MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. Mi n e r a 1 o gi c a 1 C h em i s try. 153 Selenium and Tellurium Minerals from Honduras. Bg E. S. DANA and H. L. WELLS (Amer. J. Sci., 40, 78--82).-The authors received a number of specimens of minerals containing selenium and tellurium from El Plomo mine, Ojojama District, Honduras. Two of these have proved to be of unusual interest. The first occurs in massive forms, with hexagonal cleavagt, of a blackish-grey colour, dissemi- nated through a gangue consisting chiefly of quartz and barytes. After deducting 65-68 per cent. of gangue, the analytical results obtained were as follows :- Se. Te. Total. 29-31 70.69 200.00 The mineral is obviously an isomorphous mixture of selenium and tellurium, and is of great interest in that it is the nearest approach to native selenium which has yet been found.The authors propose to call this mineral Xelen-tellurium. In conr?ection with the hex- agonal cleavage of this mineral, it is interesting to n0t.e the recent observations of Muthmann (Zeit. f. Kryst., 17, 356), showing the existence of an allotropic form of metallic selenium in hexagonal- rhombohedra1 crystals, closely isomorphous with tellurium. In the analysis, the separation of selenium and tellui-ium was effected by the method of Divers and Shimose (Trans., 1885, 439). The second mineral is obviously an oxidation product of a greenish- yellow colour. Analysis shows it to be a normal ferric tellurite of VOL. LX. m3 54 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. the composition Fe2O3,3Te0, + 4H20. That the mineral is a ferric tdlurite is evident since it gives off no chlorine when boiled in hydro- chloric acid, nor does it give any reaction for ferrous iron when dis- solved in cold hydrochloric acid.Two other tellurium-iron minerals have been described, namely, Gen th’s feryoteZZurite and Hillebrnad’s emwonsits (Abstr., 1887, 344). The former is a fcrroue tellurite widely different in appearance from the Honduras mineral, for which the authors, therefore, propose the name of Dui-denite, after the gentleman to whom they are indebted for the material used. In a note appended to the paper, W. F. Hillebrand gives the results of a repetition of the analysis OE enimonsite, which upholds the accu- racy of his former analysis, and seems to prove that the two minerals arc distinct.B. El. B. Fluorspar from Quinci6. By H. BECQUEREL and H. MOISSAN (Compt. rend., 111, 669--672).-See this vol. p. 148. New Variety of Zinc Sulphide. By J. D. ROBE~~TSON (Amw. J. Sci., 40, 160-161).--8 peculiar variety of zinc sulphide has been found in south-eastern Kansas, remarkable from the fact t h a t it is nearly pure white and completely amorphous. Itl is found in the centre of the town of Galena, Cherokee Go., Kansas. When taken from the mine, it is soft, full of water, and resembles white lead ground in oil. Evidence points to the existence of a large body of this peculiar ore in the mine. An analysis of a dried sample yielded : Insol. matter. Zn. S. Fe20,,. Total. 2.52 63-70 30.77 2-40 99.39 The water contained iu the original sample showed a slight, amount of sulphuric acid. This sulphide was evidently formed by the pi*ecipitat,ion of zinc sulphate, resulting from the oxidation of blende, by hydrogen sulphide or an alkaline sulphide. Contributions to Mineralogy.By F. A. GENTH (Amer. J. Sci., 40, 114-120).-1. Tetradyn2ite.-This mineral occurs, in crystals suggesting an orthorhombic form, near Bradshaw City, Ayizona. After subtracting 15.6 per cent. of quartz and 1.8 per cent. of ferric oxide, the analysis gave: B. H. B. S. To. Bi. Total. 4.50 33.25 62.23 99-98 These results give a formula analogous to that of bismuthinite. 2. Iron Pyrites.-The occurrence of cobalt arsenate with the octa- hedral crystals of iron pyrites at the French Creek iron mines, Pennsylvania, suggested an analysis of the latter, which gave t t e following results :- S.As. Cu. Ni. Co. Fe. Total. 