AbstractPromotion of chemically induced esophageal cancer by ethanol may include the generation of highly reactive free radicals and thus may be preventable by the antioxidant vitamin E. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice received N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA, 0.2 mg/kg ig) three times a week for three weeks. After this esophageal carcinogenic treatment, mice were fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet with 30% of the calories supplied by ethanol or an isocaloric carbohydrate with or without supplementalα‐tocopherol (142 mg/kg diet). As a marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation, exhaled ethane was collected and measured 24 hours“before”; the mice were killed after 20 weeks of dietary treatment. Hepatic malondial‐dehyde, lipid fluorescence, and conjugated dienes were determined as markers of products of lipid peroxidation and serum aminotransferases as indexes of liver toxicity. Hepatic liver concentrations of vitamins A and E and the size and frequency of esophageal tumors were also assessed. Ethanol consumption after NMBzA administration significantly increased (p<0.05) the size and frequency of esophageal tumors. These ethanol‐promoted effects were accompanied by increases in indexes of in vivo and accumulated products of lipid peroxidation. Similarly treated animals that received supplemental dietary vitamin E showed significant reductions (p<0.05) in mean tumor size and frequency of tumors as well as a decrease in the indexes of hepatic lipid peroxidation. The results suggest that promotion of NMBzA‐induced esophageal tumors by ethanol may in part result from increased lipid peroxidation and that vitamin E reduces carcinogenicity of NMBzA or ethanol promoter effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.