THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. December, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932133. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (Preside&), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL, A. W. M. WINTLE. 353 Proceedings of the Council.NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1932. The Chemical Society.-The Council of the Institute has received a communication from the Council of the Chemical Society intimating that a number of local representatives have been appointed to look after the interests of Fellows of the Society residing beyond the metropolitan area. The Council of the Society proposes to arrange meetings in certain provincial centres for lectures and discussions on pure chemistry, and has instructed the local representative to act in the fullest co-operation with other organisations, especially with Local Sections of the Institute. The Council of the Society has also expressed the hope that the local meetings will be of value to Fellows and Associates of the Institute.The Council of the Institute, in reply, has expressed its gratification with the arrangements which have been made, whereby Fellows and Associates of the Institute may attend the meetings arranged by the Society; and Local Sections have been informed that the Council will be glad if members throughout the country will co-operate, as fully as possible, with the representa- tives of the Society on the lines suggested. The first meeting under the new scheme was held at Birm- ingham University, on the 25th November, when Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., delivered the fourth Liversidge Lecture, taking as his subject "Physical Atomic Weights." Professor J. F. Thorpe presided in the unavoidable absence of Professor Henderson, President of the Society, and the meeting was attended by 300 chemists from the Midlands and under-graduate members of the Chemical Department of the University.Professional Interests.-The reference made in Part V (p. 295) to St at e-aided institutions undertaking professional practice has led to similar instances being brought to the notice of the Council. Appropriate action has been taken with satisfactory results. 364 Beet Sugar Industry.-In November, the Council received information regarding the employment of chemists in the British Beet Sugar Factories, from which it appeared that, although a reduction had been made in the numbers of aliens employed, the higher positions-those of superintendents and technical managers-were still held in nearly all cases by men of foreign nationality.In the House of Commons, on 1st December, Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, asked the Minister of Labour if he would state how many aliens were employed in the British Beet Sugar Factories during the years 1930and 1931,how many were still so employed, and how many of these aliens occupied positions as superintendents or technical managers. Sir Henry Betterton, in his reply, said that the numbers of aliens employed under permit in Beet Sugar Factories were 67 in 1930, and 25 in 1931. The number still so employed under permit was 12, of whom 6 were superintendents or technical managers, in addition to 18 permanently resident aliens. On the 8th December, Dr.Clayton asked whether the British Beet Sugar Companies had yet given any undertaking to replace the 18 permanently resident aliens with British subjects. Mr. Hudson, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry, in reply, said that as these persons were permanently resident in this country, the question of such an undertaking from the employers did not arise ; whereon Dr. Clayton asked whether it was not the intention that British subjects should be trained to take the place of those aliens, and received the reply that Mr. Hudson gathered that some British subjects were trained and that the persons who were brought in, in anticipation of the training, had left the country; but there were others whom it had been found impossible to replace by British subjects, and they had now become permanently resident here.The President has intimated that he does not consider the above reply satisfactory and will confer on the matter still further with the Ministers concerned. Chemical Society Library.-Professor H. V. A. Briscoe has been appointed representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society in succession to Mr. G. Ned Huntly, who has retired after serving in that capacity during the. past four years. 355 Lectures.-Professor Robert Robinson’s lectures entitled Outline of an Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions,” given before the Institute in April last, were published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, in November.Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, delivered two lectures at the Institute, on 21st and 28th October, on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and Elementary Processes.” The President presided at the first lecture, and Mr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president, at the second. Professor Allmand’s lectures were published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in December. The Fifteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, by Mr. William Arthur Williams, Fellow, Works Manager of the North British Rubber Co., Ltd., was read, in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Williams through illness, by Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. The subject selected was *‘ Rubber.” Mr.Lewis Eynon, Vice-president, who presided, in the un-avoidable absence of the President, reminded the meeting that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was established by past students of Finsbury Technical College, in memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, a Fellow of the Institute, who had been a member of the staff of the College as a teacher of applied chemistry for over 35 years, and throughout that period had endeared himself to all who came under his teaching and influence. At the conclusion of the reading Professor Morgan moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Williams, and that a message of sympathy be sent to him in his illness, with the good wishes of the meeting for his speedy recovery. The motion was seconded by Mr.E. M. Hawkins and supported by Mr. Julian Baker and carried. Professor Morgan received, on behalf of Mr. Williams, a bronze medal, kindly presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a portrait of Streatfeild. The thanks of the meeting were also accorded to Professor Morgan for reading the lecture, and to Mr. Eynon for presiding at the meeting. The Lecture will be published and issued as a separate monograph. 356 The Fourth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was de-livered at the Institute on 16th December, by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. The President reminded the members that it was the fourth occasion on which they had assembled to honour the memory of Mr. S. M. Gluckstein, who had delivered a remarkable lecture before the London Section of the Institute in 1927.That lecture had illustrated the views of an industrial leader on the value of the services which might be rendered by chemists to industry. Mr. Gluckstein had been the prime mover in the establishment of a very considerable chemical department in the company of which he was a director, and was, therefore, able to speak from personal experience. He had lived only a short time to see the success of that project, but the chief chemist, Dr. Lampitt, and the staff of the laboratory, had asked the Council to establish the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, the main purpose of which was to illustrate the im-portance of chemistry to the community, to industry, to com- merce, to health, and to life itself.The Institute had had excellent lectures from Dr. Lampitt, on “The Chemist and Commerce,” from Dr. A. E. Dunstan, on “The Transmutation of the Chemist,” in which he had dealt with the chemist as a manager and leader in industry, and, last year, from Sir Frank E. Smith, on “Chemistry and the Com- munity,” in which he had shown the importance of science to the State. On the present occasion, the Institute was honoured, and very greatly honoured, by the presence of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society, who had been a Fellow of the Institute for over forty years, and had devoted so much of his life to biochemistry; he would speak on “Chemistry and Life.’’ At the conclusion, the President moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was received with acclamation.The Lecture will be published in due course. Pedler Scholarship .-The Pedler Fund Commit tee, with the approval of the Council, reported, in August last, that the Scholarship held by Dr. Barnett Levin would be extended until October, 1933. Dr. Levin, however, has since been appointed lecturer in the Medical School at Guy’s Hospital, and the Council has, therefore, concurred in his retirement from the Scholarship. 357 It is hoped that the results of Dr. Levin’s work on the methods of estimating small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions, will be available for publication in the near future. The Pedler Fund Committee will proceed to the consideration of the appointment of the third Pedler Scholar early in the new year.National Certificates in Chemistry.-The President and Council of the Institute has conveyed a message of good wishes to Mr. A. Abbott, C.B.E., on his retirement from the appointment of Chief .Inspector, Technological Branch, Board of Education. Mr. Abbott had been associated with the work of the Joint Com- mittee of the Board of Education and the Institute in the scheme of examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry since its inception. The Cribb Collection.-The collection of prints and engravings of historical chemical interest, and an antique sloping double-tube barometer, bequeathed to the Institute by the late Mr. Cecil H.Cribb, have been received from his executors, and arrangements are being made for their preservation. The President has expressed to the executors, on behalf of the Institute, appreciation of Mr. Cribb’s kind thought, and has assured the executors that the collection is gratefully accepted and will be suitably preserved, in accordance with his wishes. Further particulars of the collection will be published in due course, and it is hoped that, on some suitable occasion, itmay be displayed for the inspection of the Fellows and Associates, Institutions.-The Harris Institute, Preston, has been added to the list of colleges recognised for the training of candi-dates for the Associateship of the Institute, and the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol, has been replaced on the list.358 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Professor James Hendrick presided at a meeting of the Section held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on and December, when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on (* Alchemists in Art and Literature.” The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Mr. Pilcher, on the motion of Professor Findlay. Birminghamand Midlands.-On 25th October, the Section enjoyed a Social Evening and Dance, in which members of other Chemical Societies in the Midlands were invited to participate. On 8th November, Mr. N. C. Beetlestone, delivered a very interesting lecture on the subject of (( British Wines ” Mr. Beetlestone said that the origin of wines could be traced by legend, folk-lore and deduction to prehistoric times.Most pro- bably wines were in general the fermented juices of any, or every, berry, but the superiority of the product from grapes led first to its adoption as a standard and so, by natural evqlution, it came to be regarded as the wine, and finally as the only wine. The first known British wine was the mead or heather wine, i.e., fermented honey,-the sacramental wine of the early Britons. The making and use of this beverage were pre-Roman, and per- sisted through the Saxon and Norman eras, down to the Jacobean period. Indeed, its preparation was still continued as a cottage craft in some of the remoter spots of these islands to-day. From the 13th to the 15th centuries the monastic establish- ments of England made grape wines, probably strengthening their musts with honey.Some of these wines gained not only local but international repute. The truest native wines nowadays were the products of the fermentation of the juice of the apple and pear-cider and pew; but, in addition, the fermented infusions of fruit in sugar solutions made very palatable beverages. Such fruit wines had at various times been adopted as a more or less satisfactory substitute for 359 grape wines, particularly during such periods as the Napoleonic wars, when grape wines were practically unprocurable owing to the embargo. British wines might be divided into three classes : (a)Empire wines, made from grapes grown in the Colonies and fermented there in imitation of Continental wines; (b) English wines fer- mented in England from imported grape juice, both the methods of fermentation and the products running true to those typical of certain Continental wines; (c) other British wines, viz., fermented fruit and root infusions.