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XXII.—Description of an ammonia-meter

 

作者: John Joseph Griffin,  

 

期刊: Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London  (RSC Available online 1851)
卷期: Volume 3, issue 3  

页码: 206-209

 

ISSN:1743-6893

 

年代: 1851

 

DOI:10.1039/QJ8510300206

 

出版商: RSC

 

数据来源: RSC

 

摘要:

206 MR GRIFFIN June 17 1850. THOMAS GRAHAM,EsQ. V.P. in the Chair. John Bennett Lawes Esq. and Frederick Vaux Esq. were clected Fellows of the Society. The following presents were annotrnced ‘‘Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,” No. 44 presented by the Society. ‘(On a New Medium for Mounting Organic Substances as Per-manent Objects for Microscopic Inspection,” by Robert Warington presented by the Author. The following papers were read XXIL-Description of art Ammonia-Meter. BY JOHNJOSEPHGRIFFIN F.C.S. I take the liberty of presenting to the Chemical Society a Hydro-meter for determining the strength of solutions of Ammonia. think it may be interesting to the Society because it is founded on a chemical principle while its indications arc such as adapt it to the use of the manufacturer.In a memoir which the Society did me the honour to insert in their Transactions four years ago,* I recited some experiments to prove that mixtures of liquid ammonia with water possess a specific gravity which is the mean of thc specific gravities o€ their components; that in all solutions of ammonia a quantity of anhydrous ammonia weighing 212+ grains which I call a Test-atom displaces 300 grains of water and reduces the specific gravity of the solution to the extent of *OO125; and finally that the strongest solution of ainrrionia which it is possible to prepare at the temperature of 62O Fah. contains in an imperial gallon of solution one hundred test-atoms of ammonia. The new Ammonia-Meter is founded upon those facts.The form of the instrument is that of an ordinary glass hydrometer with a paper scale showing 100 degrees. Every degree indicates 1 test-atom or 212& grains of anhydrous ammonia in the gallon of solution. The zero of the scale signifies pure water at the temperature of 62O F. * On the Constitution of Aqueons Solutions of Acids and Alkalies hlem. Chem. SOC. 111 188 ON THE AMMONIA-METER. The first degree signifies 1test-atom of ammonia and the hundredth degree 100 test-atoms The specific gravity of the liquor which corresponds with 1000 of strength is 0875 water being taken at 1.000. TO render the indications afforded by this instrument useful to manufacturers I have prepared a table which shows the constitution of the hundred solutions of ammonia corresponding with the hun- dred degrees of the instrument.The table contains six columns of numbers. The first column shows the spec@ gravity of the solutions; the second column the weight of an imperial gallon in avoirdupois pounds and ounces ; the third the percentage of ammonia by weight; the fourth column the degree of the solution as indi- cated by the instrument corresponding with the number of test-atoms of ammonia present in a gallon of the liquor ;the fifth coluniii shows the number of grains of ammonia contained in a gallon ; and the sixth column the atomic volume of the solution or that measure of it which contains one test-atom of ammonia. The horizontal lines represent the various equivalents of every degree of ammonia indi- cated by the instrument.The Ammonia-iUeter and the Table together will enable a manu-facturer to determine not only the actual strength of any given liquor but the precise amount of dilution necessary to convert it into a liquor of any other desired strength. Thus a liquor indicating 96' by this instrument has a specific gravity of *88 and another indicating 32O has a specific gravity of 96. If the strong liquor is to be diluted to form the weak liquor the numbers in column 6 of the table show that 104-16measures of the former must be diluted to 312.5 measures of the fatter. The direct quotation of the number of grains of ammonia contaiiied in a gallon of solution enables one to judge at a glance of the money value of any given sample of ammonia.Finding that a liquor at 33O contains about one pound of ammonia; a second liquor at 66u two