54.08 0 20 0.05 0.18 1-73 44.24 100.50MINERALOQ~CAL CHEMISTRY. 1.55 3. Quartz, Pseudomorphous after 8tibnite.-Specimens from Durango, Mexico, were found to contain stibnito completely altered into a yellowish-white quartz. 4. Gold in Turquoise.-In many collections, specimens of gold en- closed in a bluish-green mineral are represented as turquoise with gold from Los Cerillos, New Mexico. Specimens analysed by the author are proved l o contain no turquoise; i n one case, the gold- bearing mineral was a chromiferous clay, and in the other, quartz admixed with c hrysocolla. 5. Zircon.-With the masses of monazite, a t Mars Hill, Madison Co., North Carolina, large crystals of zircon, with a sp. gr. of 4.507, occasionally occur.On analysis, the following resuits were ob- tained :- Si02. 250,. Fe203. Loss on ignition. To t?d. 31.83 63-42 3-23 1.20 99.68 6. ScnpoZite.-At the Elizabeth mine, French Creek, Pennsylvania, small crystals of scapolite occasionally occur, filling cavities of grey garnet, associated with magnetite, pyrites, and remnants of the essonite Erom the alteration of which it appears to have been dc- rived. The scapolite is coloui*less to white ; it has a sp. gr. of 2.675, and on analysis gave the following results (‘I) :- COO. SiO,. AlnOs. Fen03. MgO. CaO. Nn@. I. 2-63 52-30 23.68 0.58 0.05 12.36 6.29 TC. 1.71 41.42 18-09 10.81 0.59 ‘LCi.19 - Loss by K,O. ignition. MnO. Total. I. 0.77 1.50 - 100*16* 11. - 0.51 0.88 100.20 The second analysis is of the gray garnet which also results from the alteration OE essonite.7. Titunifei-ous Garnet. -A variety oE garnet from the Jones mine, Green River, North Carolina, gave, on analysis, the followiny re- sults :- Loss on SiO,. TiO,. Al,O,. Fe,O,. FeO. MgO. CaO. ignition. Total. 35.56 4.58 4.43 20.51 1-88 0.17 31.90 0.55 99-58 8. Allunite.-T he author analysed two specimens of allanite with SiO,. Tho?. TiO,. CeO,(LaDi),O,. Y,Os. Al,03. Fe203. the following results :- c~py--J ~..31.67 0.33 - 23-98 0.36 12.20 4-42 b. 32.04 - 0.1’2 12.91 10.24 0.33 14.02 7.17 Loss on FeO. MnO. MgO. CaO. ignition. Total. Sp. gr. U. 10.89 2.52 2.08 9-37 2.25 10007 30.546 b. 7-52 0-37 7.47 11.34 2.63 100.16 3.491 * 100.06 in original. w i d156 ABSTRACT6 OF OHEMIGAL PAPERS. a. Colonr, velvet-black-; b.Deep brownish-black. 9. Lettsomite.--The author has anal-ysed syecimens of this rare material from two new localities : t,he Copper Mountain mine, near Morenci, Arizona, and Copperopolis, Tintic District, Utah. In both cases, the analysis gives results closely agreeing with those demanded by the formula Cu4A1,( OH),,SO, + 2H20. B. H. B. Synthesis of Rubies. By E. FEEMY and B.VERNEUIL (Compt. ~e92d.~ 111, 668--669).--Tbe authors have made several important modi6ca- tions in their process for the manufacture of artificial rubies, and are now able to obtain much larger crptals. The alumina i n addition to the small quantity of chromium is made alkaline with potassium carbonate, which facilitates the formation of the crystals but does not enter into their composition.It is advantageous not to mix all the materials but to keep the alumina separate from the fluorides of the alkaline earths, and in this way the mineralisation is effected by the inteyaction of the gases and vapours. The time of heating i$ extended to not less than a week ; gas furnaces are used in place of coke, and the crucibles have a capacity of several litres, and arc capable of producing as much as three kilos. of rubies at each operation. Natural rubies are found which in parts have the colour of the sapphire. Similar crystals are obtained aniongst the artificial pro- ducts, and there can therefore be little doubt that the colours of the ruby and the sapphire are both due to chromium, probably in different states of oxidation. The artificial rubies have been used as pivots in watches, and are not inferior t o the natural stones in hardness.C. H. B. Curious Occurrence of Vivianite. By W. L. DUDLEY (Amcr. J. Sci., 40, 120-12l).