96 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1927. Council and Committees, 1927-1928.-‘rhe names of t lie Officers, Gericbral aid District MemI)ers of Council, and C,ensors, who took oftice on 1st March, are given on pages 71-72. At the first ineeting of the new Council, held on 11th March, tlw Stailding and Special Committees and their Chairmen for tlic ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 72-73.) At a meeting of the Council, held 011 18th February, the Hoard of Examiners was re-appointed, as on page 74. Lecture,-On the 11th March, at the Institute, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Past President, gave a lecture on “The growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century.” The President, who occupied the chair, referred to Mr.Chapman’s services to the Institute and, in moving the vote of thanks, at the conclusion of the lecture, recalled some of his own experiences which confinned Mr. Chapman’s impressions of earlier times. The lecture is published and issued with this Part of the Journal. Public Analysts.-The Ministry of Health has published a leaflet entitled “Procedure under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, etc.” and described as Memo. 36iFoods (Jalzuary I927), Section I11 of which refers to Appointment of Public Analysts, as follows:-10. When the appointment of a Public Analyst is submitted for the Minister’s approval, particulars of the appointment should be given on the official form. 11. If the person appointed does not already hold a11 appointment as Public Analyst, it is necessary for him to provide sakisfacfory docu-mentary evidence of competence in analytical chemistry, therapeutics and microscopy. 12.The Minister will ordinarily accept as sufficient evidence of competence in all three subjects the diploma of Fellowship or Assocbte-ship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland together with a certificate granted by the Institute after an examination conducted by them, in tho Chemistry (including microscopy) of Food and Drugsand Water. 13. Where a registered medical p+wtitiolleris ap,pohWd as o Public Adyst his medical diploma is ordinarily accepted as sufilcient evidence 97 of competence in therapeutics and microscopy, but he is required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry.14. Where a candidate for the office of Public Analyst does not possess the specific evidences of competence mentioned above, it is necemmy for him to produce documentary evidence that he has attained an equivalent standard of competence in each of the three specified subjects. A personal testimonial is of no value as evidence of competenceunless it is given by a person who is himself a recognised expert of highstanding in the subjects in question and testises to his personal knowledgeof the proficiency of the candidate in these subjects. It will be remembered that the Council has represented to the Ministry that in view of the present position of the profession of chemistry it should be no longer necessary to suggest that medical men, as such, should become candidates for appoint- ments as public analysts, since the ordinary curriculum for the practice of medicine does not cover thc necessary know- ledge of, and skill in, the chemistry and microscopy of food and drugs.The Ministry did not see fit to adopt this suggestion, but has definitely accepted the principle that, if a registered medical practitioner is appointed as public analyst, he will be required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry of the same standard as would be required from any other person. The Council have further represented to the Ministry that a registered medical practitioner should be required to furnish evidence of microscopy at least to the same standard as that required in the case of Fellows of the Institute.It appears clear, however, from the first sentence of clause 14 above, that all candidates for appointment as public analyst will in future be required to have attained a standard of competence, in each of the three specified subjects, equivalent to that possessed by Fellows of the Institute who have passed the examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (including niicroscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water. Derby Technical College.-The Derby Technical College has been added to the list of institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. Sir Edward Fran kland Medal.-Mr. Frank Bowcher, who designed the Meldola Medal, has been entrusted with the design and execution of the dies for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal.The medal will represent Sir Edward Frankland as he appeared at the time of the foundation of the Institute. 98 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Section discussed “Registra- tion,” on 10th November, 1926. The Chainnan, Dr. W. H. Gibson, read the report of the Special Committee on Registration, from the Journal of the Institu te . Mr. A. P. Hoskins, in opening the discussion, said that to be of any use registration must be compulsory; the voluntary system as at present carried out by the Institute did not embrzce nearly all chemists. If registration was to be compulsory a line of demarcation must be drawn, and he did not see how that line could be drawn.There were routine workers who, though quite good at their particular job, were not qualified to express an opinion on the results of the work when done. If such workers were registered in a third grade the public would not discriminate, and the standard of the chemist in the public view and the employer’s view would be degraded. He thought that the line of demarcation now existing in the membership of the Institute could not be improved. Mr. R. F. Blake considered registration to be vitally necessary in the public interest, and instanced a number of cases where the public had suffered through the issue of certificates by firms instead of individuals, the work having been shown later to be of doubtful value.Dr. A. E. Cashmore considered registration to be desirable, but not practicable upon any lines which had so far been suggested. Mr. J. R. Bainbridge questioned the desirability of registra-tion on the lines suggested in the report. While the lower grade of chemist would be gradually improved, and finally possibly eliminated, registration would confer a status on them which would for many years tend to lower the prestige of the profession as a whole. Dr. Gibson suggested that it might be practicable to have a government register of chemists qualified to sign certificates, 99 much in the same way as medical men were empowered to sign certain certificates. Others who would be prevented from signing reports could continue to do chemical work, as at present, under supervision, Reports used in industrial concerns would, of course, be on a different footing; but when they were published or sent to outsiders some kind of registered signature seemed necessary.Discussion became general on the points raised, and finally the views of the meeting were summarised and agreed to as follows :-“That compulsory registration might be practicable if con- fined to chemists qualified-as may be determined by the State-to sign chemical certificates or reports. “This reduces the area of registration, but does not debar the less qualified man from earning his living in the pro- fession. It is also immaterial whether the qualified registered chemical practitioner is actually practising or not.“It would not be essential for the qualified registered chemical practitioner to be actually a member of the Institute of Chemistry. At the same time, it is to be hoped that the State would base its qualification for admission to the Register largely on the qualifications demanded by the Institute.” A meeting of the Section was held in the Botany Department of Queen’s University, on 26th January, Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. Dr. J. Small, Professor of Botany in the University, delivered an address on “Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Plants,” in which he described his “ Range Indicator ”’ method of obtaining approx- imate, but reasonably certain, measurements of relative acidity of plant tissues.He showed a series of tables giving the results obtained by analysing hundreds of thousands of observations which had been made in the Department of Botany, by Miss M. W. Rea and Miss S. H. Martin, using this method. The variation in actual acidity was shown to range within normally well-defined limits, and to occur from tissue to tissue in the same part of the plant, and from one species to another within the same family. Certain natural families are predominantly rather acid, while others are relatively less acid. The variation was followed in the Sunflower plant through all tissues and all stages from the seed to the mature flowering plant. An interesting discussion followed in which Drs. Robertson, Hawthorne and Gibson took part, It was suggested that different conditions of growth of the various plants might lead to different results.Prof. Small stated that external conditions had little effect. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. A meeting of the Section was held in the Science Department, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on the 23rd February, Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. Dr. Gregg Wilson ,Professor of Zoology at Queen’s University, gave a delightful account of Primitive Australia. There wtas much that was primitive in the great Australian island-continent. Side by side with the most up-to-date developments in social and economic conditions could be found relics of thc stone-age grade of society, Plants and animals were largely of tvpes that had ceased to exist in other parts of the world, SO rnirch so that Australia hat1 been called the land of living fossils.Ainong tlw most interesting animals was ceratqdus, the lung fish, an cxamplc of the kind of creature that might have been ancestral to the Amphibians. The egg-laying mammals , PZatyPm and echidlzn were mentioned as showing a number of reptilian characteristics, and as being the most primitive of living mammals. The interesting distribution of the Mnrsupials was commented on, their world-wide area inMesozoic times having been contracted to two discontinuous regions,-America, where the true opossums are found, and Australia, the home of the vast majority of thc order. The habits of Australian aborigines were discussed, and it appeared to the lecturer that they had been generally too severely judged. It was true that the aborigines had neither agriculture nor domesticated animals; but in some lines of work they wcrc unsurpassed Their knowledge of woodcralt was marvellous.The lecture was coiicluded by a study of the family lifv of thc aborigines with reference to their ethical and religious ideas. A cordial vote of thanks was passcd to the lecturer. Birmingham and Midlands,-A concert was held jointly with the local section of the British Association of Chemists, at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on 7th February. An enjoy-able evening was spent, an excellent prograrnrnt’ hcing arranged by Mr. Johnson. On 9th March, the Section considered the Report of the Special Committee 011 Registration.The Chairman, Prof. Ling, 101 said the Section was fortunate in having present Mr. Collett, the assistant secretary of the Institute, to explain the Report, Mr. Collett said that the Committee had issued what was cssentially an “interim” report. It was only intended to summarise the opinions which had so far been expressed. No proposal had been directly negatived and the Committee arid the Council were quite open to rcceivc further information and suggestions. He thought that he could best help the inembers of the Section by putting a series of questions. The first would be : ‘‘ Is it desirable that we shoiild aim definitely at compulsory registration with a view to restricting in sonic way the activities of those who are not registered? ” If so: “Should any such restriction apply only to those who individually come before the public as practising for profit and who wished to give evidence in the courts?” or “Should it apply to the very much larger class of chemists who are employees arid who earn their living by any sort of chemical work?” In either case it would be necessary that it should be convincingly shown that any such restriction would be in the public interest.The Committee had not, up till now, felt that any case could be made sufficiently strong to ask Parliament to pass a restricting Bill which would apply to all chemists, engaged in industry and otherwise. The second main question would be: “Is voluntary registration desirable ?” He pointed out that voluntary registra- tion by the Institute was already taking place and suggested that the regulations were such that any fully trained chemist could obtain registration by the Institute.It was thought, however, by some that the present system of registration was insufficient and that the Institute should ask other bodies to join in some wider scheme of registration. The Institute was specifically granted authority under its Charter to examine, to grant certifi- cates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise chemistry. He asked members of the Section to consider seriously whether it were wise or expedient that the Institute should now be asked to delegate part of its duties to any other body.If, however, it were decided that the Institute should ask other bodies to join in setting up some form of Joint Registration Council, other questions would arise, such as, “What inducement was to be offered to persons at present unregistered by the Tnstitutt.to subniit tlicinselvcs to the new autlioritj*? ” “\!’bat control, if any, should be exercised over the persons so registered i ” 102 “Who was to bear the cost of the necessary administrativc work? ” It was upon questions such as these that the Council desired to obtain the considered judgment of the niembers of all the Sections. He quoted from Prof. Henderson’s address of xst March, in which the retiring President appealed to all members to stand loyally by the Institute as the body duly authorised by the Crown to register those qualified to practise chemistry, and not to allow the result of any negotiations which might be entered upon to be prejudiced by questions as to the rights of the Institute as the recognised representative professional body.Mr. Knapp thought the Report of the Special Committee 011 Registration a very able one, in that it presented the difficulties and disadvantages with great fullness and force. It left the unsatisfactory impression on his mind that the Committee, while contending that the Institute was the only body suitable to tackle Registration felt the difficulties were too great for it to overcome. It would be remembered that in the case of the medical profession, it was none of the qualifying bodies- whether connected with Surgeons, Physicians, Apothecaries Herbalists, Dispensers or Pharmacists-which finally became the registration authority, but the General Medical Council.hlr. Knapp thought there would be a greater chance of success if the registering body was an entirely independent one. With 5,000 chemists in the Institute, and possibly 5,000 outside, it would be reasonable for the Institute to provide at least half the members of such a Council. To be registered as a chemist, it should not be necessary to be a member of the Institute, or to subscribe to any particular association or society. He did not think the time was ripe for a compulsory register, but believed a voluntary register conducted by an independent Council would be a success. Whik other chemists would possibly profit from registration more than the members of the Institute, he thought that all would benefit from unity, and that ultimately the status would be raised, the entrance into the profession controlled, and chemical knowledge remunerated at more nearly its true value.At the same time Registration was in the interest of the public. The Institute had made an excellent beginning in protecting the public from incompetent public analysts and gas examiners. In the public interest no one should be allowed to report on a water supply whether for drinking or for use in a boiler, or report on the purity of drugs, foods, technical products, or on the absence or presence of poisons unless he were a chemist. It is more difficult to prove, but it is just as important to the public, that every works should possess a qualified chemist, for on him depends the constancy of composition, the standard of quality and the absence of objectionable impurities in its products.Mr. liiiapp understood that in Greece certain specific work could only be done by chemists, and that in Quebec only members of the Association of Professional Chemists were entitled to call them- selves Professional Chemists. Mr. Alcock emphasiscd the difficulty of adequately defining a chemist. He maintained that the Schemes of Registration already advanced would be of no value to the profession as a whole. Dr. Wardlaw directed the attention of the meeting to the fact that all professional bodies which enforced registration had special difficulties to overcome. He recommended that the more detailed study of each of these instances would be of con-siderable advantage to chemists when they defined their position. Mr.Caulkin urged that compulsory registration, by bringing together other organisations under a single control-having wider powers than the Institute,-would strengthen the pro- fession. Moreover, it would limit, still further, unfair competition. He considered that the Institute could be the registering body without in any way relaxing the standard of qualification. Those who could reasonably be classed as chemists, and were yet unable to fulfil all the conditions demanded by the Institute for admission to the Associateship, should be registered after a careful scrutiny of their qualifications. They should not, however, be permitted to use the initials A.I.C.or F.I.C. Although compulsory registration was desirable, Mr.Caulkin realised that it would be difficult to enforce at present. He suggested that as an interim measure a system of voluntary registration under thc aegis of the Institute might eventually lead to compulsory registration. Mr. Whitehouse drew attention to the difference in the emoluments received at present by chemists and medical officers employed by official bodies. He was in favour of Registration provided that it could be made general. The Institute appeared to be the most suitable body for this purpose.Mr.NichoUs stated that in industry there were many grades of workers carrying out chemical tests: to include all these in a 104 scheme of registration would not raise the status of chmistry. In large works with well-organised chemical staffs there w,ould be no difficulty, as the work was generally under the control of qualified men; but in works where the nature and scope of a chemist’s work might be imperfectly understood, the fixing of it dividing line would not be easy; nor would the results be satis- factory. Dr. Hickinbottom considered that the present high status ol the professional chemist, compared with that of 50 years ago, was due to the high standard of trainiiig required by the Institute, tlw Universities and other qualifying bodies.Any scheme of registration which tended to lower that standard by admitting unqualified persons would bring the profession