(a)and (b)might be, and indeed very often were very creditable reproductions of the wines they imitated. There were big diver- gences in both palate and bouquet, but not however more than might be found between foreign wines of similar class. The British wines, on the other hand, were quite distinctive, having their own marked characteristics; yet if properly made they would bear comparison with well-made grape wines. A number of interesting recipes was given for such wines, and samples were exhibited.An outline of the methods of making British wines and the discussion of various technical difficulties brought the lecture to a conclusion. The lecturer replied to a number of questions put by various members, and was accorded a vote of thanks on the motion of Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman of the Section. Members of the Section have been invited during the last two months to a number of functions held under the auspices of other Chemical Societies. These meetings , which have been recorded in detail in other journals, have included an extra meeting of the Chemical Society, held in the University, Birmingham, on 25th November, when Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., lectured on the subject of “Physical Atomic Weights.” On 26th November, the British Association of Chemists held their Annual Meeting in Birmingham, the Section being repre-sented by Mr.Knapp, at the Dinner-Dance at the Midland Hotel in the evening. A number of members have also attended lectures given by the University Biochemical Society. These have included- “Fermentation,” by Prof. A. Harden, F.R.S. ;“Instinct and Appe-tite,” by Dr. L. J. Harris; and “Some Chemical Factors in Anaphylaxis,” by Dr. S. Peat. 360 Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a joint meeting by the Local Section of the Institute and of members of the Bristol University Chemical Society, held in the University chemical lecture theatre, on 28th November, Dr.F. D. Chattaway, M.A., F.R.S. a Vice-president of the Institute, gave a lecture on Reactions of an Aldehyde,” and particularly described a research carried out at Oxford on the preparation and properties of chloral. After recalling that this compound was first prepared by Liebig in 1831, and was the forerunner of chloroform and other anaesthetics, the lecturer, with the aid of lantern slides, discussed its composition, properties and uses, and indicated the complex reactions, some of which were not yet satisfactorily explained, which the compound produced with different reagents. Dr. Chattaway varied his lecture with reminiscences of his work over a wide experience. Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided.On the proposition of Mr. Day a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Chattaway for an instructive and interesting lecture. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of session was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th October, when Dr. W. 0. Kermack, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, delivered his inaugural address entitled Some Recent Work on the Chemistry of Proteins.” After referring to the fundamental nature of Fischer’s work on the structure of proteins, the lecturer briefly indicated its main conclusions, namely, that proteins consisted of amino-acids joined together in peptide chahis. Other modes of linkage were not excluded, but appeared to be of relatively minor importance.The presence of diketopiperazine rings in the protein molecule, postulated by Abderhalden and supported by considerable experimental evidence, was probable;but it seemed unlikely that such rings accounted for more than a small percentage of the amino-acids. In recent years, considerable evidence had accumulated to indicate that, at the iso-electric point, the 361 protein was not really electrically neutral, but that a consider-able number of the amino- and carboxyl-groups existed in the ionised condition, so that the molecule as a whole, was a zwitter-ion. The problem of protein denaturation had long remained a mystery, and the recent work of Anson and Mirsky, which appeared to prove that in certain instances at least denaturation was a reversible phenomenon, seemed to constitute a definite step in the elucidation of a puzzling subject.The remarkable results of Svedberg, which had been obtained during the past six or seven years by the use of the ultra centrifuge, were described. The magnitudes calculated by Svedberg were more properly described as micellar weights than molecular weights. The suggestion was made that the protein micelle measured by Svedberg might consist of aggregations, in a more or less definite arrangement, of smaller peptide chains, corresponding to Sved- berg’s pro-proteins. An analogy seemed to exist between native and denatured protein, on the one hand, and amylose and amylopectin, as described by Hirst, Plant and Wilkinson, on the other.In conclusion, some of the main features of the colloidal behaviour of protein solutions were discussed, and diagrams were exhibited which indicated the main facts in the interaction of proteins with ampholytic colloids at various hydrogen ion concentrations. The discussion which followed was led by Professor Slater Price. On the motion of Professor Barger, a vote of thanks wils accorded to the lecturer. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College on mst October,-Mr. H. Findlay in the Chair. The following office bearers were duly elected:-Mr. R. G. W. Eadie, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. R. Ferguson, Hon. Asst. Secre- tary; Mr.A. R. Campbell and Dr. T. S. Stevens, Members of Committee; and Dr. A. B. Crawford, Hon. Auditor. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted. At the conclusion of the business the members examined an exhibit of photo-electric apparatus, kindly arranged by the General Electric Co., Ltd., to whom the Chairman expressed the thanks of the Section. A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College on 362 4th November,-Prof. F. J. Wilson in the Chair. Mr. C. S. Garland gave a most instructive address on Ceramic Insulators, their manufacture and testing.” A report of this paper was published in Chemistry and Industry on 18th November (p.961). A meeting of the Local Section was held on 11th November in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, for a discussion on professional matters. Prof. R. M. Caven occupied the Chair in the unavoidable absence of Mr. H. Findlay, the Chairman of the Local Section. The Chairman read an extract from the notice convening the meeting, in which it was stated that “It is intended that this meeting should be quite informal, more in the nature of a talk among members than a pre-arranged discussion.” A period of twenty minutes was allowed for each subject, with an allocation of not more than five minutes to each speaker. The first subject dealt with was “Unemployment among Chemists.” Dr. P. F. Gordon opened this subject and dealt sympathetically with the question. He also pointed out that, by a peculiar paradox, chemists, by virtue of their own particular abilities for improving processes of manufacture and control, were partly responsible for the unemployment in certain branches of the profession.Dealing with the Appointments Register, Mr. Peden suggested that employers should be further encouraged to apply direct to the Institute for chemists, rather than advertise in the general press. In this connection, Dr. W. M. Cumming suggested that the practice of replying to box numbers should be discouraged. If an applicant gave his full name and address it was only fair that the advertiser should do likewise. The Benevolent Fund was next under consideration. Mr. Lever appealed for very generous support for this deserving section of the Institute’s activities.Following this, Mr. J. G. Duncan made the very practical suggestion that a collection should be made for this purpose, and as a result the sum of -@ IS. 3d. was collected and duly forwarded to the Benevolent Fund. The subject of “Refresher Courses ” for post-graduates was raised, and various suggestions were dealt with at considerable length. On a vote being taken, it was decided that such courses 363 were desirable, and the Committee was instructed to investigate the possibilities in this direction. The question of the subjects for the Food and Drugs Exami-nation (Branch E) was discussed. It was pointed out that tuition in this branch was available in London, but not elsewhere, and it was asked whether attendance at these courses satisfied the Institute with regard to their stipulation that the candidate for the Fellowship in Branch E must have three years’ experience in the practice of this Branch.* Dr.W. M. Cumming proposed a vote of thanks to Prof. R. M. Caven for presiding at the meeting, and said that the Section had been fortunate in having Dr. Caven and Dr. Gordon, both Members of Council, present at the meeting to assist in the discussion. Dr. J. Sword thanked the Honorary Secretary for initiating this type of meeting, which he hoped would be continued, and thus stimulate interest in the work of the Institute. A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Shipbuilders’ and Engineers’ Institute, Glasgow, on 25th November, when Dr.G. D. Bengough delivered one of the Jubilee lectures on ‘‘Corrosion of Metals in Salt Solutions and Sea Water.” The lecture was reported in Chemistry and Industry on 2nd December (p. 998). The Annual Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which all the Chemical Societies in the district participated, was held at the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th December,-Sir Harry M’Gowan in the Chair, After the loyal toasts, Sir Harry M’Gowan, in submitting “The Profession of Chemistry,” said that day by day he was made keenly conscious of the results of scientific work. The difficulty was not to use new knowledge but to reconcile it with other conditions.Sometimes the industrialist might be forgiven for feeling that science moved too quickly. Manufacturing * It is understood that courses in the chemistry of food and drugs and in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy are also available in Man-Chester. Candidates for the Examination in Branch E are allowed to supplement their experience by means of such courses, but no candidate is admitted to the examination on the strength of these courses only. The matters raised at this meeting were afterwards considered at a meeting of the Committee of the Section, which was attended by the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. 