pounds; and a third at 990 three pounds in the gallon we perceive at once the relative value of these liquors. The degrees of this instrument mark the strength of solutions of ammonia in a more comprehensible manner than is done by a state- ment of their Specific Gravities. Thus the weak liquid ammonia of the London Pharmacopoeia has a specific gravity of *96 and that of the Dublin Pharmacopmia. a specific gravity of -95. A gallon of the latter weighs only 1-&ounce less than a gallon of the former. These comparisons do not appeay to indicate any great differmce in the strength of the liquors; yet the new Ammonia-Meter marks the London ammonia as of 32O and the Dublin ammonia as of 40°;and 208 MR.QRIFFIN the respective strengths of the liquors agree with these numbers the Dublin solution containing 25 per cent more ammonia than the Lon- don solution. In proposing to determine the strength of solutions of am-monia by a hydrometric process I do so in accordance with the practice of chemical manufacturers; but I may add that in point of accuracy the best hydrometer that can be made stands for such a purpose far behind the cheniical process of centigrade testing. This arises from the fact that the density of ammonia in solution closely approximates to the density of water. A gallon of water weighs only 20 ounces more than a gallon of the strongest solution of ammonia.The extreme difference between the specific gravities of the two liquids is only *125. Every degree of the Ammonia-Meter shows the hundredth part of that difference and therefore indicates an alteration equal to + of an ounce in 10lbs. of water or the 800th payt of the entire weight. As a hydrometer of many spindles is ex- pensive and troublesome and as a single spindle cannot conveniently carry above 100 degrees this instrunlent may be said to exhaust the capabilities of such a mode of trial;-but centrigrade testing applied to ammonia readily discriminates ten degrees of chemical strength between each of the hydrometric degrees. The following precautions are necessary to be taken in using the dmmonia-Meter 1,The instrument must not be warmed by the hand before inser- tion into the liquor to be tried.-2.The spindle must not be unne- cessarily wetted by the liquor to prevent this the instrument in a dry state should be put gently into the liquor and the jar or table be tapped till the hydrometer sinks to the proper level,--3. The lines on the scale are drawn level with the general surface of the liquor under trial not with the liquor which capillary attraction draws up round the spindle.-4. It must be borne in mind that when the so-lution of Ammonia has been made with undistilled water the ap-parent strength will be less than the real Strength according to the increase of density due to the impurities contained in the water.* * The specific gravity of the Thames water at Greenwich is 1*00116 (Bennett Chem.SOC. Qu. J. 11 log) and that of London Well-water is 1.0007 (Brande ibid 11 349). Liquid ammonia prepared with the former would be lo,with the latter +o stronger than the degree indicated by the instrument T,QGLE OF LIQUID A&I&!lQNIA. One Test-Atom of Anhydrous Ammonia = NH weighs 2125 grains. Sp. Gr. of Water = 1*00000. One Gallon of Water weighs 10 lbs. and contains 10,000 Septems. Temperature 62O Fahr. H-W I-! %'eight of j. r Septems Weight of Id. Weight of :.r 2 Specific an imperial ercen tage i.22 hains of :on tainine Specific an imperial 'ercentage i: g Grains of Septems Specific an imperial 'ercentage $ .s-0 2raius of Septems mmonia :ontaining *J gravityof gallon in of ;g$ immonia test-atoE :ravity of gallon in of i gz smmonia ontoining :ravity of gallon in of test-atom '2 the liquid avoirdu-immonia in one of he liquid avoirdu-ammonia '& in one test-aton he liquid avoirdu-ammonia ;82 in one of ammoma.pois Ibs. by weight. ;gE gallon. mmonia. rmmonia. pois Ibs. )y weight. ;EE gallon. Of immonia. .mmonia. pois lbs. 'y weight. *EaJ gallon ammonia. and 02s. and ozs. ama and ozs. !s5 !--$7500 3 Ib. 12-02 34,694 100 21250.9 100~00 *91750 9 lb.2'8 02. 21.837 66 14025.0 151.51 -95875 9 Ib. 9.40~. 1@4490 33 7012.5 30303 -87625 d .. 12.2 .. 31,298 99 21037.5 101*01 -91875 9 .. $0 .. 21,477 65 13813 5 15385 -96000 9 .. 