in to disrepute. The Chairman dealt with the relation of the proposed schemes of Registration to the minimum qualifications required for a registered chemist: there should be no lowering of the standard of training. Mr. Knapp said that he would like to reply to two points. The suggestion had been made that registration would create aiid bring in many insufficiently qualified men. It must be recognised that these men existed, were called chemists, and affected the public judgment of chemists. By recognising them we could begin to guard the gateway to the profession, and raise the standard, It was strongly contended by the dentists, when they closed their ranks in 1921,that they had admitted too many entrants, The President declared in 1926,that the difficulty was not how to avoid excess, but how to ensure a steady and adequate recruitment.It had been suggested too, that compulsory registration would entirely close the profession. This was not so; but probably only a registered chemist would be allowed to do certain operations, and only his certificate would be accepted as legal evidence, or be used to recover damages in a civil cause. It was evident that firms would continue to employ unqualified men, but riot in positions of responsibility. A written statement was received from Mr.Willcox. He considered that registration would be a benefit to the profession, and to be effective should bc compulsory. He declared himself in favour of a third gradc. Mr. Collett being called upoii to reply, said that he was sure that tlit: Couiicil would be glad to consider the views which had been expressed. 105 If thtl Stkction would takc it as an cxpressioii of a. piircly personal opinion, he would say that he himself had a feeling in favour of a third grade in the Institute. He felt that the position of the profession would be enhanced by the existence of a strong homogeneous professional body covering with its aegis all ranks of those practising chemistry. He realised, however, that there were difficulties in introducing a third grade.He was not con- vinced that the medical profession had been right in registering persons with qualifications of very differing standards, which differences were not perfectly understood by the public. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Collett. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held on 11th March in the Chemical Department of Rristol University,---Sir Ernest H . Cook in the chair. The Report of the Honorary Secretary and the Financial Statement were received and adopted. To fill vacancies caused by retirement, by rotation, of Mr. R. P. Littler and Dr. E. Vanstone-who were warmly thanked for. their services,-Messrs. F. O’Brien and Edward Russell were elected members of the Committee.Messrs. F. H. C. Bull and A. E. Jones were appointed Honorary Auditors. A discussion on Registration took place, in which the following participated: Dr, E. Vanstone, Messrs, R. D. Littlefield, E. Russell, A. W. M. Wintle, H. R. Jensen, E. Lewis, F. Southerden, W. Armstrong Storey, and the Chairman. Kesoliitions were passed as follows :--“(I) That the resolution passed at the ineetiiig held on 26th March, 1925, be reaffirmed, namely-- “That this meeting approves of the proposal that an attempt should be made, with legal assistance, to obtain the registration of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry with a view to the ultimate legal protection of properly qualified chemists.” “(2) That a referendum of all members of the Institute he taken on a number of questions relative to Registration.” A hearty vote of thanks wits accorded Sir Ernest Cook for his services during the second year of his chairmanship of the section, especiall!.in view of his arduous public duties, and 106 a vote of thanks was passed to the authorities of Bristol Uni-versity for the facilities granted for the holding of meetings, Edinburgh and East of Scotland.---Mr. J. -4dani Watsw has been elected Chairman of the Section, Mr. A. M,Cameroil, Vice-chairman, and Mr. J. W. Ingham, Honorary Secretary. The members of the Committee for the present session are:- Messrs. S. Allen, W. M. Ames, R. Bruce, W. R. Guy, J. L. Kay, Dr. A. Lauder, Messrs.G. H. Smith, J. C. Smith, Dr. W. N. Stokoe,Dr. J. F,Tocher,Mr. A. Tait, and Dr. W. T. H. Williamson. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A smoking concert was held at Ardrossan on 25th February, when the members of the local Section were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club, Mr. Rintoul in the chair. Dr. W. M.Cumming has tendered his resignation as Honorary Secretary of the Section after a term of office of about five years. His resignation was accepted with regret and he was warmly thanked for his services. He was asked to continue his con- nection with the publicity campaign. Dr. I?. F. Gordon was elected Honorary Secretary $YO tern. Huddersfie1d.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College, Huddersfield, on 25th February.Dr. Hodgson took the chair and introduced Professor I. M. Heilbron, who addressed the meeting on “The Unsaponifiable Matters of Oil and their connection with certain Oil-soluble Vitamins.” He described the properties of the hydrocarbon squalene, isolated from shark liver oils, and traced its possible relationship to the sterols. Dealing with cholesterol he showed how spectrographic examination of this substance indicated the presence of a foreign substance and dealt with the methods which have been used for its separation This compound to which the name pro-vitamin has been given passes into vitamin D on irradiation. A discussion followed and a very cordial vote of thanks was given to Professor Heilbron. The last meeting of the session’was held at the Technical College on 11th March, Dr.Hodgson in the chair. Professor Ingold gave an address on “Transmission of Reactivity in Molecules,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract. 107 A consideration of the stable groups and sub-groups of electrons, together with the numerical magnitude of the restrain- ing nuclear charges, leads to an interpretation of the differences, both of kind and degree, in the reactivity of analogous compounds of different elements.--The two chief ways in which a compound may decompose, namely by ioiiisation and retrograde I: z addition, correspond electronically with the appropriation of a duplet by a single atomic nucleus or by two nuclei acting in conjunction. Predisposition to reactivity is attributed to lack of compensation between the nuclear attraction and electronic repulsion acting on a given duplet , the resultant forcc slightly shifting the control of these electrons from one atomic nucleus to another in accordance with the above modes of decomposition, Such small shifts alter the screening action in different directions of the electron-groups surrounding the adjacent atomic nuclei, and thus it arises that reactivity can be propagated from atom to atom in a chain.This view, which is illustrated mainly by means of the reactions of exhaustive methylation and analogous aliphatic decompositions, and by benzene and naphthalene substitutions, leads to a more consistent interpretation of these phenomena than has been previously possible.As a further illustration of the mode of reasoning, some predictions (not deducible from analogy), were made in connection with each of these subjects, so that the diagnostic value of the theory could at a later date be tested. A brief discussion followed and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Professor Ingold €or his paper. Irish Fpee State.--A General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, on 16th February. Prof. Adeney, and later, Mr. O’Farrelly, in the chair. A number of exhibits of apparatus were shown, and demon- strations in the working of each were given by the exhibitor. Prof, Sydney Young :-Various types of fractionatiiig columns ;demonstration of the preparation of absolute alcohol by distillation of alcohol, water and benzene.Prof. W. E. Adeney:-Apparatus for measuring the rate of absorption of oxygen by water as applied to the determination of pllution of water by sewage. Mr. J. Andrews :-The sintered plate Soxhlet extractor with remarks on its advantages, and methods of ckansing the appara-tus after use. 108 Dr. W. R. Fearon:--Limitations of test papers for approxi- inate determination of hydrogen ion concentration; titrations of coloured aqueous solutions using sylene ; thc use of crystal violet as an indicator for hydrogen ion concentrations. Ur. A. G. G. Leonard:-An “automatic” siphoii and its limitations. Mr. Stringer :-The coiistruction and uses of the Hele-Shaw st re am-line filter.Leeds Area.