364 plant was designed and intended to endure over such a period as would permit of its cost being provided out of the profits it returned.To-day, however, the manufacturer, when weighing the pros and cons of installing new plant, whether for the ex- tension of existing processes or for developing new products, was haunted by the possibility that new scientific discovery or technical development might shortly reveal more economical methods of effecting his purpose. As a safeguard, liberal provision for obsolescence became a cardinal point in financial policy. But heavy expenditure on scientific research could not be withheld. Indeed, its necessity was perhaps increased rather than diminished. Turning to discuss commercial and industrial affairs, he said that, while the export trade of the world had, since September 1931,continued to fall, the decline in British exports had been somewhat less.Just as our exports became cheaper by that step, so all imports tended to be made dearer. In some part, however, that increase in import prices was restrained by the fall in gold prices caused by our leaving that standard. The institution of tariffs, however, reinforced the restriction of imports so that in the year following September 1931,the rate of fall in value of British retained imports had exceeded that of the eighteen principal industrial countries. These two steps had, therefore, largely arrested the decline in British industrial conditions. They had not, however, been strong enough to raise the dead weight of the downward tendency of world trade. On the other hand, there had been certain reliefs from the economic pressure of the abnormal fall in prices of the past few years.The reduction in the volume of trade had freed so much money that excessive money market funds had brought the current rate of interest down to the usual low crisis level. The Chancellor of the Exchequer had thus been able to carry through National Debt conversion operations of an unprecedented magnitude with unequalled success. That triumph might have led in the next Budget to some reduction in the burden of our taxation, but other unfortunate events might now preclude any such relief. Industry had, however, gained a little by new capital issues, and, though they might only have replaced former commitments, the fall in interest rates meant a welcome economy.The principal purpose of the coming World Economic Con-ference would be to find a solution of these interrelated problems 365 of unaltered interest burdens and disastrously low prices for the staple commodities of world trade, which had directly led to the present network of monetary and fiscal restrictions upon inter- national commerce. Apart from world difficulties, British industry had also its own special problem. In his view, loss of competitive power had been largely due to the fact that British industry had not kept pace in recent years with progress elsewhere in industrial organisation. There had been, and still was, a tendency to be contemptuous of the idea expressed by the word "rationalisa-tion." It represented a principle of great value.For geographical, climatic, and geological reasons it would always be to the advantage of the world to conduct a considerable volume of international trade. But, coupled with that necessity, we had to recognise and meet for many years the natural desires of great nations, and even small ones, to use these powers in such a manner that their national life presented fairly well- balanced industrial and agricultural activities. It was not unnatural that agricultural nations should seek to establish within their boundaries such manufacturing industries as appeared suitable, if only for the greater opportunities and the larger pecuniary rewards that they brought. No matter how suitable a country might be as a whole for food production, it would contain men whose wealth, ability, and disposition could only find satisfaction in manufacturing industries. National pride was not slow to foster that ambition.When, therefore, the present depression had passed away and international and national business activity was restored to a more normal level, we had to look forward, over a long period of years, to some diminution in the volume of international trade in manufactured goods. If that view were correct, its greatest effect would fall upon our own country. It was here that the greatest readjustment would have to be made. As he saw it, the intermediate stage would be one of co-operation between British capital, British industrialists, and their foreign vis-d-vis.In place of British exports to many countries we would see industries established on the spot by joint native and British activity. British savings would be directed towards further foreign investment for that purpose, and for a time the manufacture of the plant would provide employment for our people. But, at the same time, unless economic nationalism shrank before wiser counsels, there 366 was bound, in many present exporting industries, to be a diminu-tion of activity with a consequent reduction in the present value and volume of invested capital. We had, therefore, before us a great financial and industrial problem. It was for these reasons that he considered a far greater measure of industrial organisation was necessary.We needed a Minister of State who would devote all his time and attention to promoting the co-ordinated reorganisation of British industry. There was no idea in his mind of Govern- ment Departments running industry. What he wanted was co-operation, not interference. In present and coming conditions the State would inevitably be more and more concerned with the development of trade, by reconciling divergent interests, ensuring that fresh liquid supplies of capital were attracted to their most efficient use, and promoting a closer contact between banking and industry. Expressed in one sentence, and echoing what the Macmillan Committee had said of finance, his considered view was that we had “reached the stage when an era of conscious and deliberate management must succeed the era of undirected natural evolution. ’’ The imposition of tariffs and the results of the Ottawa Conference, coupled with the obvious necessity and desire on the part of our industries to become more efficient than ever before, gave him hope that-when fundamental international problems were more or less settled, which he believed would be accomplished at not too distant a date-this old country would again lead the world as it had done in the past.The toast was acknowledged by Dr. R. H. Pickard, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, who claimed that chemistry, with its excitements and interests, was the greatest of the professions. Dr. John A. Cranston proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Brigadier-General James W.Walker replied. The dinner Convener, Mr. J. C. McCallum, proposed the toast of “The Chairman,” and, in the course of his reply, Sir Harry M’Gowan thanked the Convener and his colleagues for the excellence of the arrangements which had been made to render the evening so successful. The company enjoyed dancing until z a.m. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 8th November, at which Mr. H. W. Moss presided. 367 The Chairman introduced Mr. K. Gordon, of Imperial Chemi- cal Industries (Fertiliser and Synthetic Products), Ltd., Billing- ham, who gave a lecture on bb The Hydrogenation Process " of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract:- "For some years, countries without indigenous oil supplies have devoted attention to the manufacture of oil from their coal and lignite, because an ever-increasing quantity of oil is imported into these countries with an adverse effect on their trade balance."Hydrogenation provides a complete solution of this problem from the technical point of view. Coal, lignite, shale oil and tars can now be completely converted to oils except for small amounts of gas and residue which are consumed in the process. The hydrogenation process has been developed mainly for the production of motor spirit, which is at the same time the most valuable oil, and the one consumed in the largest quantity. Nevertheless, it is also possible to produce heavier oils by a slight modification of the process.The process has been developed in semi-technical plants in the laboratories of I.C.I. at Billingham, and in an experimental plant treating 15 tons of coal per day also at Billingham. In order to understand hydrogenation it is necessary to compare the compositions of the raw materials and the finished products. Petrol contains 12-15 per cent. of hydrogen, a mean molecular weight of about 100. Heavier oils have higher molecular weights, and generally smaller proportions of hydrogen. "There are three essential differences between these oils and the raw materials-coal, lignite, tars and shale oils, the latter being characterised by- "(a) The presence of impurities-ash, which is an accidental impurity in solid fuels, and the elements-oxygen nitrogen and sulphur.By treatment with hydrogen these elements can be removed as water, ammonia, and sulphuretted hydrogen. "(b) A deficiency of hydrogen. The hydrogenation process supplies this deficiency. "(c) Too great a molecular weight. The molecular weight of hydrocarbon oils can be decreased by 'cracking ';since at 40O0-5OO0 C. heavy oil molecules decompose into smaller molecules. The complex coal molecule cannot be decomposed in this way unless it is first saturated with hydrogen to approximate its composition more closely to that of a hydrocarbon oil. 368 “The hydrogenation process, and that process alone, is thus capable of turning coal (and also, of course, tars and other materials intermediate in composition between coal and oil) into oils.“In the destructive hydrogenation of coal there are four types of reaction proceeding simultaneously : ‘‘ (a) Removal of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, by reduction, e.g. the conversion of phenol into benzene and water. ‘‘(b) Saturation of unsaturated compounds. “(c) Cracking. “(d) Gas formation. “This last is an undesirable reaction which is minimised by careful control of conditions. The conditions of hydrogenation must be carefully chosen so that reactions, (a) to (c) proceed at the right relative speeds. If the cracking reaction is allowed to predominate, coke and excessive quantities of gas are produced. The conditions which can be varied during the process are pressure, temperature and the kind of catalyst.For most hydrogenation processes it is essential to work at 200 atmospheres’ pressure at least. At lower pressures, the concentration of hydrogen is not enough for the hydrogenation reaction to proceed with sufficient speed. The temperatures required vary from 400’ to 500’ C., and accurate temperature control is highly important. (‘Catalysts are now of first importance in hydrogenation technique. When the material to be treated is a solid or liquid under the working temperature and pressure, it is treated in the liquid phase in the presence of finely divided catalyst. When the material exists under hydrogenation conditions as a vapour, it is treated in the vapour phase in the presence of solid catalyst.In liquid phase hydrogenation, if coal is the raw material, this is finely ground and mixed into a paste with heavy oil so that it can be treated as a liquid. The feed material is pumped through heat exchangers and heating tubes, together with the necessary hydrogen. At the desired temperature it enters the converter or reaction vessel. This vessel is full of liquid oil, the coal and catalyst being kept in suspension by the agitation of the bubbles of hydrogen. The hydrogenation reaction takes place, and light oils, as they are formed, are evaporated and leave the vessel as vapours mixed with excess of hydrogen, steam, ammonia, H,S and hydrocarbon gases. A portion of the liquid contents of 369 the converter are purged continuously as sludge to remove ash and any part of the coal not converted to liquids.The vaporous products are cooled and light oils and aqueous liquor separated out. Vapour phase hydrogenation has been devised for materials boiling below 300’ C., which are completely vapourised under hydrogenation conditions. The vapourised oil mixed with hydrogen is heated to reaction temperature and passed through a vessel filled with catalyst. By varying the catalyst it is possible to control the nature of the products. More active catalysts working at lower temperatures give more saturated products, less active catalysts give aromatic petrols with better knock ratings.’’ The treatment of sludge and ammoniacal liquor, and also purification of the gas by washing, was referred to, and by means of extremely interesting diagrammatic and photographic slides the lecturer described the technical development of the coal hydrogenation process, particularly from the engineering standpoint.Mr. Gordon concluded with some facts about the physical properties of petrol obtained by the hydrogenation process, and also indicated the possibilities of producing other products, such as kerosene, Diesel oil and fuel oil. Samples of the products obtained at the various stages in the liquid and vapour phase hydrogenations were exhibited. The lecture induced an active discussion, in the course of which Mr. Gordon enlarged on certain points in the actual operation of the process and in the plant employed.A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Gordon, on the motion of Dr. H. W. Stephen, seconded by Mr. N. Hall. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on the 2nd November,-Professor W. E. Adeney presiding. Mr. W. E. V. Abraham, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.I., read a paper on ‘‘ Oil Winning in Burma.” The lecturer first gave an account of the geology of oil-bearing districts, where oil occurs in the pore spaces of sandstone, covered by an impervious stratum of shale. When such beds of sand- stone and shale have acquired the shape of an inverted saucer, oil rises towards the top while water remains in the flanks of the dome. 370 Drilling is carried out by two methods, percussion and rotary.The former necessitates the lining of the bore hole every 20 feet with steel tube, while in the rotary method, boring may be carried to depths of 2000 to 3000 feet, before the bore is lined with tube in 80-feet lengths. In the latter method, mud is fed in during the drilling to remove the material which has been loosened by the drill. Natural oil contains gases such as methane, ethane and butane, and the pressure of these gases is utilised for lifting the oil to the surface, where it is stored in tanks prior to conveyance by pipe- line to the refinery. Mr. Abraham dealt, in some detail, with geological mapping, geophysical exploration, well-surveying and the functions of gas and mud in oil production, and also described a simple instrument, the Weva Inclinometer, for measuring the amount and direction of deviation of bore holes from the vertical.