“Good clinical investigation is the touchstone of good surgical research now, just as it was with Lister and Halsted. The surgical investigator must be a bridgetender, channeling knowledge from biologic science to the patient's bedside and back again. He traces his origin from both ends of the bridge. He is thus a bastard, and is called this by everybody. Those at one end of the bridge say he is not a very good scientist, and those at the other say he does not spend enough time in the operating room.”