-On 14th March, Mr. B. G. McLellan read a paper before the Section, on “The Chemist in the Food Industry.” Defining the Food Industry as the winning of edible sub- stances from the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, and the furnishing of these for alimentary purposes, Mr. McLellan said that 011 account of the diversity of industries involved it would bc quite impossible to do more than give indications as to how chemical science should be employed. The old idea that the only concern of the chemist was to ascertain and safeguard the purity of the raw materials and products was rapidly becoming a thing of the past, and the lecturer quoted his own experience of how in the film with which he is connected the staff had grown from two or three, to a large staff engaged not only on analytical work, but upon technical and research problems.A detailed knowledge of the properties of the raw materials of the industry is essential to the man who is to develop chemical science in a food factory, xiid to this end he will devote his t!iiergies to perfecting his analytical procedure, and to making himself familiar with focd laws mid regulations. ,4n early opportunity should be taken to consider sampling procedure, and to form relations with the other officials of the company- buyers, storekeepers, etc. ,-so that he will be in a position to take responsibility for the quality of raw materials, and to know that these will not be used until certified. Having established this section of his work he will turn to technical enquiry.Here his object is to effect a financial saving; incidentally, a quick result may go a long way to establishing his prestige, and he may find several problems capable of easy and rapid solution in connection with the services-steam supply, for example. Anyscheme which he has to put forward should be carefully con- sidered from a costs point of view. Passing on to the actual manufacturing operations, it will bc found that the relatively delicate substances under treatment 109 are easily injured or brought to decomposition. There will be a maximum yield of valuable product which it is well to ascertain and seek to approach. Deterioration may be caused by com- bined excess of time and temperature.How to niinimise this will call for insight into the chemistry and physics of the processes. This was illustrated by considering the evaporation of a sugar solution in various ways-open steam-heated pan, film evaporg- tors, and vacuum pan. The problem will need working out in all its bearings so that complete data can be furnished to the engineer who is responsible for the purchase, erection and main- tenance of the plant. Corrosion of, and contamination by metallic substances require a watchful care. Drying operations as applied to foodstuffs were cited as another example. The problems of heat transference to the material without overheating were considered and reference made to the part played by such appliances as drum and spray dryers.As it is all-important that the products should reach the consumer in an unimpaired condition packing operations demand much care, especially as the product is frequently hygroscopic. In summer the packing room may become relatively humid, especially if the number of workers is high. The hygroscopic power of the product must be ascertained and the safe limits of atmospheric humidity fixed. Suitable ventilating and air- conditioning plant will have to be installed to ensure that the safe limits are not exceeded. On the other hand, the material may be liable to the attack of micro-organisms, necessitating a biochemical study to find the conditions needful to achieve immunity. When making investigations such as these the chemist must visualise what may happen when he finishes the problem, as no technical investigation can be considered complete until it is capable of being carried out by those in charge.Clear instruc- tions and control measurements should be worked out. It may be necessary to teach a simple titration, but this should be the limit expected of the operative. During his work in the factory the chemist cannot have failed to note subjects on which more or less elaborate research work would be invaluable, and this must be undertaken if real progress is to be made. To this end plans must be laid, and the scope and objects of the research clearly defined so as not to obscure the main issue. Mr. McLelIan discussed the r8Ie of the Research Associations, especially that for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades.This has done valuable fundamental work, which has been translated into usc. in the factories of the members. Instances were given, such <as the investigation of the elusive bIoorn which develops on chocolate and niay arise from more than one cause. The work of the Research Association by no means abolishes the need for factory research. The Association aims at investi-gations of a general nature, and it is for the factory chemist to see their application to his own problems. The manufacturer with a chemical staff is better placed for utilising the new dis- coveries. The Association’s work is intended to keep the manufacturer ahead of his foreign competitors, but he must still compete with rivals at home, and for this his research laboratory is one of his weapons.Liverpoot and North-Western.--A meeting of the Section was held on 9th December, 1926, at St. George’s Res-taurant, when a resolution was passed urging the Council to convene a Special Coinmittec of members of the Institute (includ- ing Associates), upon which all Districts should be equally represented for the purpose of reconsidering the method of election of General Members of Council as outlined by the North-Eastern Area Executive Committec. The Chairman also reported that a Sub-committee had framed a line of action and was in touch with the Manchester Sub-committee on the question of the registration of chemists.A mecting was held on 13th January, at St. George’s Restaurant, when various matters were considered, including an appeal from the Mersey District Adult School Union for voluntary lecturers for the educational classes at Walton Prison. The Chairman supported the appeal and urged the value of this work. It was reported that the Old Blue Coat School had been acquired for the use of the Learned Societies of Liverpool, and negotiations had been re-opened for securing suitable rooins for a chemists’ club. Messrs. Hanky and Kideout were appointed representatives on the Advisory Committee of Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District. The Chairman urged that since the subscriptions to the Local Section had been discontinued, the members should sub-scribe to the Benevolent Fund, 111 Prof.Heilbron then clelivercd ;L short acldrcss on vit an ins. Having pointed out the various members of this interesting class of active physiological substances so bar established, he dealt in detail with our knowledge of vitamin-D and embodied in this his own work carried out in collaboration with Dr. Kamm and Dr. Morton. He explained that the idea that cholesterol on irradiation could be converted into vitamin-D was erroneous, for a careful spectrographic examination of this substance had proved the presence in it of a minute quantity of another com- pound giving well-defined bands. This substance was the vitamin precursor which, on irradiation with light, became con-verted into the active material.Prof. Heilbron dealt further with the importance of ensuring thc pi-csence of this vitamin in milk and other foodstuffs, and pointed out that not only could it be regarded as a specific against rickets, but that in all probability its presence was a safeguard against many other diseases. After a full discussion, a hearty vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Bennett, and this was carried with acclamation. It was announced that the March meeting would be held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, when a paper would be delivered by Prof. J. C. Drummond. At a meeting of the Section, held at St, George’s Restaurant, on 10th February, it was agreed to convene an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Section on 23rd February, to frame concrete proposals on the subject of Registration. To faciIitate the business the Chairman was empowered to edit suggestions submitted to the Section and to circulate a memorandum thereon to the members in good time to permit full consideration of them.(Copies of the Resolution passed on s3rd February haw been forwarded to the Council.) A proposal received from the Local Section of the British Association of Chemists to hold a joint meeting at LiverpooI University, on 24th February to hear a paper by Mr. N. Simpkin on “Coal and its Purification,” was accepted. Dr. BrisIee then read a paper on “Some Little-known Yro- perties of Aluminium and Lead,” illustrated with many specimens. The lecturer dealt in an entirely practical manner with some important faults in the metals which were met with in practice and explained how the remedies for these had been found.The defects referred to were caused by crystallisation of metals 1If! oI high piu-itr, iiiducccl by vibration in thc caw of I d and unsuitable+ antlealing wditiom in the-cast: of ;iliirniniuni. ('tiemists \WII~forctd to i*ealisc-*that metals as ordiiiarily met with wt'rc' alloys aitd possessed differeii t propertics from pure metals, The properties of alloys were of great iiiiportance in industry. The discussion on the paper led to interesting questions regarding lead for reaction chambers, homogeneous lead coating of iron vessels, the mystery of the adherence of electrolytically deposited metals and of crystals of metal, and the X-ray analysis of crystal structure.London and South-Eastern Counties-The Section met at the Institute on the 16th March,-Sir Robert Robertson in the chair. Mr. Curtin Cosbie proposed: "That in future the Annual General Meeting of the Institute be held at some reasonable hour in the evening." He considered that the majority of mem- tiers, particularly the younger members, wishing to attend could not do so on account of the early hour, 4.30 pm., appointed for the meeting, and that such an hour was only suitable to thosc who were easily able to absent themselves from their work. Miss Winifred Wright seconded the motion. Miss R. Michaelis, speaking as a member occupied in a works outside London, proposed that the annual meeting be held at 8 p.m.Mr. Hinks explained that an early hour was necessary for the convenience of members living at a distance from London and suggested that 5.30 p.m. should be the hour of the meeting. This was seconded by Mr. Eynon who considered 5.30 p.m. to be a reasonable compromise which should suit a11 members. Mr. Hawkins and Mr. Claremont also spoke in support of this proposal. Mr. Rrewis and MI..'f'ritton spoke in favour of the original