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. G. O’Callaghan, and ‘seconded by Mr. H. Thornton. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 23rd November,-Professor W. E. Adeney in the Chair. Dr. James Bell, Hon. Treasurer, presented his report, which was received and adopted. The following were declared elected as members of committee : Dr. W. E. Adeney, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Mr. A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour then read a paper on bb Margarine.” The foundation of the margarine industry was laid in 1870, during the siege of Paris, by Mege Mouries, who was awarded the prize offered by Napoleon I11 for a butter substitute.The spread of the industry and its magnitude to-day were indicated by statistics of production and consumption per head per annum in various countries. Scandinavian peoples are the largest consumers, Denmark leading with a consumption of over 54 lbs. per head per annum, the consumption in Germany being 18 lbs., in England, 16 lbs., and in the Irish Free State, 3 lbs. In the early days of the industry, margarine was made from animal fats, mainly beef fat and lard, but, at the present time, 37 z the bulk of margarine contains chiefly vegetable fats. Margarine may be defined as a solidified emulsion of fat and milk or of fat and water in which fat forms the continuous phase.It is by law limited to a water-content of 16 per cent.; it contains between 80 and go per cent. of fat and about 1-5per cent. of salt. Margarine would be almost white were it not for the small amount of dye added to give it the rich yellow colour of butter. A description was given of different materials added to margarine during manufacture to improve the taste, texture, frying pro- perties and food value, also of materials added for the purpose of easy detection. Details were given of different methods of margarine manufacture, and comparisons were drawn between them. The lecturer dealt with the origin, refining and preparation of the various fats used by the manufacturer, such as beef fats, lard, cocoanut, palm kernel, ground nut, cotton seed, soya bean, etc., and referred to the present tendency to have the fat refinery alongside the margarine factory, thus enabling refining to take place only at the rate of margarine production. Refined edible fats are very susceptible to oxidation, a condition easily detected by taste; for this reason the margarine producer should use only recently refined fats.The importance of pure milk for margarine making was emphasised; also the care that has to be taken in regularly sterilising all plant with which the margarine comes in contact, otherwise the margarine would quickly develop objectionable flavours. Reference was made to the use of hydrogenated fats in margarine, and several processes of hydrogenation were explained, including the preparation of the nickel catalyst.An efficient catalyst is obtained by adding 85 parts of kiesel- guhr to a solution of 70 parts nickel sulphate, precipitating the nickel as carbonate by sodium carbonate and then reducing the precipitate by hydrogen at 300' C. Thus prepared, the catalyst contains 15 parts of nickel and 85 of kieselguhr, the latter being added to facilitate the removal of the nickel from the hardened oil. Hydrogenation affects those acids with the greatest number of double bonds first. Iso-oleic acid is produced in the process of hardening, and this may rise to 30 per cent. The presence of iso-oleic acid in an oil may be used as an indication of hydro- genation, as it occurs to the extent of only I per cent.in natural oils. In concluding, comparisons were made between butter and 372 margarine, the lecturer stating that, apart from vitamin-content, both had approximately the same food value. Margarine can be purchased with a vitamin potencyas high as that of thebest butter; the ccst of adding vitamin concentrates to margarine is small t~i~iiriardly affects the retail price. The main differences between butter and margarine are taste and texture, in which properties high quality butter is still a long way ahead of its rival. So long as there is an appreciable margin between the price of butter and the price of margarine, there will be a demand for the latter, and the consumer of margarine can rest satisfied that he or she is getting a commodity of high food value, prepared under hygienic conditions. A vote of thanks was passed to Dr.Gilmour for his interesting paper. Replying to questions following the paper, Dr. Gilmour said that the nickel catalyst was not completely removed from har- dened oil, but remained to the extent of one part in twenty millions hardened oil, but remained to the extent of one part in twenty millions, an amount which could be readily detected by the dimethyl-glyoxime test. The texture of butter and margarine could be gauged by their spreading power. Margarine spreads well when the fats have not crystallised to too great an extent. Butter being a super-cooled oil spreads well.Vitamin A is usually added to margarine in the form of concentrates from whale liver oil. Dr. James Bell, Hon Treasurer of the Section, was the principal guest of the Dublin Rotary Club, on 31st October, when he read a paper on ‘‘The Importance of Academic Research.” He said that science began in pre-historic times with the subconscious observations of primitive man on the phenomena taking place around him. The methods of physical science remained in a crude form until the thirteenth century. Roger Bacon introduced methods of designing and carrying out experi- ments to test the truth of theories. Numerous workers in the field of science had gradually added to our knowledge, under the impulse of human curiosity, and the sum total of this work constituted the realm of pure science.Other research workers operated in the industrial world, and their work formed the field 373 of applied science,-the improvement of products, the improve- ment of processes, and the discovery of new products. Applied science worked mainly by relying on pure science for information, which would assist in the solution of its problems. Pure science was of equal importance with applied science in achieving progress, but the application of a discovery was often a more difficult piece of work and a greater achievement than the actual discovery itself. Dr. Bell referred to the discovery of argon and the rare gases, andshowed how the work was taken upby applied scientists.Argon was used in the electric light industry; helium as’a non-infiam- mable gas for airships; neon in advertisement signs. He referred also to liquid air and to the development of the vacuum flask, and to the uses of selenium in the electrical industry : the electrical resistance of selenium varied according to the intensity of light to which it was exposed, and this property afforded a useful means whereby electrical currents could be operated by a beam of light. It had been applied in an ingenious device, first used in the Port of Dublin, by means of which a beam of light across the harbour, when interrupted by fog, operated a mechanism which started sirens and switched on the river lights. The same principle was used for automatic lighting of street lamps, and for burglar alarms.Other applications had been found in the automatic recording of racing results, the control of railway systems, and the opening of garage doors. Finally, he referred to the work of Faraday, and its far- reaching results. Science had no final goal: its march would continue to the end of time. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 14th November, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr. H. M. Mason in the Chair. Professor G. M. Bennett and Messrs. J. Barritt, G. J. Denbigh, and A. Woodmansey were elected to serve on the Committee for three years. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected Honorary Auditors. Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., Director of Messrs.Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., gave an address on bb The Variation of Germicidal Action in Homologous Series.” The following abstract has been received from the Section :-“ ‘ Chemotherapy’ is now generally understood to mean the 374 treatment of parasitic diseases by chemicals, with the object of destroying the specific parasites of the disease. The most strik- ing success in chemotherapeutical work remains that of Ehrlich, the founder of the science, who in 1910discovered salvarsan. Of the many thousands of organic chemicals prepared since that date, none supersedes salvarsan and its simple derivatives (eg. neosalvarsan) . “Investigations on the germicidal activity of homologous series date from 1911-1917,when Morgenroth and his collabora- tors investigated the o-alkylhydrocupreines ;they found optimum activity towards pneumoccocus at ethyl (‘ optoquin ’), and at isooctyl (‘vazin ’) for diphtheria.The investigations of Johnson and Lane (1921)and of Dohme, Cox and Miller (1926) on the 4-n-alkylresorcinols culminated in the discovery of 4-n-hexyl- resorcinol, now used in this country and in the United States of America as a general antiseptic. Coulthard, Marshall and Pyman (1930) made an extended study of C-alkylated-phenols, -cresols, and -guaiacols, and showed that optimum activity occurs in each series at the C-amyl group; the alkyl-cresols are better germicides than the -phenols and much better than the -guaiacols. 4-n-Amyl-m-cresol, prepared by isomerising m-tolyl valerate with AlC1, to 4-n-valeryl-nz-cresol, and subsequent reduction by Clemmensen’s method, is now marketed.The introduction of the C-w-hydroxyalkyl group in place of C-alkyl increases the solubility of the higher homologues in water, but greatly depresses bactericidal action. “Referring to Gunn’s observation, that harmine possesses anti-malarial properties, the lecturer described an unpublished investigation on various derivatives of harmol, the phenol obtained by demethylating the naturally occurring alkaloid harmine. The o-n-and -iso-alkylharmols possess no anti-malarial properties, but they have been shown to be bactericides (maximum at .n-butyl) and amcebicides (maximum at n-nonyl) ; the n-derivatives are more active than the iso.The further preparation of o-w-diethylamino-n-alkylharmolsby treatment of the sodium derivative of harmol with w-diethylamino-n-alkyl chlorides, NEt2.(CH2)&1, gave a series of compounds possessing increased solubility as salts. The maximum amcebicidal effici- ency is found in approximately the same place (9 or 10 carbon atoms) as in the o-n-alkyl series, but the bactericidal efficiency towards B. typhosus is now optimal at w-diethylaminodecyl instead of rc-butyl. The principle of introducing the dialkyl- 375 aminoalkyl group into amino- and hydroxy-derivatives of quinoline led to the discovery of plasmoquine by Schulemann. “Amongst naturally occurring compounds, no alkoxy deriva- tives other than methoxy are found, but amongst synthetic drugs peaks of activity at or about four carbon atoms are not uncommon.In addition to the examples cited above, the lecturer mentioned other examples including the local anzesthetic ‘percaine ’ (z-butoxyquinoline-~-carboxy-/3-diethylaminoethyl-amide). Whilst nonyloxy-and decyloxy-compounds do not occur in nature, many natural compounds of pharmacological interest contain aliphatic chains of nine to twelve carbon atoms, instances being capsaicin (iso-decenylvanillylamide)and gingerol. “The structures of known synthetic purgatives and of the active principles of natural purgatives suggest that a synthetic purge should be a di-or tri-phenylmethane containing two phenolic hydroxyl groups. Investigation of a series of 4: 4’- dihydroxydiphenyldialkylmethanes, prepared by condensing phenol with dialkyl ketones, showed that the methylethyl derivative was the most active but, even so, was not as efficient as phenolphthalein or cascara.” A prolonged discussion followed, indicating the very great interest which the lecture had evoked.Replying to various questions, Dr. Pyman emphasised the inability to forecast that one member of a particular series would possess optimal bactericidal action; all the compounds had to be tested. Dr. Pyman was accorded a vote of thanks for his interesting paper. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 10th November, Mr. W. H. Topham read a paper entitled bb Biological Methods used in Vitamin Research.” The paper was illustrated by lantern slides and living exhibits.Mr. Topham first dealt with the vitamins themselves, pointing out that there had been in the past a tendency to regard diseases always as something “caught,” and never as something “lost.” The conception of “deficiency” diseases dated from 1912. These deficiency diseases were due to lack of some particular vitamin, i.e. to the absence of some chemical compound which animals were not as a rule capable of synthesising. 