A synopsis of Italian and Corsican Blephariceridae is provided. Approximately 9,000 specimens have been studied, most from the Apennines and Sicily. 18 species of all 5 European genera are known from this region, their distribution is shown on maps. Several faunal elements are distinguished. Of the 5 Alpine species, 3 are also recent immigrants to the northern Apennines.Liponeura cinerascensis widespread in Europe and seems to be long established in Corsica and in the Apennines. In Central and South Italy and Sicily, there are 5 endemic species, one of the widespreadcinerascens‐groupofLiponeurathe other of thedecipiens‐groupwith relatives in Corsica, Sardinia, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. ExceptL. cinerascensall species in Corsica and Sardinia are endemic and most are Tyrrhenian elements. However, additional species ofDioptopsisand ofApislomyiaoccur only in the eastern Mediterranean Region. Notes on life cycles and on habitat preferences are included. A stenothermous montane and an eurythermous foothill association of Blephariceridae are distinguished, each with a northern (allochthonous) and a southern (largely endemic) variant, which includes Corsica and Sardinia. The taxonomic checklist contains literature references and/ or new faunistical data and descriptive and nomenclatorial notes. The following new species are described:Liponeura discophora, L.paradecipiens, L.limomi. L.bezziiis distinct fromL.bischoffiboth are redescribed. Lectotypes are designated forL.decipiens, L.edwardsiandL.insularis. L.insularisisajunior objective synonym ofL.edwardsi.Key to genera (adults, larval instars 1–3) and to species (pupae, last instar larvae) are provided. Distinctive characters of most species are illustrated.