I 11 otion. The Chairman said it was undoubtedly the case that the attendance at the Annual General Meeting was much less than it was some years ago, and that meetings had not now the live- liness and fire of some of the old meetings. Voting on the motion resulted in the approval of the proposal that the Annual General Meeting should be held at 8 p.m.113 The following motion which had been submitted to the CounciI by the North-East Coast Executive Committee was discussed:-“That owing to the anomalies that arise from the present system of election to the Council, the Council be asked to reconsider the advisability of electing its members by District alone.” Mr. MacLachlan stated that this proposal had been put forward at the joint meeting in Liverpool in 1923,and had been rejected, largely owing to the opposition of the London members then present , Mr, Hinks asked “ What are the anoinalies referred to hi the Iiiotion? ” There were not lacking suggestions as to what these anomalies might be, the chief one being the number of nomina- tions by the Council; but as the motion in this respect lacked the necessary specificity, this subject could not be debated.The Chairman then proposed consideration of the second portion of the motion, referring to election by District. On putting the question to vote only two members supported the proposal, the remainder voting against it, The Sect ion continued the discussion concerning the relation of the Associateship to the Fellowship, which originated at the December meeting, The discussion was opened by Mr. Kendrick. He said that it had been repeatedly said that whatever alteration wight he niade in the regulatioi~s, the lowering of tlw standard oi‘ vxamiiiation for tlic Ft4lowship could not be entertained.It had also heen stated that the present Associateship was only comparable with the old Znterinediate Examination. Stress was laid upon the prestige attaching to the Institute, and especially to the Fellowship, which would be effected if the standard was modified. He read an abstract from a presidential address, given by Sir Herbert Jackson, in 1919: “ The result of the modification of the conditions is shown in tho iiicrease in the roll of tQe Institute which the Couiicil feel will strengthenconsiderably the position of the Institute 8s the represontativs body of professional chemists of this country.” Ah, from a presidential address, given by Mr. Chaston (:hapmail, in 1923, when the membership had increased by421,he read: *‘ So the org~iiialrt,iotiaid coiisolidatioii of our profession procued apttcc, and as ciich year pltsses \vvc’ CBH discern with greater clearness that our Institute is becoming more truly representative of all that ie best in the profession of chemistry, and point With legitimate pride to the increasing part it is playing in the affairsof the nation.” Again, in 1924, the President, Mr.Chaston Chapman, said: “During my term of office the number of Fellows and Associates has increasccl by 1129, which indicates the enormous headway made bythe Tnstitute.” These remarks showcd what stress was laid upon the numerical increase of the Institute’s members, and how this increase was reflected in the greater prestige and power of the Institute in national affairs.It appeared to be a matter of pride that the numbers were rapidly increasing. If the relative tiurnbers of Fellows arid Associates were considered it would lie seen at once to which section this increase in prestige was mainly due, In 1920, the Associates numbered 1413,Fellows 1548;and in February, 1927,the figures were Associates 3423, Fellows 1763. That meant that while the increase of Associates was over 2000, that of the Fellows was only zoo or so: a ratio of 10 to I. It followed that the increase in prestige of the Institute was almost entirely due to Associates who had become members under the new conditions. The number of Associates who became Fellows was absurdly small. In 1926-2461 Associates had been registered for three years, and yet only 43 actually proceeded to the Fellowship, that is, less than 2 per cent proceeded to the higher grade.Actually 53 Associates applied for election, and of these 10were declined; 25 were examined, of whom 18 passed. These figures werc, however, niorc favourable than the figures for rgzq., when only 9 were examined, of whom 5 passed; and for 1925,when 14 were examined, of whom 8 passed. Further, of 81 new Fellows in 1925,only 57 were previously Associates, and of these only 8 became Fellows by examination. These figures, he said, pointed to one of two cases, either the standard for the Fellowship was much too high or the standard for the Associateship much too low, The latter seemed to be the opinion of those Fellows who deplored the present disparity in numbers.They said that the present Associateship was only tquivalent to the old Intermediate , and apparently ignored the fact that all standards of qualifications of this kind tended to rise. For example, whereas the London RSc. Honours degree could, until recently, be obtained in three years, a fourth year as now necessary. The Institute had Iiioved in exactly the 115 same direction by refusing the Associateship unless four years training had been completed. It could not be contended, therefore, that the standard for the Associateship had fallen, and he could but assume that the standard for the Fellowship had been raised too high. When it was argued that in no circumstances could the standard again be lowered it should be borne in mind that it was merely arbitrary and not as ‘‘ the Laws of the Medes and Persians.” The only means of enabling more Associates to proceed to the Fellowship was to reduce the standard required.Mr, A. J. Chapman complimented Mr. Kendrick on his statement of the case. He pointed out that alterations in the regulations had been published since the December meeting. and that a wide choice of subjects was now available for an Associate who wished to be examined. He considered that this would result in a more satisfactory increase in the numbers proceeding to the Fellowship. The Chairman suggested that the new regulations had received very careful consideration and had been adopted after full discussion by the Council.He thought that there shouId be some propaganda urging Associates to make full use of the new facilities. Mr. Hinks explained that the term “standard” as applied to examinations was intangible, but what it really meant, as regards the Fcllowship, was that a candidate should be con- versant with and competent in his particular branch of industry and should be able to act independently. Mr. Kendrick, in reply to an invitation from the Chairman to make a proposition, moved :-“That, while recognising the work of the Council, if and when the present regulations governing the election of Associateship to the Fellowship should be revised, an a1teration in the standard required for the Fellowship should not be regarded as impossible.” This was seconded by Mr.Tritton, Mr. Northall-Laurie proposed as a counter-motion that, as the Council had just issued new Regulations, the motion before the meeting should be left in abeyance. This proposal was duly seconded and carried, Manchester and District -On 11th January, the Section was addressed by Prof. J. B. Cohen on “Air Pollution.” The lecture was illustrated by numerous slides relating to observa- tions made over a long period in Leeds, and its neighbourhood. Prof. Cohen expressed regret at the slow progress made in the solution of the problem of smoke abatement, and contrasted the clear atmosphere, clean house fronts and leafy boulevards of many large continental towns, with the murky atmosphere and smoke-begrimed buildings of most of ow cities.Although the matter had received some government attention, nothing had been done up to the present to meet the difficulty. This state of affairs was not due to lack of effort on the part of heating engineers who had produced a greater variety of smokeless heating apparatus than, perhaps, any other country. By means of slides, Prof. Cohen showed the cause of excessive smoke and called attention to the tarriness of the smoke from house fires which accounted for deposits of soot clinging to buildings and vegetation. He estimated that the air over a square mile con- tained some five tons of suspended soot at one time, but the amount of deposit varied very much even at distances of only a few miles.At times it was carried great distances; he had observed the surface of Lake Coniston covered with a frlm of soot with characteristic tarry drops. The bad effect of a smoky atmosphere on vegetation was illustrated, showing how it retarded the growth of leaves and hence the assimilation of carbon dioxide, and made it impossible for evergreens to thrive in many districts. If the carbon dioxide assimilation in the dirtiest part of Leeds was represented by the value 8, that in the Headingly district would be 52.8 and at Westwood Lane 110. The loss of sunlight and in particular of the valuable ultra-violet rays was very great in smoky districts. Another polluting ingredient in the atmosphere directly attributable to the burning of coal was acid fume; the stunting of vegetable growth and the premature loss of leaves due to it was shown by striking diagrams.The acid in the air caused, in London alone, an annual expenditure of ~120,000for renewal of building stone. Although it was impossible to estimate the actual cost to the nation of burning coal instead of smokeless fuel, the sum was a very large one. Six per cent. of domestic coal was lost as soot, equivalent to a yearly loss of 2& million tons. The loss on coal burnt industrially was about 0.5 per cent. and represented about half a million tons. These figures, however, 117 took 110 account of losses due to