376 The lecturer mentioned the types of animals, usually either rats or guinea pigs, employed in these investigations, and described some of the methods of examining these experimental animals and the symptoms which they exhibited when submitted to a diet deficient in vitamins.He described the various vitamins themselves, their sources in nature, and the types of diseases which resulted from the lack of them in diet. . A vote of thanks to the lecturer was carried with acclamation. The thanks of the Section were also accorded to Mr. Knowles for the lending and operating of the lantern. A Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 8th December. Following an informal dinner, an excellent musical programme was given. The thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. F. J. Smith for organising the programme, to which the following artists contributed: Mrs. R. Croad, Mrs. Hardwick, Mrs. J. Lomas, Mrs. Telford, and Messrs.Bowler, Mills, Lomas, Hardwick, Williams and Tucker. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Slater’s Restaurant, High Holborn, on 23rd November, when the officers and com- mittee for the ensuing year were elected:-Chairman, Dr. L. H. Lampitt ; Vice-Chairmen, Professor J. C. Drummond and Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secre- tary, Mr. M. Bogod; Committee, Messrs. L. Balmforth, A. W. Barrett, F. G. Edmed, F. R. Ennos, B. S. Evans, L. Eynon, J. Grant, E. Hinks, A. C. Hoare, A. S. Houghton, T. Howard, H. T. Islip, Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Messrs. T. Moran, C. E. Sage, J. Watson and D. M. Wilson, and Miss W. Wright. Mr. F. L. Okell, a past Chairman of the Malaya Section, was welcomed by the Chairman.The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Mrs. and Miss Boseley, Dr. L. J. Burrage, Mr. R. N. Cunningham, Mrs. Grant, Mr. W. P. Harmsworth, Mr. R. J. Lidworth, Dr. A. A. Levi, Mr. J. G. Maltby, Mrs. Nurse, Mr. Wall Barker, and Miss D. Wilson. Manchester and District.-The winter session was opened on 13th October by a meeting at the Manchester College of Technology,--Mr. J. H. Lester in the Chair. An address was given by Dr. L. H. Lampitt, on ‘‘ The Chemist and Commercial Life,” of which he has kindly provided the following prkis :-“It is only so far as we succeed in applying our scientific knowledge to the needs of the day that we justify ourselves. We are the interpreters in E s, d.of the work carried out in the quietude of the University Laboratory, the interpreters of all the fundamental knowledge being obtained the world over. How best to fit ourselves to carry out this mighty task is a study of supreme importance. “Every one of us has constantly to keep before him the principles on which his connection with industry depends. The mutual demands of any particular firm and its chemical staff change from day to day, and consequently any chemist in industry, no matter what his position may be, must always be changing his attitude and learning; for if he is not learning he is losing grip, and a retrograde action must result. “The longer I am connected with industry the more I realise the supreme importance of personality.I do not feel competent to discuss personality, but certain it is, that without this priceless gift the chemist cannot hope to fulfil satisfactorily his function. Incidentally, I have met men who, in themselves, have confused self-assertion with ‘ personality ’--a dangerous confusion. “It is curious that it needed the cataclysm of 1914-1918, to awaken industry, the Government and the people at large, to the work of science applied to industry, to the potential and unde- veloped possibilities of the application of organised science to all types of activities. In that wave of enthusiasm of the immediate post -war period, Research Associations were formed-some have succeeded, some have failed.It is not for us to discuss the reasons for failure. These Research Associations had for their object the rehabilitation of British Industry, and incidentally many firms who previously had had little or no scientific advice engaged chemists and started laboratories. Was this faith in science misplaced? If British Industry has not beeen rehabili- tated, can the failure be laid to the charge of the chemists? think not. It is a platitude to say that the present serious state of affairs is due to world-wide economic upheavals. But it is so. The banker, the financier, the economist, the organiser, the controller of capital, the propagandist-have all failed in their efforts to rehabilitate business. But I am convinced that we in this country would have been far worse off had it not been that 378 we had started to apply science to industry.No, the forces of destruction of national economic stability have obtained the upperhand, and a new era of intensified scientific control is required. “The world is only now developing the type of mind and the type of education suitable to fit scientific men to take their place in industry. Lack of liaison and lack of sympathy between the commercial man and the scientist have been some of the reasons for tardy results; as well as failure on the part of the chemist to translate his findings into words understandable by the non-scientifically trained mind, and impatience of the com-mercial man at the unpractical attitude of the chemist.How many directors of companies read the reports of the research section? If as ‘non-scientists’ they try to do so, they have my sympathy. But alternatively, how many chemists in industry can fully understand a balance sheet, or a profit and loss account ? Yet it is these that reflect the success or failure of the firm and not the scientifically correct reports of the chemist. I do not say that reports should not be scientific, neither do I suggest that the influence of the chemist is not reflected in the balance sheet. I only use this illustration to express my opinion that the chemist should have an understanding of the E s. d. side of affairs. “I pin my faith on a sound knowledge of chemistry, but if a man is thinking of going into the industrial world I would sacrifice a special course of lectures on the terpenes and substitute one on accountancy; I would forego an intimate knowledge of peptones and amino acids and replace it by a working knowledge of ‘blue-prints.’ “The old idea of science being intepreted by the purely technical staff to those who direct often stultifies progress ; and it is bad alike for the business and for the executive staff them- selves, that the control of science or of the scientific man should be in the hands of the technical man.As I said when I gave the first Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, the technical man does not know his own problems. Certain of them, yes, but many of his problems can only be appreciated by the chemist.” The address was greatly appreciated by the members present, of whom the following took part in the ensuing discussion:- Mr.E. L. Rhead, Mr. J. G, Sherratt, Dr. G. N. Burkhardt and the Chairman. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. S. A. Brazier, seconded by Mr. H. Stevenson. 379 At the Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, held at the Textile Institute on 10th November, Prof. Alexander Findlay gave an address entitled L6 Science and the Community.” Professor Findlay suggested that in spite of the great achieve- ments of applied science in promoting the material comfort and physical wellbeing of the people, the appeal for the appreciation and cultivation of science by the community as a whole should be made on the ground of its idealistic aim rather than of its materialistic purpose.For the development and enrichment of a full human nature, seeking for full self-realisation in truth, beauty and goodness, the cultivation of the spirit of science was necessary. The spirit of science, the spirit of “truth,” which gave satisfaction to the claims of the intellect, and gratification to the aesthetic judgment, was opposed neither to “beauty” as expressed in art and literature, nor to “good- ness” as expressed in ethics and morality. These three values were not antithetical but complementary; they were not separate and independent, but strengthened and enriched each other.Since the scientific values were necessary for a complete and perfect humanity, the inculcation of the spirit of science should form an essential element in our system of education, especially in our higher education; and it should be the aim of all our Universities to provide for this, by means of special instruction, adapted to the needs of students by whom the study of science was undertaken as an element of culture and not only as part of a technical training. Although the part which applied science had played in the life of the community had been of the highest importance, this fact did not justify the demand, sometimes made, that men of science should have a special and, in fact, supreme position of power in the government of the country.Such a claim, which was not supported by the general body of scientists, was a product of minds distorted by over-emphasis of the scientific mood, forgetful of the fact that it was the work of statesmen not so much to control inanimate nature, but to adjust the conflicting claims, prejudices and aspirations of men. One might expect to find agreement among men of science regarding the laws of science, but there was no reason to expect unanimity 380 among them in the domain of civil legislation. Men of science should, to a greater extent than they had done in the past, play their part as citizens, and offer, in all humility, their con- tribution towards a solution of the problems which faced the community; but they should remember that there could be no satisfactory solution if the values of “beauty” and of “goodness ” be neglected.Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Findlay. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 9th November, at the New- castle Chemical Industry Club,-Dr. A. A. Hall presiding. The Committee’s Report and Treasurer’s Financial Statement for 1931-32 were adopted. The Committee and Officers were elected as follows:-Dr. J. T. Dunn (Chairman), Prof. G. R. Clemo, Dr. J. H. Jones, Dr. A.Rule, Dr. L. A. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. N. Dawson (Hon. Treasurer) and Mr. M. A. W. Brown (Hon. Secretary). Hon. Auditors: Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam and Mr. E.W. Muddiman. Interviewing Committee: Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam, Dr. P. L. Robinson and the Hon. Secretary. On the Chairman’s motion, a vote of thanks was accorded Mr. N. J. Ivison for his services as Hon. Secretary during the past year. On the motion of Mr. Bloxam, a vote of thanks to the retiring members of Committee was passed. A provisional programme for the ensuing Session, including two joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry, was approved. In a discussion with regard to further meetings to be held during the Session, mention was made of a proposed joint meeting with the Chemical Society, also of a suggestion to hold a meeting of the Section at Darlington in the near future.On 18th November, a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne ,-Professor G. R. Clemo presiding. Mr. C. L. Haddon, Research Chemist to the Gotham Co., Ltd., Nottingham, gave an address on “ Gypsum Plasters and Cements,” illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. 381 Mr. Haddon outlined the formation and occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite, and described methods of winning and grinding, besides the manufacture and uses of plaster of Paris and other calcium sulphate cements. He dealt with the relationships between, and allotropy of, the forms of calcium sulphate, and gave much practical information on several aspects of the subject, referring especially to the increasing use being made of gypsum plasters as building materials.An interesting discussion ensued, and the lecturer, in replying to his many questioners, amplified several points of special interest. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Haddon for his address, on the motion of Mr. G. B. Howarth, seconded by Mr. M. A. W. Brown. SouthWales.