Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine which has been identified in normal and inflamed ocular fluids, may play a role in the evolution of inflammatory ocular lesions. In this study we utilized a rabbit model of LPS-induced uveitis to determine if exogenous TGF-β2 could alter its course. Recombinant TGF-β2 (1-2000 ng), LPS (10 or 20 ng), or TGF-β2 (100 ng) plus LPS (10 ng) were injected intravitreally in one eye of a New Zealand white rabbit and the contralateral eye served as a paired control which received an equal volume of vehicle. The uveitic response was assessed by biomicroscopic examination of the anterior uvea and analysis of protein and cells in the aqueous humor. Ocular tissues were processed for histologic, immunohistochemical andin situhybridization analyses. Rabbits injected with doses of TGF-β2↣500 ng developed a mild uveitic response, compared to LPS alone, accompanied by expression of IL-1βmRNA and protein in the anterior uvea. Interestingly, rabbits coinjected with LPS (10 ng) and a nonuveitic dose (100 ng) of TGF-β2 exhibited a similar increase in ocular vascular permeability, but a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration into the anterior uvea and aqueous humor (1185↣117 versus 2465↣176; p<0.05). No evidence of inflammation was observed in eyes injected with 100 ng TGF-β2 alone. Similar to other models of inflammation, TGF-βmay interrupt the cascade of events leading to ocular inflammation, thereby suggesting therapeutic potential.