Energy derived from nuclear sources can be utilized either in the form of high-energy radiation, thermal energy or electrical energy. Each of these energy forms can be employed to produce non-fossil chemical fuels by transformation of available non-fossil substances. As a general definition, available non-fossil fuel substances are all resources other than coal, petroleum, or natural gas. Thus the substances that can serve as raw materials for nuclear-energy conversion to non-fossil chemical fuels are basically the substances found in water, air, and minerals.