-On zIst October, at Swansea, Cinematograph Films of “The Story of Sulphur’’ and “The Wallerscote and Winnington Works of Imperial Chemical Industries ” were ex- hibited before a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry.At the conclusion, Prof. Coates, on behalf of the meeting, thanked Messrs. Chance and Hunt and The Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., respectively, for their kindness in allowing the films to be shown. On 28th October, at Cardiff, Mr. Donald Hicks, Coal Survey Laboratories, Treforest, gave a lecture on *‘The Physical and Chemical Examination of a Coal Seam ” before a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute. Mr. Hicks dealt with the functions of a coal survey station, indicating the value of its work in correlating seams. He em- phasised the importance of reliable methods of sampling, and discussed the chemical examination of samples of coal, urging the necessity for standardisation of analytical technique.He also gave an interesting account of the triangulation of the entire coal-field according to a standard property, such as volatile matter. Dr. H. B. Watson, Chairman, Mr. Clarence A. Seyler and Mr. T. G. Watts expressed their appreciation of the paper. Mr. Seyler stated that an attempt was being made to give a practical 382 definition of hardness of coal. Mr. Watts stressed the need for uniformity of analytical methods. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Professor J. E. Coates presided at a meeting of the Section, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at Thomas’ Cafk, Swansea, on 11th November, when a lecture on “The Chemical Basis of Narcosis ” was given by Dr.J. H. Quastel, Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital. When brain tissue, obtained from various animals, was exposed to narcotics, there resulted a considerable diminution in the velocity of oxygen uptake. This applied to all narcotics tested, and with the dialkyl-barbituric acid series the diminution was greater than 30 per cent. when concentrations were used which were of the same order as those required to induce narcosis in animals. With such small concentrations of narcotics, the oxygen uptake of brain was much more affected than that of living yeast. The narcotics primarily inhibited the oxidation by the brain of substances important in carbohydrate metabolism, viz., glucose, lactic acid and pyruvic acid.The oxidations of succinic acid and p-phenylenediamine, which were freely oxidised by the brain , were unaffected by small concentrations of narcotics. There was a definite parallelism between the intensity of narcotic power and the magnitude of the inhibitive effect of the narcotic on the oxidation by brain of glucose and lactic acid; among drugs of the same chemical type those with the greater narcotic power had the greater inhibitive effects. The brains of chloroformed mice showed a diminished ability to oxidise glucose. Narcotics also inhibited anaerobic oxidations effected in the presence of brain-methylene blue being used as the oxidising agent. Thus, the action of a narcotic appeared to be concerned with the mechanisms which involved the activation of glucose or lactic acid as a substance for oxidation, whether this was aerobic or anaerobic.The narcotic did not interfere with the access (to the cell), or the activation, of molecular oxygen. From studies of the dynamics of the anaerobic oxidation of lactic acid by brain, in the presence of, and in the absence of, a narcotic (chloretone), it was concluded that lactic acid and the drug competed reversibly for the biological catalyst (s) involved. The evidence supported the contention that the narcotic was absorbed 383 at a nervous centre, the amount of absorption being dependent both on its constitution and that of the nervous centre, and that, in so doing, it hindered the access of lactic acid to the centre and so lowered the amount of lactic acid available for oxidation. The supply of energy to the nervous centre in question was thus diminished and a decrease of functional activity-leading to narcosis-ensued.The paper was followed by an interesting discussion to which Dr. Quastel replied. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. A. E. Tyler, seconded by Mr. E. Ayling. It was announced that the paper would be published in the November issues of the Proceedings of the Royal Society (Quastel and Wheatley) and of the Biochemical Journal (Davies and Quastel). On 18th November, at the Technical College, Cardiff, before a joint meeting of the Section and of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr.John C. Roberts read a paper on ‘‘ Emulsions in Theory and Practice.” Mr. Roberts said that the subject of emulsions was one of ever-increasing importance ; academically, it had contributed to the elucidation of surface phenomena; industrially, a study of emulsions had solved many difficulties with respect to foodstuffs and other materials. Many emulsions occurred in Nature; these were all oil in water (O/W). A brief consideration of naturally occurring emul- sions was of interest. Milk was the commonest natural emulsion, and was produced in the mammary glands of all mammals. Emulsions were found in plants as latex, in latex tubes or laticiferous vessels. It was significant that these laticiferous vessels were found only in certain natural orders of plants, e.g.Papaveraceae, Compositae, Campanulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. This latex was sometimes of great commercial value. The latex occurring in the capsule of Papaver somniferum yielded, on drying, the valuable drug, opium; the latex of Hevea brasiliensis was the main source of the world’s rubber supply. The constituents of these emulsions showed an amazing variety of chemical substances,-e.g. milk contained fats, proteins, sugar, inorganic salts and water; latex might contain starch, resin, protein, oil, alkaloids, glucosides, etc. Opium contained 25 384 alkaloids, mucilage, sugar, wax, caoutchouc, inorganic salts and water. It was the only source of the alkaloid morphine,-one of the most important drugs known to medicine.Rubber latex contained, principally, caoutchouc (CloH16)n,proteins and water. This latex was coagulated by exposing it on the end of a long pole to smoke from burning palm nuts. Coagulation was pro- bably due to precipitation of the proteid by acetic acid in the smoke. An emulsion might be defined as a system containing two liquid phases, one of which (the disperse phase) was distributed as globules in the other (the dispersion medium or continuous phase). The two liquids must be relatively immiscible, or nearly so. Thus, within one pair of immiscible liquids, two types of emulsion were possible-oil in water, and water in oil. Both types might be further divided into simple emulsions and complex emulsions.Simple emulsions were formed from two liquids without the addition of any foreign substance. They might be prepared by one of the following methods :-(I) By refluxing oil and water for several hours. (2) By steam-distillation (in certain cases, e.g. quinoline and water). (3) By pouring an alcoholic solution of oil into water. Dilute emulsions in water thus prepared were colloidal in nature (the size of the globule coming under the class of microns, being about 0.1~). The globules were negatively charged and ex-hibited the phenomena of cataphoresis and Brownian move-ment. They might be separated by ultra-filtration. Simple emulsions were always very dilute and frequently unstable. Complex emulsions were more concentrated and more stable.The presence of a third substance, known as the emulgent, was necessary for st ability. Emulgents were of two types, soluble and insoluble, the latter being the less important. Kieselguhr, pumice powder, lampblack, etc., might be used as insoluble emulgents. By far the more important, however, were the soluble emulgents. Soluble emulgents were all colloidal in nature and were of two types-those giving O/W emulsions and those giving W/O emul-sions. The most important of the former type were acacia gum, tragacanth gum, Irish moss, saponins, soaps and proteins. Each 385 of these had its particular advantage or disadvantage. Irish moss was cheap, and a decoction was used largely as an emulgent in the industrial manufacture of emulsions.Soaps could be used in the presence of acids or for emulsions for internal use. An emulsion made with saponins was unaffected by acids, alkalis, salts or alcohol, but could not be used for internal use-in medicine, since saponins were protoplasmic poisons. Emulgents of the W/O type were mostly of importance in pharmacy. They were of value in incorporating a large quantity of an aqueous medium into an oily or fatty ointment base. Those commonly used were lanolin (and other waxes), and sometimes calcium soaps. Lanolin, or hydrous wool-fat, when added to petroleum jelly to the extent of 2-5 per cent., increased its absorptive power for water some twenty times, without appreciably altering the viscosity of the original base.The theory of emulsions was still in a state of flux. It must be noted that the stability of an emulsion was dependent not on one but on many factors, e.g. viscosity, surface tension, inter- facial tension and adsorption. The research work of recent years seemed to indicate that the adsorption factor was of paramount importance. The oriented-wedge theory of emulsions assumed the adsorption of a unimolecular layer of emulgent at the inter- face. It would seem that, in the case of soaps, this was a fairly rational and certainly an attractive theory. It must be remem- bered, however, that more was known concerning the constitution and spacial configuration of the soap molecule than was the case with most other emulgents. Spacial configuration undoubtedly played a large part in adsorption, and it would be unwise to apply this theory to saponins, proteins, etc., since nothing was known concerning their configurations.One of the strongest pieces of evidence in favour of the above theory with regard to soaps was that the calculated values of the areas of cross section of soap molecules (involving an assumption of the theory) were in excellent agreement with values calculated by entirely different methods. Emulsification on the small scale was generally performed with the aid of a pestle and mortar. On the large scale, revolving paddles, baae plates or worm screws were used. Stable emul- sions were best prepared by allowing the dispersed phase to flow in slowly. It had been shown that an optimum amount of work could be done; excess work might commence to break down the emulsion first formed.386 Emulsions so produced contained dispersed globules of vary- ing diameter. The process of reducing these to an approximately equal diameter, many times smaller than the average previously attained in the emulsion, was known as homogenisation. This process conferred greater stability on, and improved the appear- ance of, the emulsion. These two factors were of great importance in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, emulsions which were intended for human consumption were thus rendered more digestible. The ease of digestion would increase, at any rate up to a certain limit, with the reduction in the size of the globule.The homogenised emulsion contained globules which might have a diameter I/Iooth of the average diameter of the globules in the emulsion before homogenisation. Such emulsions were very stable, and might even defy separation when centrifuged. De-emulsification was of importance in the manufacture of cream and of rubber, and in the “cracking” of emulsions which were found in condenser-water and in crude petroleum. De-emulsification might be effected by centrifuging, or by electrical or chemical methods. Mr. Roberts suggested that the importance of the subject of emulsions might be judged from a consideration of the matters to which he had referred, although many interesting processes, such as the manufacture of butter, margarine and mayonnaise, had necessarily been passed over.Advances in the theory and in the practical application of emulsions might be expected in the near future. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Roberts for his paper. 387 Notes. Chemical Engineering.-A new laboratory for chemical engineering has been completed and equipped at King’s College, London. Legal.-The cases referred to in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1932 (pages 260-261) came before the Court of Appeal on 8th November, when Lords Justices Greer, Scrutton and Slesser upheld the decision of Mr. Justice Macnaghten, in the King’s Bench Division, in awarding damages to two chemists for breach of contracts of employment. The Physical Society.-The Physical Societyhas announced that the Twenty-third Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instru- ments and Apparatus will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology from 3rd to 5th January, 1933 (3 p.m.to 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m.). Admission on 3rd and 4th January will be by ticket only-obtainable from the Institute or from the Exhibition Secretary, Physical Society, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W .7. On 5th January, the Exhibition will be open to the public without ticket. Discourses will be delivered each evening at 8 p.m., as follows:-On 3rd January: “Surface Tension and its Measure-ment,” by Dr. Allan Ferguson; on 4th January: “Cathode Ray Oscillography,” by Mr. R. A. Watson Watt; and on 5th January: “Time Measurement: Old and New,” by Mr.F. Hope- Jones. British Standards Institution.