inefficient heating, which had been variously estimated at 20-30 inillions tons per annum.In a town like Manchester, the use of open coal fires increased its laundry bill by about ~250,000in the year and caused further large expenditure for window cleaning, painting and decoration. As a remedy for air pollution, Prof. Cohen advocated greater use of coke, gas and electricity, none of which caused air pollution. Coke he regarded as the cheapest form of fuel. Electric radiators possessed great advantages in requiring no flue and in respect of rapidity of action. The Chairman, Dr. Levinstein, in thanking Prof. Cohen for his address, emphasised the public importance of the subject. He thought that, possessing, as we do, by some fortunate chance the great capital asset of coal, it was criminal, from the economist’s point of view, to waste it by burning in open coal fires.When we reflect, said he, that oil, bitumen, sulphur and saltpetre, are imported in such large quantities, and that these materials can, in a large degree, be obtained from coal by suitable treatment, their dissipation by wasteful processes, causing at the same time pollution of the air, was an economic crime of the greatest magnitude. Perhaps the only plea in favour of a coal fire was its supposed cheerfulness. He could see nothing cheerful in a coal fire, the glowing embers of a good coke fire were much more satisfactory and heat-giving, and the possessor of it had the comfort of knowing that he was not polluting the atmosphere. But while the present views held sway, he admitted that it might be a dangerous matter for any Government to legislate against the use of coal.It would be more practical, he thought, to concentrate on the production of a better quality of coke and to enforce regulations on the gas works to this end. This would bring about an increased domestic use of coke or semi-coke and at the same time conserve the valu-able by-products of the coal. Time did not permit of further discussion. A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Lewis Dale and seconded by Mr. A. J. Hall, was carried unanimously. South Wales,-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the Technical College, Swansea, on the 16th March. Mr. C. hf. W.Grieb, in the chair, when Mr. E. A. Tyler read a paper entitled “Further Notes on Pure Chemicals.” 118 Mr. Tyler said that he had found the impurity contents of many British reagents to vary in kind and amount, and that since the war German reagents had also suffered from these defects. British manufacturers were undoubtedly striving to standardise and to improve their fine chemical products. Manyof the published methods of analysis were unsatisfactory : for example, he found that no satisfactory method existed for determining small amounts of chloride in alkali nitrates. He described a method by which very promising results had been obtained, and which he intended to apply to determinations of other impurities. An interesting discussion followed, in the course of which the hope was expressed that Mr.Tyler wouId shortly publish his work. A hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer concluded the meeting. 11.9 Notes. Marcelin Berthelot.-The centenary of the birth of Marcelin Bertheiot will be celebrated at the Seventh Congress of the Soci6tk de Chiinie Industrielle (49, Rue des Mathurins) to be held in Paris in October 1927. The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1925-1926 (Cmd. 2782)has recently been pubhished by His Majesty’s Stationery Office (3s. net). The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council, that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study, so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions, would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library.The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals, specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have now been made to lend any of these, and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. The Mines Department has forwarded a paper, by A. L. Godbert, on Laboratory Methods of Determining the Inflammability of Coal Dusts (Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No.31, H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 6d. net.) The publication contains an historical survey of the subject, a review of the influence of various factors on the inflammability of dust clouds, and a discussion of the relative inflammabilities of coal dusts. It also indicates the lines of further researches which are now proceeding in the Board’s laboratories at Sheffield. Canada.-The Annual Convention of Chemists in Canada will be held in Quebec from 6th to 9th June next. Any Fellow or Associate who may be in the Dominion at the time is invited to attend. Obituary. AETHURWILLIAM CROSSLEY died on 6th March, at Thorngrove,Alderley Edge, in his 59th year. Born at Accrington, he WRS educated at Mill Hill School and at Owens College-now the University-Manchester, He graduated B.Sc.in the Honours School of Chemistry in 1890, and was awarded MSc. in 1893 and D.Sc. in 1899. He continued his studies at Wurzburg, where he obtained the degree of Pb.D., and at Berlin. In 1893 he became Demonstrator of Organic Chemistry and in the following year he held the Bishop Berkeley Fellowship at Owens College, before he was appointed, in 1895, lecturer on chemistry at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, where he remained for nine years.In 1904 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Research Laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and, in 1914, Professor of Chemistry in the University of London (King’sCollege).During the war he acted as Secretary to the Chemical Warfare Committee, Ministry of Munitions, and from 1916, was Command-ant and Superintendent (with the rank of Lieut.-Colonel) of the Experi- mental Station, Royal Engineers, at Porton. After the War, he returned to King’s College as Daniel1 Professor. In 1919, he was appointedDirector of the British Cotton Industry Research Association in which capacity he organised the Shirley Institute at Didsbury, which was opened by the Duke of York in 1922. There he controlled a staff of over 100, including about 40 graduates in science, and had carried out much original work of importance to the cotton industry, when he has obliged to resign through ill health. He was the author of many papers contributed to the Royal Society, and to the Chemical Societies of London and Berlin.He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of St.. Andrews, and was elected a Fellow of the Hsyal Society in 1907. For his services during the war, he was appointed C.B.E., C.M.G., and an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He was for several years foreign secretary of the Chemical Society of which he was President in 1925 and Longstaff Medallist (1918). He passed the examindon for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, was elected a Fellow in 1899, served on the Council from 1909 to 1910 and as an Examiner from 1911 to 1920. Mr. S. E. Melling, Member of Council for Manchester and District, represented the Institute at the service held at Manchester Crematorium on 9th March. DUCALDGEORUEFLETCHERdied at Kilcreggan on 9th March, in his 64th year.He studied at the College of Science and Arts, the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, Glasgow, and in the laboratory of Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock & Clark, and passed the honours examinations of the Science and Art Department in theoretical and practical chemistry. He continued for two years as Assistant in the laboratory of Dr. Clark, and then held an appointmcnt for two years as Chemist to the HampdenChemical Company, and then with Messrs. J. and D. Hamilton, Oil Refinera and Paint Manufacturers of Gbsgom. He was elected an Associate of tho Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. JAMESFLETCHERdied at Hendon on 26th February, in his 38th year.He was educated at Oldham Hulme Grammar School, matriculated in the University of Mancliester in 3906, where he graduated BSc. with 121 first class honours in 1914, and was subsequently awarded the degree of M.Sc. He was the author and joint-author of several papers con- tributed to the Transactions and Proceedings of the Chemical Society, and during the war was engaged as a Chemist at the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, where he carried out a considerable amount of important physico-chemical research on dope and other aircraft materials. In 1918, he obtained an appointment with the British Aeroplane Varnish Co., Ltd.-now Titanine-Emaillite, Ltd.-and at the time of his death was Manager of the Hendon Works of that Company.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. JAMES died at Streatham, on the 1st March, in his ALFREDKENDALL 76th year. About 1870, he was engaged with Messrs. Foster and Gregory, Manufacturing Chemists at Streatham, and from 1873 he was Senior Chemist to Messrs. Burt, Boulton and Hapood at their Silvertown Distillery, and was latertrmaferred to the Alizarin0Company at Greenford. Subsequently he joined Messrs. Sadler and Co.,at Middlesbrough, where he worked his patented process for making dinitrobenzol from coal gas. He remained there for some years and then returned to Messrs. Foster and Gregory at Streatham. He worked in conjunction with the late Sir Joseph Swan on the problem of cheap electricity and took out patents in 1883 and 1885 for genersting electricity by passing hydrogen through platinum plates.Shortly before his death he applied for patents for an invention to generate electricity by thermo -chemical means. