Anemia is the most common hematologic disorder found in pediatrics. Anemia may be either acute or chronic. Classification of anemia is based on physiology as well as morphology of the red blood cell and allows for precise diagnosis of the type of anemia and its underlying cause.Anemia is most commonly classified by the size, shape, and color of the red blood cell. Correct diagnosis can usually be established with a thorough history and physical and a few simple laboratory tests. Nurses can play an important role in the early detection, prevention, and treatment of all types of anemias found in children if they possess a current and complete knowledge of the disease process and its treatment.