-Members of Technical Committee ACh4 Dopes and Sub-committees dealing with Dope Ingredients, Standard Dope and Doping, and Transparent Sheets, have been informed that, with the approval of the Aircraft Industry Committee, all the Technical and Sub-committees of the Aircraft Section are being re-organised. The original Commit tee and Sub-Committees have been dis- banded, and a new Technical Committee on Dopes, which has been re-numbered :lC/17, has been formed, while a small editing 388 Committee is continuing its work on the preparation of the revised edition of British Standard Specification No. 83 for Dope and Protective Covering. The thanks of the B.S.I.have been accorded to the repre- sentatives of the Institute on the above-mentioned Committee and Sub-Committees. The British Standard Specification No. 470 (1932)for Man- , hole Openings (Size and Position only) for Chemical Plant- Fixed and Mobile (not applicable for pressures over 175 lb. per sq. in.)-has been published. Price zs.,post free zs.zd. The Annual Chemical Dinner, in which fourteen Societies participated, was held at the Connaught Rooms, London, on 8th December,-Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., in the Chair. Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., F.R.S., the guest of the evening, proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” to which the Chairman replied. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Fellozt, has been re-elected President of the Royal Society.Professor Robert Robinson, Fellow, has been awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his work in Organic Chemistry. Mr. William Dalrymple Borland, Fellow, has been elected Master of the Worshipful Company of Gunmakers. Mr. Frederick Dixon, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Stafford, and Deputy Official Agri- cultural Analyst for the same county. Professor Walter Myers Gardner, Fellow, has resigned from the Editorship of the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, which he has held for many years, and in which he was formerly associated with Professor Knecht. Mr. Ellis Clayton, Fellow, has been appointed Co-Editor with Professor Frederick Maurice Rowe, Fellow, as Senior Editor.Mr. Adrian Joseph Clifford Lickorish, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Bedford. Mr. Lionel Guy Radcliffe, Fellow, has retired from his appoint- ment as lecturer in Organic Chemistry in the College of Tech- nology, Manchester. 389 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1932,the following books-have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. ‘‘Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, a Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. XII. Pp. xii + 944. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 63s. Uranium ; manganese ; masurium and rhenium ; iron. “Nerve, Chemical Wave Transmission in.” A. V. Hill. Based on the Liversidge Lecture delivered at Cambridge in May, 1932.Pp. ix + 74. (Cambridge: University Press.) 5s. Illustrates biocheinical problems worthy of the attention of chemists : velocity of nerve impulses; the nerve system; nerve fibres; electric “action current” of nerve; electric organs; properties of the nerve impulse; heat production of nerve ; energy of the electric change; electric excitation ; energy exchanges in muscle ; nature of oxidative recovery. “Organic Chemistry, Laboratory Methods of.” L. Gattermann, completely revised by Heinrich Weland, translated from the aznd German edition by W. McCartney. Pp. xviii + 416. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.). 17s. “Physical Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Vol. I : General Properties of Elements and Compounds.J. Newton Friend. Pp. xii + 501. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.). 24s. Periodic table; units and fundamentals; atomic theory; gas laws and the kinetic theory ; vapour pressures of solids and liquids ; critical pheno- mena ; liquefaction, densities and molecular weights of gases ; change of state from solid to liquid and volume relationships; crystalline state ; specific heats of elements and compounds ; viscosity ; surface tension and the parachor ; optical properties ; classification of the elements; solubility and dissolution; diffusion and osmosis ;fusion of mixtures and freezing-points of solutions ;vapour pressures of liquids; adsorption; the colloid state. Cyanide Fumigation of Ships.-Mr. J. D.Hamer, Fellow, Chief Chemist to the Orient Steam Navigation Company, has forwarded copies of his paper on “Cyanide Fumigation of Ships,” read before the Royal Sanitary Institute, on 8th November. [In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111,1931 (pp. 149-150), the Council of the Institute of Chemistry advocated the employ- ment of qualified chemists or other persons with special experi- ence in the work, to give certificates of clearance after fumigation operations.] 390 Obituary. THOMAS died at Harlow, Essex, on 3rd December, HENRY BOWLES, in his 58th year. He was educated at the Polytechnic Day School, Regent Street, at King’s College, London, and from 1898 to 1900 under Tilden at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington.He then joined the staff of the Government Laboratory, where he attained the position of a Superintendent Chemist in the charge of the Tobacco Section. He was especially concerned with investigations for H.M. Office of Works bearing on the preservation of the wood work of Westminster Hall. He was joint author, with Dr. J. J. Fox, of a book on The Analysis of Paints, Pig- ments and Varnishes. He was elected a Fellow of the Institut,e in 1917. KATHLEEN COVE,a Registered Student, died at VC’imbledon, VICTORIA on 25th November, in her 42nd year. Educated at Newnham House School and Wimbledon Technical School, she intended originally to study medicine, but pursued chemistry at King’s College while holding appojnt- ments with the National Health Society and under the Minist,ry of Health.SAMUEL died at Dundee, on 24th November, in his “1st year. DONALD, He studied chemistry for three years under Mr. R. R. Tablock at the Mechanics’ Institute, and under Professor Sexton, at the College of Science and Arts, Glasgow, and was then for over three years assistant to Dr. Wallace, City Analyst, before he obtained an appointment as Chief Chemist to the Glasgow Corporation Gas Trust in 1883. In 1892 he moved to Dundee, where he was associated with the Gas Works and t,he Tar Dis- tillation Works, at Carolina Port, until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. CHARLESJAMESELLIS,died at Milngavie, near Glasgow, in his 75th year. He was educated at Fettes College, Edinburgh, at Glasgow Univer- sity, under Ferguson, and at the University of Bonn, under Kekul6 and Clausius.He matriculated in the University of London, and subsequently passed several examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute of the Science and Art Department. He was for six months private assistant to Mills at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, before he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Co. Later he was engaged in the laboratory of the Ammonia Soda Works of Messrs. Brunner Mond BE Co., but in 1884, returned to Glasgow as senior assistant to the Professor of Technical Chemistry in the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. In 1894 and 1895 he was engaged with the Mysore Gold Mining Company in Southern India, but in 1896 returned to take upan appointment with the Cassel Gold Extracting Co., Ltd., at Glasgow.At the time of his death he was chemist to the Parozone Co., Ltd., Glasgow. He contributed a number of papers on technical matters to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 391 ALFREDBOSTOCKHILL,died at TVeybridge, Surrey, on the 5th Novem- ber, in his 79th year. The son or’ Dr. Alfred Hill, Fellow, Public Analyst and Medical Officer of Health for Birmingham, he was educated at King Edward’s School and Queen’s College, Birmingham. From 1870 to 1875, he was pupil and assistant in his father‘s laboratory, and shortly after was appointed Public Analyst for the County of Warwick and the Boroughs of Warwick, Learnington and Stratford-on-Avon.Later, he was also Public Analyst for Coventry and Shrewsbury, and was joined in partner- ship by Mr. W. T. Rigby, Fellow. He qualified in medicine in 1876, and received the degree of M.D. in the University of Giessen, and the Diplomas of L.R.C.P. and L.R.C.S. from the University of Edinburgh in the same year. In 1881 he obtained the Diploma in Public Health of the University of Cambridge. He devoted special attention to questions of hygiene and public health, became Chairman of the Board of Studies of Hygiene in the University of London, and was an Examiner in Public Health and Medial Jurisprudence in the University of Bristol. He was President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health (1911-1912), and of the Association of County Medical Officers (1917-1924).He was the author of several publications on the filtration of water, purification of sewage, and other sanitary subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879. ALANMACDONALD,who was killed in an accident, at the age of 30, was educated at Wandsworth Technical Institute, matriculated in 191 8, and after several years’ experience in the laboratories of British Drug Houses, Ltd., and study at Chelsea Polytechnic, graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. In 1926 he obtained an appointment as research chemist at H.M. Building Research Station, in which he continued until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927.CECIL BRITTAINMARSON,died at Hull, on the 26th October, in his 37th year. Born at Hull, he was educated at Wellington House School and at the local Grammar School, and was for two years a pupil of Mr. J. A. Foster, Public Analyst. He served throughout the war, and on returning to civil life, obtained an appointment with the British Thomson-Houston Co., at Rugby, where he continued his studies at the local technical school. Having matriculated in 1914, he continued his training at the University of Leeds from 1921, and graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in fuel and metallurgy in 1924, having been engaged on research under Professor J. W. Cobb, on the effect of temperature and atmosphere on the scaling of steel and on the catalytic influence of the ash-content on the carbonisation and gasification of coal.He continued at Leeds under a research Fellowship of the Institution of Gas Engineers and worked on the scaling of steel in different furnace atmospheres. In 1925 he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in gas engineering, and in 1926 the degree of Ph.D. In 1929 he was appointed Chief Chemist to the Northern Coke Research Committee at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he conducted research on the determination of phosphorus in coke; on the effect of oven width in the carbonisation of coking coals; on the determination of the volatile content and swelling of coking coals, and on the experimental error of the deter- minations of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, and ash in coke, and the specific gravity and porosity of coke.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924, and a Fellow in 1932. 