AbstractThis paper outlines the Chinese government's past and present role and influence in China's science and technology. The government's input in scientific and technological activities is described, together with its leadership over organisation, planning, policy and reforms. The government's contributions to China's scientific and technological strength are described, and the increasing benefits derived from these activities, the promotion of their advancement, and their impact on socio-economic development.For the first time the current international standards of scientific and technological statistics are adopted, to list China's inputs and the composition of her R&D activities, and give some international comparisons. The paper comments on continuing problems, possible solutions, and likely trends.