SummaryIn 1990 the results of a placebo-controlled study conducted within the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG 019) showed that in the short term, Zidovudine was effective in slowing progression to advanced disease in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients with low CD4 cell counts. More recently, the preliminary results of the Concorde Trial suggested that while the data at 1 year agreed with those of ACTG 019, no sustained clinical benefit was detectable at 3 years for early versus deferred therapy. Therefore, the length of the clinical usefulness of zidovudine in this population is still to be determined. We evaluated the 2-year outcome of zidovudine therapy in asymptomatic patients through the prospective follow-up of a cohort of 936 subjects with low CD4+(<500/mm3) counts who strictly satisfied, at enrollment, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the ACTG 019 trial. The clinical end point of the analysis was the development of AIDS. The majority (72.2%) of the individuals in the cohort acquired HIV infection through intravenous drug use; 26.6% were women. The median baseline CD4 cell count was 308/mm3.At 55 weeks of mean follow-up, the progression rate to AIDS (3.2 events per hundred person-years) appears to be comparable to that already reported at the same mean follow-up time for the ACTG 019 zidovudine-treated asymptomatic patients. After 124 weeks of mean follow-up, the overall rate of progression to AIDS was 5.2 per hundred person-years. The majority of those who progressed had CD4+ counts <200/mm3at enrollment and p24 antigenemia and had been treated with high dosages of zidovudine (median dosage: 1,000 mg per day). The analysis of incidence rates over time according to zidovudine dosage group showed that in the low-dosage group (median: 500 mg per day), the progression rate at 124 weeks remained below the rate observed at 55 weeks for the placebo arm of the ACTG 019 study, suggesting that the effect of zidovudine on clinical progression of asymptomatic patients can be sustained for >2 years.