392 ALFREDEDRIDGEPIKE,who died in October in his 68th year, obtained his early training under Dupr6 and Hake at Westminster Hospital Medical School, and also at tho 13irkbeck Institution. He remained with Duprh for 8 years, and in 1891 was engaged by the London County Couricil to under- take some special work on the estimation of organic carbon and nitrogen in water, in connection with the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Water Supply ;at the same bime, he was appointed one of the GasExaminers to the County of London. In 1892 he established a laboratory at Epping and continued in private practice, paying special attention to explosivework, until 1902.From 1902 to 1911 he held an appointment under the Worcester County Council, and, in the latter year was appointed chemist to George King Harrison, Ltd., Gas Retort and Fire Brick Manufacturers, at Stourbridge. Since 1914 he had held an appointment as chemist with Messrs. Doulton & Co., Ltd., Lambeth. He was elected an Associate in 1888, and a Fellow in 1893. CHARLESMADDOCKSTUART,died at South Croydon, on the 22nd November, aged 75 years. He was the third son of James Stuart, of Harrow, and was born in CalcuDta, during the time of the Indian Mutiny. Educated at Harrow School and, under Liveing and Dewar, at St. John’s College, Cambridge, he graduated with first-class honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1879, and subsequently proceeded to M.A.He was a Scholar, and subsequently a Fellow, of St. John’s College, and also studied for two years under Fittig at Strasbourg. He held appointments as science master at Clifton College, Bristol, for two years, and at the High School, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs, for four years, before he became the first headmaster of St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, in 1888. He was also, for a time, Borough Analyst for Newcastle-under-Lyme. He contributed several papers to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific and educational journals. Under his guidance, St. Dunstan’s College, origin- ally started with less than thirty boys, grew into an important institution with more than 600 boys.In 1922, when he retired, he was President of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 393 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th November, and 16th December, 1932, 4 new Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, 32 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. The deaths of 7 Fellows, I Associate and 2 Students have been reported. New Fellows. Damodaran, Manayath, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., Biochemistry Department, Imperial College of Science & Technology,South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Rose, Colonel John George, D.S.O., Croix de Guerre, Beau Soleil, Salisbury Road, Wynberg, Cape Town, South Africa.Stephen, Henry, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Manc.), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Tate, Francis George Henry, 96, Barrow Road, London, S.W.16. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Anfilogoff, Nicholas Lionel, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Baker, John William, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), The University, Leeds. Jones, Richard Owen, M.Sc. (Wales), 76, Singleton Road, Kersal, Man- Chester. Lead, Wilfred Livingstone, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), North View, Swallow House Lane, Hayfield, Derbyshire. Pizer, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Reading), 10, Downing Street, London, S.W.l. Rheinlander, Arthur Henry, M.Sc.(Lond.), Government Laboratory,Clements Inn Passage, London, W.C.2. Venkataraman, Krishnasami, M.A. (Madras), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), Forman Christ,ian College, Lahore, India. New Associates. Baird, Ronald John, A.H-W.C., c/o The Grace National Bank, 7, Hanover Square, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Bolland, Clifford Beaumont, M.Sc. (Leeds), 53, Shay Terrace, Carlinghow, Batley, Yorks. Brent, Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Ph.D., D.I.C., 82, Wembley Park Drive, Wembley, Middleses. Brightmore, Raymond George, B.Sc. (Lod.), Faculty of Science, Union Society, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Brook, Leslie Wadswort,h, R.Sc. (London.), 55, Blackmoorfoot Road, Huddersfield. Bryan, William Stanger, 48, Aldersey Gardens, Barking, Essex.394 Chrisman, Albert Edward, M.Sc. (Birm.), Messrs. The Aftock Oil Co., Ltd., Rawalpindi, India. Driscoll, John O’Leary, B.Se. (Wales), 87, Willow Street, Romford, Essex. Eccles, Alfred, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Preston Parade, Beeston, Leeds, 11. Ferns, John Fitzpatrick, M.Sc. (Mane.), 12, The Coppice, Oxhey, Watford. Harris, Samuel, M.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Hillside, Hay Lane, London, N.W.9. Hart, Stephen John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Edna Street, London, S.W.ll. Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc., (Lond.), 21, Underhill Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Hill, Miss Evelyn Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 97, Woolwich Road, London, S.E.2. Hill, Kenneth Robson, B.Sc. (Lond.), School House, Washington, Co. Durham. Hopkins, Ernest Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.), 6, Adelaide Road, London, S.E.4. Hoyte, William Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), 14, Cefn Pare, Skewen, Glam. John, Tudor, M.Sc. (Wales), Castle House, Llantrisant, Glam. Ledwith, Richard John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Leigham Vale, London, S.W.2. Lowe, William Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 93, Canon Street, Cherry Orchard, Shrewsbury. Mackenzie, William Donald, B.Sc. (Glas.), Annieslea, Stepps, Glasgow. Manson, Thomas, A.H-W.C., 25, Kilmaurs Road, Edinburgh. Moss, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Arnside, Riddings Road, Hale, Altrincham. Nixon, Richard Herbert, 9, Churchill Road, Boscombe, Hants. Parkin, Michael, M.Sc. (Sheff .), 50, Bannerdale Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Patrick, James, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), 6, Heathfield Drive, Milngavie, Dumbar- tonshire.Perry, Miss Hilda Mary, M.Sc. (Lond.), Brooklands, Hawthorn Road, Wallington.Ray, Karunaranjan, M.Sc. (Birm.), Metallurgical Inspectorate, Tatanagar, B.N. Railway, India. Rigby, George Reginald, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 90, Campbell Road, Stoke-on-Trent. Shukla, Soorya Narayan, M.Sc. (Lucknow), Ph.D., (Lond.), Devi Nivas, Gokarranath Road, Lucknow, India. Smith, John, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), The Anchorage, Methilbrae, Methil, Fife. Subramaniam, Vira, B.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Mane.), Custom House, Karachi, India. Taylor, Albert, MSc. (Mane.), Cranley, Stamford Road, Audenshaw, Manches ter . Warren, William George Wickham, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Binegar Rectory, Gurney Slade, Bath. Re-elected Associate. Whitley, Walter, B.A.(Oxon.), Government Laboratory, Dar-es-Salaa,m, Tanganyika, Central Africa. New Students. Banfield, Thomas Arthur, Rock Bank West, Brixham. Bradbrook, Eric Charles Flower, 36, Broom Hill Road, Ipswich. Brine, John Alfred, 12, The Mall, Swindon. Burden, Ronald William, 73, Hackwood Road, Basingstoke. Carroll, Arthur, 54, Collyhurst Street, Manchester. Clark, Jr., John, 2, Brunstane Road, Jopptt, Midlothian. Cluer, Abraham, 5, Nightingale Road, London, E.5. Denbigh, Kenneth George, 42, Barnsley Road N., Wakefield. Ealey, John Alfred, 9, Redriffe Road, London, E.13. Elmes, Albert Walter, 36, Hind Street, Stockton-on-Tees. 395 Farrand, Eric Austin, 201, Goldhawk Road, London, W.12. Fishwick, Miss Joan, 39, Crow Hill North, Alkrington, Middleton. Harris, John Alexander, 27, Laverstoke, Whitchurch.Hewspear, David, 16, Broughton Street, Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester. Holburn, William, 23, Ryburn Buildings, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Kerry, Robert Macdonald, 79, Dollis Park, Church End, London, N.3. Louden, John, Mossend, Polmont, Falkirk. McKillop, William Baillie, 8, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. McInnes, Ian Kennedy, Ellenbank, Reddingmuirhead, Polmont, Falkirk. Merrett, Frank Mark, 12, Albert Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Minton, Lawrence George, Beechfield, Alderley Ridge, Manchester. Nellist, George Rippon, 28, Malvern Road, Billingham-on-Tees. Noble, John, 42, Huntley Terrace, Ryhope, Co.Durham. Osborne, Thomas Lloyd, 68, Ashburton Road, Addiscombe, Croydon.Sharples, Kenneth Strang, Lauriston, Woodford Road, Bramhall, Cheshire. Shaw, Thomas Athinson, 129, Dacy Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Syme, William, 18, Willowbank Street, Glasgow. Taylor, Alfred McMullen, 163, Fox Lane, London, N.13. Watson, Jr., William, 186, Broomfield Road, Glasgow, N. Wedderburn, John Ogilvy Maclagan, Keble College, Oxford. Whitfield, George William, 5 1, Ritchie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Wright, Douglas Alfred, c/o 72, Shaldon Drive, Littleover, Derby. Re-admitted Student. Storrs, Francis Cecil 36, Maxgravine Gardens, London, W.6. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Henry Bowles. Samuel Donald. Charles James Ellis. Alfred Bostock Hill, M.D. Cecil Brittain Marson, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Alfred Edridge Pike.Charles Maddock Stuart, M.A. (Cantab). Associate. Alan Macdonald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Students. Ernest Eric Baldwin. Kathleen Victoria Cove. 396 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Wednesday, 1st March, 1933. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1933,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:-President. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P. Vice- Presidents. Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. Edward Hinks, M.B.E., B.Sc. Bernard Farmborough Howard. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S.397 Members of Council. William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Albert Edward Dunstan, D.Sc. Percy Lewis-Dale, Ph.D. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A., D.Sc. Bert Pusey Ridge, Ph.D. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Wednesday, 18th January, 1933. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands :Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North-Western :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern :Edwin Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire :Arthur Ernest Everest, D.Sc., Ph.D.Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Robert Bruce. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth :Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Examinations,1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 (after January) will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entvies close. Monday, 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) 24th to 2gth April’ 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP.rst to 6th May. Monday, 6th February, 1933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, roth July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. 398 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates 399 who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. TheLibrary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. 400 Boots Booklovers’Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, 1932,a circular was issued, by the direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special arrangements made for Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library.Over 325 members are partici- pating in the scheme. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.--In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their #emanent addresses for registration. Institute of Fuel.-On Wednesday, 11th January, at the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, a paper will be read by Messrs T. E. Oesterrieth and G.Descamps on ‘‘ The Manufacture of Organic Products from Coke-Oven Gas.” The Institute of Fuel has made arrangements for this meeting to which Fellows and Associates of the Institute are cordially invited.401 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND DECEMBER. 1932.COMMITTEES. 1sT MARCH TO 19~~ Council Council in Committees Committee 0-da *2%w2 8 0%:: &a Gm *2% z,.J wo;$.- QJ.2PLt 3 2 agzsm”a G.C.Clayton. Pres.* F.D.Chattaway. V.P. L.Eynon. V.P. .. G.G.Henderson. V.P. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 .. 6 .. 10 .. 3 0 4 7 1 28 6 25 2 2 1 21 0 4 E.Hinks. V.P. .. .. .. .. 10 6 2 2 3 €3 .F.Howard. V.P. .. .. .. 8 6 2 2 2 A.Smithells. V.P. .. .. .. .. 1 1 6 0 P.H .Kirkaldy. Treas. 0.L.BradyJ.C.A.Brierley .. R.Bruce .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. 9 .. 2 .. 1 8 7 0 2 27 19 5 3 26 9 0 0 7 5 W.F.Buist ..UT.J .A.Butterfield: .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 9 0 5 5 5 0 4 1 R .M .Caven .. .. .. .. .. 4 0 5 0 N.M.Comber .. .. .. .. 2 3 0 0 A.Coulthard .. .. .. .. 3 1 11 0 C.H.Desch . . .. .. .. .. 4 1 0 0 C.Dor6e . . .. .. .. .. 2 6 3 0 A.E .Dunstan .. .. .. .. 2 1 14 1 F.G.Edmed .. .. .. .. 7 7 3 3 W.R .Fearon .. .. .. .. 0 0 5 0 A.G.Francis .. .. .. .. 10 7 14 12 2 P.F.Gordon .. .. .. .. 2 1 6 1 R.H.Greaves .. .. .. .. 6 6 1 1 2 I.M.Heilbron .. .. .. .. 3 0 6 0 Lord Henley L.E.Hinkel .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 H.H.HodgsonJ.R .Johnson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. 9 7 1 20 5 16 0 G.King .. P.Lewis-Dale .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 6 4 4 1 1 0 1 D.Jordan Lloyd H.M .Mason I. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 5 0 7 5 0 0 1 W.J.S.Naunton .. .. .. .. 1 0 0 0 G.H. Perry .. E .K.Rideal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 2 0 14 1 2 1 B.P.RidgeW.Rintoul .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 W.H.Roberts .. .. .. .. 3 1 2 0 W.D.RogersE .Russell .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 9 0 8 5 6 0 2 S.Smiles .. .. .. .. .. 5 5 1 0 G.Stubbs .. .. .. .. .. 7 0 15 0 1 J.F.ThorpeE.J.Way .. J.Weir .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 1 1 4 3 1 14 1 0 8 0 0 A .W .M.Wintle .. .. .. * Ex-o$icio member of all Committees. .. 61-5-i-14 t Ofa possible 6. 14