There is controversy about whether N2O increases cerebral blood flow and cortical oxygen consumption (CMRO2) in rats. Cortical and subcortical blood flow and CMRO2were measured in awake, unrestrained rats while awake and during 70% N2O administration using radioactive microspheres. In the awake state, cortical and subcortical blood flow were 126 ± 10 and 98 ± 7 ml · 100 g−1· min−1, respectively, and CMRO2(cortical) was 10.0 ± 0.6 ml O2· 100 g−1· min−1(mean ± SE). After 15 min of 70% N2O, cortical and subcortical blood flow increased 100% and 40%, respectively, while CMRO2did not increase significantly. Cerebral blood flow remained increased after 60 min of N2O exposure, and CMRO2did not change. These results show that N2O produces cerebrovasodilation in rats that is not related to a change in metabolic demand. Plasma catecholamines do not change during N2O administration, indicating that the increase in blood flow is not due to a general stress response.