ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of a surgical technique, the temporary attic and posterior canal wall osteoplasty, in preventing cholesteatoma recurrence.Design/Participants: The records of 94 patients submitted to tympanoplasty for cholesteatoma in the ear, nose, and throat department of a main city hospital between 1989 and 1997 were retrospectively reviewed.InterventionsIntact canal wall procedure with attic and posterior canal wall temporary removal was performed in 47 cases. A canal wall down operation was performed in the 47 remaining cases. The follow-up ranged from 22 to 84 months.Methods and Main Outcome MeasuresThe patients from one group could be exactly matched for the main prognostic factors (type of cholesteatoma, ossicular status, and preoperative auditory status) with the patients from the other group. Auditory results were defined according to the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium Guidelines. A 1-way analysis of variance was used to determine group differences. A probability value of p < 0.05 was the level of significance selected.ResultsAll of the patients in the 2 groups were cholesteatoma free at the last follow-up, and significantly better hearing results were observed in the osteoplasty group.ConclusionsThe osteoplasty with temporary removal of the posterior and attic canal wall is a useful adjunct to tympanoplasty in cholesteatoma cases as far as the hearing results and recurrence rates are concerned. This method combines the functional advantages of canal wall up operations with the safety yielded by canal wall down procedures.