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. ALFREDMXCASMITH,who died at Ballarat, Australia, on the 14th May, 1926, was the nephew of Dr. R. Angus Smith, F.R.S., first Chief Inspectfor of Alkali, etc., Works. Born in 1844, at Perth, Scotland, he was educated in his native town and in London, where he graduated as B.Sc. in 1867. He then became research assistant to Professor,- later Lord,-Playfair, at Edinburgh, but on account of ill-health went to Australia in 1876, and became chief of the staff of the Bendigo School of Mines.Five years later he was appointed lecturer in chemistry and metallurgy at the Ballarat School of Mines where he remained for 42 years. When he retired, some three years ago, his past students living in Western Australia presented his bust to the school, and a Mica Smith Scholtwship was established in Ballarat in his honour. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1881. MONTAGUEWILLIAMSdied at East Twickenham on the 17th February, in his 28th year. He was educated at the County School, Windsor, and, after serving for two years with the Royal Field Artillery in which he held a commission, continued his studies at University College, Reading, and graduated B.Sc. London, with first class honours in chemistry, in October, 1922. In the following year he was engaged as Senior Science Master at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich.He subsequently worked under Sir Frederic Nathan, at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and at the Birkbeck College, and in June, 1926, obtained the degree of M.Sc., when he was transferred to the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department at Teddington. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. ERRATUM. JOURNAL,Part I, 1927: page 60 In the obituary notice relating to Dr. J. J. Acworth for 1871 red 1891. 122 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Analysis, Quantitative.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. vii + 135.(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd.). 3s. 6d. A scriev of experiments illustrating the main types of reactions involved in ehsmentary gravimetric and volumetric analysis, with explanations and supplementary notes, for use in schoob. “Atomic Theory.” An Elementary Exposition. A. Haas, translated by T. Verschoyle. Pp. xiv + 222. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 10s. Gd. The elementary quanta; theory of the hydrogen atom; R6ntgen rays; theory of the elements; general theory of spectra and of atomic structure ; appendix. ‘‘Chemical Annual, Van Nostrand’s.” A Hand-book of Useful Data for Analytical, Manufacturing and Investigating Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Students. Edited by J. C. Olsen. Sixth issue. Pp. xv + 882. (London: Chapman & Ha31, Ltd.).21s. Atomic weights and general tables; temperature correction ; cal-culation of volumetric analyses ; ionisation constants; tables for specific gravity, vapour tension and alcohol; equivalents of weights and measures ; themnochemistry ; stoichiometry ; list of books. “Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue.” Third edition. Edited by D. Pul. Newitt. Pp, 404. (London: Leonard Hill). 15s. A catalogue of hcavy and fine chemicals, raw matcrisls, machinery, plant and equipment applicable to production industries, stanhrdisecl condensed and cross-indexed. Compiled with the co-operation of leading British manufacturers. ‘‘Fertilisers, ArtificiaI.” Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Application. P. Parrish and A. Ogilvie, with foreword by H.C. Brown. Pp. 355. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 45s. Uenera.1 survey ; supply ; treatment and manufacture of phosphates- plant and machinery; methods for dealing with tosic gases; compound manures ; manufacture of basic slag; mechanical handling of materials; coiiveying plant, costs; establishment and design of works : trend of future developments. 123 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1926, the Lectures arid Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:-AUSTRALIAN COUNCIL:N-QTIONAL RESEARCH Proceedings of the T'an-Pacific Science Congress. Australia 1923. Vob. I and 11. E4ited by Gerald Lightfoot, M.A. BEARK,J. GAULD, &I.Sc.,A.1.C.: The Chemistry of Paints, Pigments and Varnishes. J. Gauld Beam.London, 1923. hkSSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTU.: A Text-Bpok of Organic Chemistry, Historical, Structural and Economlc. John bad. London, 1926. hfESSRS. ERNEST BENN,LTD.: Artificial Fertilisers. Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Application.P.Parrish and A. Ogilvie, with aforeword by H. C. Brown. Vol. I. London, 1937. British Chemicals. Their Mmufacturem and Uses. Being the Official Dimtory of the Association 01 British Chemical Manufacturers for 1927. London, 1927. The Chemistry and Examination of Edible Oils and Fats. Their Substitutes and Adulterants. G. D. Eldon. London, 1926. The Essential Oils. Horace Finnemore. London, 1926. Synthetic Rubber. 8. P. Schotz.London, 1926. BONAZZI, :OTTAVIO Mtqnetochimica. Ottavio Bonazzi. Pisa. BRIGGS,DENNIS BROOK,M.A., A.I.C. : Classified ProbIems h Chemistry. Dennis Brook Briggs. Lond~n, 1926. Quantitative Analysis. Dennis Brook Briggs. London, 1927. CAHN, ROBERTSIDNEY, DR. NAT. PHIL., A.I.C.: Berichte der Dptschen Chemkchen Gesellschaft. Vol. 68. 1925. Berlin and Lezpzag, 1926. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS : Gbatracts of Theses. Science Series. Vol. 11. London, 1927. First Principles of <:hemistry. F. W. Dootson and A. J. Berry.Cambridge, 1927. An Introduction to Surface Chemistry. E. K. Rideal. Cambridge,1926. 124 MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Chemistry in Modern Life. Sviulte August Arrhenius. Translated from the Swedish and Revised by Clifford Shattuck Leonard. London, 1926.Chemistry in the World’s Work. Harrison E. Howe. London, 1926. Indicators. Their ‘use in Quantitative Analysis and in the CoZori- metric Determination of Hydrogen-ion concentration. Dr. I M. Kolthoff. An Authorised translation based upcin the second Gemran edition revised and enlarged by N. Howell Furman. London, 1926. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publieation of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Henry Gilman, Editor- in-Chief. Vol, VI. London, 1926. Potentiometric Titrations. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise. I. M. Kolthoff and N. Howell Furman. London, 1926. The Scientific Principles of Petroleum TechnoloeT. Dr. Leo Gur-witsch, Translated and revised by Harold Moom, M.Sc.Tech.London, 1926. Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual. A Hand-Book of Useful Data. Edited by John C. Olsen. Asst. Editor T. R. Le Compte. London, 1927. MESSRS. J. & A. CEURCHILL: Chemistry of the Proteins, and its Economic Applications. DorothyJordan Lloyd. Introduction by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins.London, 1926. Theoretical Organic Chemistry. Part I. Francis Arnall and Francis W. Hodges. London, 1926. COLEMAN,J. B., A.R.C.S., F.I.C.: The Preparation and Analysis of Organic Compounds. J. Bernard Coleman and Francis Arnall. London, 1926. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Atornio Theory. An Elementary Exposition. Arthur Haas. Trans-lated by T. Verschoyb. London, 1927. Cement, Concrete and Bricks. Alfred B.Searle. Second edition. London, 1926. Chemistry of the Oil Industries. J. E. Southcombe. London, 1926. Zinc Oxide. History, Manufacture and Properties as a Pigment.Dalton B. Faloon. London, 1926. MESSRS. CROSBYLOCKWOOD& SON: Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. A Dictionary and Com-mercial Handbook. William Gardner. London, 1926. Dyestuffs and Coal-Tar Products. Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Applicrttion. Edited by Geoffrey Martin. London, 1926. The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron. W. E. Woodward. London, 1926. The Modern Soap and Detergent Industry, including Glycerol Manu- faature. Vol. 111. The Manufacture of Glycerol. London, 1926. Practical Glass Manipulation. D. B. Briggs. London, 1926. 125 M.DUNOD: Air Liquido, Oxygbne Azotc, Uae rares.Georges Claude. Dcuxihme Bclition revis& et misc a Jour. Pa&, 1926. Chimie GBnbmle et Industrielle. Tome V. Chimie Organique.QuatriAme bdition revueC et augmentdo par le Docteur Etfore Molinari. Paris, 192G. MESSRS. GURNEY & JACKSON: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Fritz Ephraim. Englishedition by P. C. L.Thorne. London, 1926. MESSRS. Fv. HEFFEE& SONS, LTD.: Practical Physical and Colloid Chemistry. Leonor Michaolis. Author-ised translation from the second German edition by T. R. Parsons. Cambridge, 1925. MESSRS. LEONARDHTLL: Chemical Engineering and Chemical ,Catalogue. Third edition. London, 1927. HORNBY,A. J.W., B.Sc., A.I.C. : Tobacco Culture. A Comparison of Methods adopted in the United States and in Nyasaland.A. J. W. Hornby. Zomba, 1926. HYDRO-ELECTRIC :POWERCoMMrssroN OF ONTARIO Statement of Engineering report by the Hydro-Electric Power Com-mission of Ontario, submitted to the International Joint Commission respecting the proposal to develop the St. Lswrence river, 1921. Toronto, 1925. LUCAS, A., O.B.E.,F.I.C.: Antiques :Their Restoration and Preservation. A Lucas. London, 1924. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. 'clr. MelIor. Vol. VII. London, 1927. Practical Organic and Bio-chemistry. R. H. A. Plimmer. London, 1926. A Students' Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitative. Jocelyn Field Thorpe and Martha, Annie Whiteley.London, 1926. Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, and some Mathematical Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. Fifth edition. London, 1926. MERSEY AND IRWELL JOINT COMMMTEE: Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee Proceedings, 1935-1926. Preston, 1926. MINES BRANCH,DEPARTMENT CANADA:OF MINES, Final Report of the Peat Committee. Peat: its Manufacture rtnd Uses. Ottawa, 1926. 