-Two miles above Eddyrille, Kentucky, ‘‘ blue roots ” were discoyered embedded in a stratum of clay i n such position as t o indicate that they were in the place of their growth. The blue mineral, which has almost wholly replaced the woody fibre of t h e roots, is of a, deep-blue colour. It is earthy and very friable, and gave, on analysis, the following results :- HZO HSO A120,. Fe203. FeO. CaO. MgO. P@,. at 100’. at 230’. Tot.al. 17-74 9.35 24-58 0.59 0.43 27.71 10-59 7.24 100.07 These results seem to indicate that the ferrous iron in the. mineral is combined with the phosphoric anhydride to form vivianite, and if the double mol.of vivianite, 2(Fe3P208 + 8H20), be subtracted, there remains an almost dehydrated double mol. of turquoise, A18P402, + IOH,O, in which 1 mol. of ferric oxide has replaced one of alumina. B. H. B. Dihydrothenardite. By V. MARKOVNJKOFF ( J . RUSS. Chem. SOC. ~ 22, 26--27).-Owing to an inexplicable mistake, a new mineral, dihydrothenardite, Na,S04 + 2H20, was described by the authol- (Ahstr., 1868, 794), whereas a renewed investigation shows that it. isMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 157 -~ Si02 . .. NiO.. .. MgO . . . Fe203. . . Cr203 .. MnO . . . m,o3 .. Ha0 . a . Totals L. -- astrachanite (hydrated sulphnts of sodium aud magnesium) contain- ing a considerable quantity oE thenardite. Connellits from Cornwall. By S.L. PENFIELD (Anzer. J. #&., 40, 82--86).-Connellite is of special interest to the author, owing to its apparently close rclation to the new mineral spnngolite, recently described by him (Abstr., 1890, 1073). On examining a specimen from Camborne, the author found that the habit of the xystals agrees well with the general description given by Maskelyne in 1863. The analysis, in which the author places great confidence, gave the following results :- SOP C1. CuO. H20. Loss at 100". Total. Less 0. 4.9 7.4 72.3 16.8 0.4 101.8 1.7 B. B. 36.25 46.30 9 '00 0' 14 _- 3-20 - - The ratio is not very satisfactory, unless it is assumed that, some OH is isomorphous with the C1, in which case the formula may be written CU,,(C'I,OH),SO,~,~~H~O. The mineral is very similar to spangolite in composition, both minerals being very basic sulphato- chlorides. B.H. B. 34.78 35-80 20.57 43.79 43-54 15 '56 2 '75 2 -65 0 '81 6.30 10.73 49 *03 - 3 -82 - 0 -19 trace 12-43 8 .00 10.32 -. - - - Nickel Ores from New Caledonia. By T. MOORE (C'hem. Nezcs, 62, 180--181).-The ore known as garnierit,e is found in or near serpentine masses or mountains, either as cerrreriting material in agglomerations of rounded serpentine pebbles or as an interstitial deposit between thin layers of qunrh, steatite, and various hydrated magnesium silicates. The associated minerals vary, but comprise quartz, magnesium silicates, and iron oxides ; sometimes one pre- dominates, sometimes another, the others being even absent; it is also accompanied at times by chrome-iron ore and surrounded by a f errugino u s earth.The colour of garnierite varies from pale-green in poor ores to warm dark-green in the richer ones, and passes through almost imperceptible shades to light- and chocolate-browns. It crumbles gradually to powder, on exposure to weather, the brown more readily Green ores. 35 *55 48.38 5 *02 1 *41 1 -09 0.15 8 .85 100 '45 - -- 36 '24 44 '94 8 -75 0 '21 1 '03 - - 8 -98 100 *15 -- Brown ores. I Ferruginous I brown ore. 99.89 I 100'02 1 100.91 I 100.17158 ABSTRACTS OF CEEMICAL PAPERS. Bhan the green varieties ; in all forms it dissolves readilyin hot hydro- chloric acid, leaving a non-gelatinous silica. I n the table (p. l57), are given numbers, corrected for quartz, obtained in thc analysis of samples of pure ore ; samples previously analysed by other workers appear