9'6 .. 101190 32 6800 0 312.50 %7750 8 .. 12.4 ,. 33'903 98 20825 0 102*04 -92000 9 *. 3'2 .. 21.118 64 1:3rjuo*o 156 25 '96125 9 ..9.8 .. 9 7901 31 6587.5 Y22.58 -87875 8 .. 12.6 .. 33.509 97 20613 5 10:3*09 %?I25 9 ..3.4 .. 20.760 63 133875 158'73 '96250 9 ,. 10.0 .. 9.4620 30 6375.0 333.38 *880"0 6 .. 12.8 .. 33 117 96 20400*0 104 16 *YWiO 9 ..3.6 .. 20 403 62 13175*0 16129 ,96375 9 .. 108 *. 91347 29 6162.5 !$4 83 '88125 8 .. 130 .. 32*725 95 20187.6 106.26 -92373 9..38 .. 20.046 61 1291;2*5 163.93 '96500 9 ..10.4 .. 8.8083 28 5950.0 &7*14 *83250 8 ..13.2 .. 52335 94 19975 0 106.38 -92500 9 .. 40 .. 19 691 60 12750 0 166 67 56625 9 .. 106 .. 8 4827 27 573745 370.37 *88375 8 *. 13'4 .. :i1*916 93 19762.5 107.53 *92625 9 ..4'2 .. 19 337 59 12537.5 169 49 96750 9 *. 108 *. 8.1560 26 3925.0 384 62 w500 8 ..13% .. 31 558 92 19550'0 108.70 *92750 9 ..44 .. 18 983 58 12325 0 li2.41 '968i5 9 ..11.0 ..7.8341 25 5312.5 40OS00 -88625 8 ..13.8 .. 31.172 91 19337.5 109.89 ,92875 9 ..4.6 .. 18 631 57 12112 5 175.44 *97000 9 .. 11.2 .. 75111 24 5100 0 416.67 '88750 8 .. 14.0 .. 30.785 90 19125.0 111'11 *93000 9 .. 48 .. 18280 56 11900~0 178.57 '!)7125 9 .. 11.4 .. 7.1888 23 4887'5 434-7s -88875 d .. 14-2 .I 30400 89 1891235 112.36 -93125 9.. 50 .. 17 929 a5 11687.5 181'82 -97250 9 .. 11 6 .. 6 8674 22 4675 0 45454 -89000 8 *.144 30 016 85 18700.0 11364 *932.50 9 .. 6.2 .. 17'579 51 114i5.0 185.18 '97375 9 .. 11.8 *. 6.5469 21 4462 5 476.19 -89125 8 .. 14% .. 29 1%~ 87 18187'5 114 94 -93375 9 .. 5.4 .. 17*23I 53 11262 5 18@68 w500 9 .. 12.0 .. ti.2271 20 4250.0 500.00 '89250 8 .. 11.8 .. 29'2.32 86 18275.0 116% *93500 9 ..5.6 .. 16.883 52 11050'0 192.31 *9ifi25 9 ..12.2 9. 5 YO82 19 4037 5 52632 .S93i5 8 .. 15.0 .. 28 s71 85 18062.5 117.65 99625 9 .. 5.8 .. 16'536 51 10837'5 196 08 '97750 9 .. 12.4 .. 5 5901 18 3825 0 555.56 -89500 8 .. 15-2 .. 23'4'32 84 1i850.0 119.05 *93750 9 ..6.0 .. 16.190 50 10625 0 200 00 *97875 9 .. 126 *. 5 %728 17 2613 5 668 24 -89625 d .. 15.4 . 28.113 83 17637'5 120-48 -93875 9.. 62 -. 16.846 49 10412'5 204.03 '9x000 9 .. 12.8 .. 4'Y563 16 3400 0 625.00 '89750 8 .. 15.6 . 27.736 82 17425.0 121% .91000 9 ..6.4 .. 15 502 48 10'2c0.0 20fP33 *98l25 9 .. 13-0 .. 4 6406 15 3187.5 666.67 -89875 8 ..15% .. 27.359 81 17212.5 123.46 *94125 9 ..66 15.158 47 9987 5 212.77 '93250 9 .. 132 .. 4.3255 11 2975.0 714 29 a-'90000 9.. 00.. 26984 80 17000.0 125.00 942550 9a.68 .* 14.816 46 9775'0 2 17.39 * 98375 9 ..13.4 .. 4 0116 13 2762.5 769.25 -90125 9 .. 0.2 .. 26.610 79 16787.5 126.58 '94375 9..70 *. 14.475 45 9562'5 222 22 '93500 9 .,136 *. 3'6983 12 2550 0 833.33 -90250 9 .. 0.4 .. 26%7 78 16575.0 128.21 '94500 9 ..7.2 .. 14.135 44 93500 227'27 -98625 9 .. 138 .. 3.3858 11 2387 5 909.09 -90375 9 .. 06 . 25 865 77 16362.5 129.87 W625 9 ..7.4 .. 13 795 43 9137'5 232 56 *Yir750 9 .. 14.0 .. 3,0741 10 2125 0 1000~00 '90500 9 ..I 0'8 .. 25.493 76 1615OqO 131.58 -9.4750 9 .. 76 .. 13.456 42 8925'0 238 09 '988T5 9 *. 14.2 .. 2'7632 9 1912 5 1111.10 90625 9.. 10.. 25.123 75 159317'5 1:33.;33 -91875 9 ..78 .. 13'119 41 8712.5 24) 90 '99000 9 .. 144 .. 2.4531 8 li00 0 1250.00 90750 9 .. 1.2 .. 24.754 74 15725.0 135.13 *95000 Y ..8.0 .. 12'782 40 8500 0 250 00 '99 125 9 ..146 ..2-1438 7 1425.60 -90.75 I).. 1.4 .. 24386 73 155125 136.93 *!J5 125 9 ..8.2 .. 12.446 a9 8287'5 256.41 '99250 !) .. 148 .. 18352 6 ?P,F1666 70 Id3 0 '91 000 9 .. 1,6 .. 24.019 72 15300 0 138*89 *95250 9 ..84 .. 12 111 38 8075'0 263 16 '99375 9 .,15.0 .. 15274 5 1062.5 200000 ,91125 9 .. 1.3 .. 23'653 71 15087.5 140.85 95;m 9 ..8.6 .. 11 '777 37 7862'5 270 27 '99500 9 .. 15.2 .. 1.2204 4 P50 0 ?!op'oo * 91250 9 .. 2.0 .. 23.288 70 14875.0 142 86 '95500 0 ..8.8 .* 11'444 ::6 7650'0 277.78 '99695 9 .. 15.4 .. 0'9141 a 637 5 i3.W su *91375 9 .. 2'2 .. 225m 69 1466'25 141*93 '95625 9.. 90 .. 11'111 35 7437'5 285.71 '9!)750 9 .. 15.6 .. 0 6087 2 425.0 5000~00 -91500 9 .. 3.4 .. 22.66 I 68 14450*0 19-06 ,95750 9 ..9'2 .. 1W780 31 7295'0 291.14 '99875 9 ..158 .. 0-3040 1 212.5 1000000 '91625 9 .. 2.6 *. 22.198 67 14237.5 14925 1*0000 10 lbs. Water. 0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ti. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6.

 

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