126 THE OPTICAL CONVENTION : Proceedings of the Optical Convention. PartsIand 11,1936. London,1927. PARTRJDCE, F.I.C. :WILLIAM, Catalysis in Industrial Chemistry. G. C. Henderson. London,1919. The E1cment.s of Physical Chemistry. J. Livingston R. Morgan.Fifth edition revised and enlarged. Lotldon, 19 14.Monographs on Inorganic and Phydcd Chemistry. Osmotic Pressure Alexander Fincllay. Second edition. London, 191 9. Soaps ltnd Proteins. Their Colloid Chemistry in Theory and Practice. Martin H. Fischer. With the colluboration of George D. Mc-Laughlin and Marian 0. Hooker. London, 1921. Some Physico-Chemical Themes. Alfred W. Stewart. London, 1922. St,errochemistry. Alfred W. Stowart. Second edition. London,1919. A System of Physical Chemistry. William C. Mac. Lewis. Third edition. Vol. 111. Quantum Theory. London, 1924. The Theory of Allotropy. A. Smits. Translated from the German with the Author's sanction by J. Smeath Thomas. London, 1922. RIBBJS JOINT :COMXITTEE Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1925-1926. Preslon, 1926.TEED,FRANKL., D.Sc., F.I.C. : Volumo Alterations on and in Solution. Frank L. Teed. London,1926. Books Purchased. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 1923, 1924 and 1926. (up to July). Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Priestley. To the year 1795. Written by himself. With R continuation to the time of his decease, by his son, Joseph Priestley. London, 1809. The Mineral Industry during 1925. Vol. XXXIV. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1928. Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science. Vols.VIII, IX, X and XI. Harpenden. Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. ITI., Part 11. Beryllium and its Congeners. Joshua C. Gregoryand May Sybil Burr. London, 1926. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J.Newton Friend. Vol. VII, Part 111. Chromium and its Congeners. Reece H. Vallance and Arthur A. Eldridge. London, 1926. 127 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th February, 1927, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 30 new Associates were elected and 14 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and z Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. English, Solomon, DSc. (Gheff.), The University, Sheffield. Jenscn, Barold Bupert, M.Sc. (Liv.), 1, Berkshim Road, Bishopston, Bristol. Rial, Walter Percy, BSa. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., Shanghai Waterworks Co.,Ltd., Shanghai, China. New Associate elected after Oral Examination under Clause " C " of regulations, Weldon, Percival Robert, 7, Merton Avenue, Elwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.New Associates (elected without Examination). Archibald, Hugh Munro, B.Sc. (Edin.), Behaven, ArgyIe Crescent,PortoLelIo, Midlothian. Amour, John, B.Sc. (hnd.), 30, Kelburne Drive, Paisley.Armstrong, Douglas Edgar, B.Sc.(Lond.),9, Bloomfield Road, Highgate,London, N.6. Barnes, Reginald Furlong, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.,74, Homestall Rod,Honor Oak, London, S.E.22. Bennett, Charles Leslie, BSc. (Lond.), 11, Waldenshaw Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23. Bolton, Henry Leonard, Homelands, Spring Lane, South Norwood,London, S.E.26. Campboll, Evan Lockha&, B.A., Sc.B. (T.C.D.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 9, EndsleighGardens, London, N.W.1. Daubney, Charles Gaspard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 124, College Road, Bromley,Kent.Gooderham, Walter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Weston Road,Acton Green, London, W.4. Graymore, John George, MSc. (Lond.), 41, Rutland Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Hardy, Richard Kenneth, B.A. (Oxon.), Government Laboratory,Clements Inn Passage, Sbrand, London, W.C.2. Hill, Frank RowIand, B,Sc. (Lond.), 122, Church Lane, London, S.W.17. Hill, William, B.&. (Glas.), Woodburn View, Hope Street, Hamilton, Lanerkshire. Hughes, Hubert Ivor, B.Sc. (Wales), 89, Penchwintan Road, Bangor,N. Wales. Joselin, Frank Edward, BSc. (Lonct.), A.C.G.F.C.,86, Pendle Rod,fitreatham, London, S.W.16. 128 Littler, Harold Gilbert, 1’h.D. (Liv.), 21, Oxford Drive, Waterloo, nr. Liverpool.Lowdell, Donald Pcrcival, B.Sc.(Lond.), 29, Holland Park Avenue, London, W.11. Macdonald, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 197, Putney Bridge Rod, London, S.W.15. Maemaster, James Cameron, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.),3, College Avenue, Lon- donderry, N. Ireland. May, Cecil John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 1, Highbury Place, London, N.6. O’Brien, Eric Ackerley, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), 19, Ruabon Road, Didsbury, Manchoster. Ostle, Joseph Carleton, BSc. Tech. (Manc.), c/o Know Mill Printing Co., Ltd., Entwistle, Bolton. Pratt, Ronald Arthur, BSo. (Lond.), Chemical Research Department, Directorate of Explosives Research, Royal Arscnal, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Richardson, William Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Cleves, East Molesey, Surrey.Shill, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 8, Judd Road, Tonbridge, Kent.Stephens, Lawrence Victor, B.Sc. (Birm.), 48, Springfield Road, Moseley,Birmingham.Stewart, George, junr., B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Athole Gardens, Newlands, Glaagow.Walker, Frederick Claude, A.C.G.F.C., 88, Tressillian Rod, Brockley,London, S.E.4. Wright, Cyril Maynard, BSc. (Lond.), Home Farm, Nacton, nr. Ipswich. New Students. Blow, Claude Montague, Rooksbury, Ridgmont Road, St. Albans. Coates, Harold Vincent, 27, Catterick Road, Didsbury, Manahester. Cook, Frank Henry, 13, Yardley Wood Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Davis, Harold Fredorick, 23, Abbey Road, Cambridge. Deanesley, Richard Marston, Claremont, Wolverhampton. Hillier, George Edward, 59, Rectory Grove, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Lloyd, Edric Ivor, Isycoed, Neath Road, Resolven, Neath, Glam.MacDonald, Charles Alexander, 108, Hebdon Road, Tooting, London, S.W.17. Mitchell, William, 12, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh.Moses, Geoffrey, 73, Manchester Road, Lostock Gralam, Northwich. Peden, William, 142, Main Street, Elderslie. Roach, Sydney Parker, 65, Milton Road, Eastbourne. Smith, James Fergus, 32, Elm Row, Edinburgh. Young, Harold Sidney, 64, Culverden Road, Balham, London, S.W.11. DEATHS. Fellows, Arthur William Crossley, C.B.E.,C.M.G., F.R.S. Dugald George Fletcher. James Alfred Kendall. Assooiates. Janies Fletcher, M.Sc, (Vict.). Monfague Wilhs, M.Sc. (Lond.). I29 General Notices. September Examinations.-Examinations for Associate- ship and Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September or 26th September to 1st October.The list of entries will close on Monday, 18th July, 1927. Notice to Associates-The attention of Associates elected prior to April, 1924,who have since been continuousIy engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry, is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship which were published in JOURNAL Part I, 1927, pages 27-33. These regulations will shortly be printed separately and cir- cuIated. The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possibIe. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Pt4zeforStudents.-A medal and prize for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000words, on ‘‘The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People ” will be awarded in January 1928, and presented at the next annual general meeting, or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December, 1927,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein, The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. 130 Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. MeI dol a Med aI.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annualIy to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the adniinistrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient docs not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service, The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January, 1928)to work of the character indicated.The award for the year 1927will be made in January, 1928. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for 131 appointments is kept at the Ofices of thc Tnstitutc. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. Gd. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there-after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of SLY months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate w7ith the Registrar.The Library.-Thc Library of the Iiistitutc is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.), Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use thc Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Jou rnal.--Members wh~desire COVCTS Tor binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) arc rquestcd to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they arc: desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z. onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the following terms: Buckram case, IS, zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Kegistered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requcsted to give as far as possible, their permalzent addresses for registration. Ofl?cial Chemical Appointments: 6th Edition, 1 927. -The sixth edition of A List of O@cial Chevrticnl Appointme& is now in proof. Corrections and suggestions which niay increase the usefulness of the List, will be welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar. PAGES MISSING FROM 133 TO 134