn from the epsce immediately to thc right of a substance ; ane in the case marked thus f from the apace hme-diately to the left.In the remaining instances the diagonal lines are’drawn directly from Lhc sulatancc itsslf. Hydrocarbons alcohols &c. Monobasic acids. H2hydride of hg drogen CH20 formic acid CHI , methyl C,H,02 acetic acid CzH ) ethyl C3H,02 propylic acid C”H602ethyl-glycol CSHGO glyceric acid -CHIO methylic alcohol C2H403glycolic acid C2H60 ethylic ) C3HGOs lactic acid C3Hs0 propylic , CAHS03 CSH1002 CSH1004everninic acid C2H4“ethylene C3H402acrylic acid C3H6“propylene C4Hs02crotonic acid CfiHfibenzol C;H& benzoic acid CTH toluol CSH,O2 toluylic acid [acid C,H,O pyrocomenic CGHG03 pyrogallic acid Bibasic acids.Tribasic acids. C2H204“oxalic acid C:J1404fi C,li~O,“succinic acid C4H80611 tartaric acid C3H405tartronic acid CJHGOs‘‘malic acid cjC4€I 1-4;Oi”~Oi/” CjHyOjrr C,jHJji”’ citric acid C 2 CloHloOG“ hemipinic acid fumaric acid CjHAOG”’ [acic C4€I4O4“ citraconic acid CtjHgOG”’ aconitic C5HG04” CsHr,O,” phthalic acid C,Hs04” insolirric acid CGHdOj” comenic acid C;H,O,” gallic acid TABLES REI.ATINO TO ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. A tnble of this sort constitutes a8 it were a map of Organic Clicniisty wilicrciii riicli substarice is surroundcd by its derivatives and thoac from wliicli it is dcrivable. Thus rclations between the forinulz of botlics cannot fail to bc dctccted by the moat casual obscrver niany of which might otherwise escape the view of those wcll acqunititctl M ith tlic scicnce.For instance the formula of kiuic acid C,II 120G” is lioniologous with that of tartaric acid C,I-IGOfi”,-n rclation which is confirmed by the similarity of their crystals. This suggests the possibility of pimclic acid C,H,,O,” Iicirig forrnctl hy tlic rcduction of kinic acid just as succinic acid (’,II&“’ is formcd from tartaric or vice vers8. An unknown I~ol~loIogucof mdic acid C411605” having the compositian (‘i1~l,2(~s’‘,niiglit also be prutlucetl and would serve as a connect-ing liiik lxtivccw piinclic arid kiiiic acids. Otlicr Iioni0logous forniulx arc,- Extract from (I Tabkc mhililing the Composition and Mutual Relations of Organic Subatancecr.By John A. R.NEWLANDS, F.C.S. GH2ll+20 CH,0 methylic alcohol C21I,;Oethylic alcohol C,Il,O propylic alcohol CnH?,O CH20 C,1I4O aldehyde C:{IL,;O allylic alcohol CnH:n +202 CH40," C2HG0," ethpl-glycol C,H,O," propyl-glycol ~ ~ ~~ CnH21102 CH20 formic acid C,H,02 acetic , C:,HGO propylic ,) C,, H?,,-202 CI.H,O glyoxal C,11 ,O acrylic acid C,€I,;O crotonic , CIIZInn -902 CjH,Oz Cl,H.,02 kinone C;H,02 benzoic acid I I CnHrnOt CH,03" carbonic acid C2H403 glycolic ), C3HB03 lactic , CnH2n-603 0 3 [acid C5H40 pyrocomenic CbH60 pyrogallic acid