to have been contaminated with gangue :- Samples 1 and 2 were a fine, brilliant grass-green; hardness, 2-3 ; sp. gr.3 ; streak, light-green ; lustre, waxy and slightly t,rans- lucent at their edges. Before the blowpipe, the coloiir becomes dark olive-green, or red in presence of much iron. 3, 4, and 5 were various shades of brown, streak yellow to brownish-yellow, fracture conchoidal with resinous lustre, sp. gr. and hardness the same as green ore, but were rather more brittle. From these numbers, both kinds of ore seem to approach very nearly to a hydrated silicate of the composition 7Ni0,6SiQ2,aH2O, part of the nickel beimg replaced by magnesia, iron oxide, or alumina. The ores represented by sample 6 are light-brown in colour, resembling limonite, are easily marked by the nail, and do not seen1 to belong to the same class as the others just described.Minerals occurring near Port Henry, New York. By J. I?. KEMP (Amer. J. Sci., 40, 62--G4).-At the abandoned Pease quarry, a short distance north-west of Port Henry, a face of white, crystalline limestone has been laid bare, and in this occur streaks of hornblende,. plagioclase, muscovite, and quartz, but containing as well a great abundance of yellowish-brown titanite crystals ; fine brown tour- malines also occur. West of this quarry is another, where flux is being obtained for local furnmes. The rock, a crystalline limestone, con- tains small, hexagonal tables of graphite disseminated through it. Occasionally lemon-yellow calcite is found, with fine crystals of clear calcite of great crjstallographical interest as being good illustrations of oscillatory forms.Further west is the Treadway quarry in ophi- calcite, containing streaks of pjrrhotite, phlogopite, brown tourma- line, and well-crystallised light-brown treniolite. The abandoned quarry six miles north-west of Poi3t Henry, the source of the well- known tourmaline crystals, is probably a felspathic mass either iii gneiss or in granite, and cut by t.hree narrow dykes of altered‘ diabase. Great masses of biotite and fine specimens of rose-quartz are also met with. The so-called Lover’s Pit at Mineville is affording crystals and cleavage masses of magnetite of unusual size and ex- cellence. B. H. B. 1). A. L. Fayalite in the Obsidian of Lipari.By J. P. IDDINS and S. L. PENFIELD (Amer. J. Xci., 40, 75-78).-The Lipari Islands have long been celebrated for their acid laws and pumices. The chief interest in connection with these rocks attaches itself to the fayalife crystals in the cavities, which hare not been noticed hitherto. They are not abundant, but occur i n several localities, Laving been found by J. P. Iddings at Forgin Vecchia, and in the obsidian stream on Volcano, and having been noted in specinieris lrom Monte della Guardia. The crjstals at Forgia Vecchia are very thin plates, the <*rystallographicnl measurements of which are given in detail by theORQANIC CEIEMISTRP 159 authors. The optical properties not only agree with orthorbombic symmetry, but also with the determinations made on the fayalite from Obsidian Cliff, in the Yellowstone Pmk (this vol., p.26). The chemical composition, too, is the same in both cases, namely, ortho- silicate of iron. The occurrence of fayalite in the liollow spherulites and lithophysaa in the obsidian OE the Lipari Islands, whilst not SO abundant as in that of the Yellowstone Park, is identical. It is associated in the same manner with tridyrnite and alkali felspurs, and its development is due to the same causes in the two regions. Two New Meteoric Irons. By l?. P. VENABLE (Amer. J. &i., 40, 161-163).-1. A mass is reported to have fallen in 1846 at Deep Springs Farm, in Rockingham Co., North Carolina. It is now in the possession of the State Museum. The weight of the mass was 11.5 kilos.It had the shape of a rhomboid, and was coated with oxidation products, giving it a dull-reddish colonr. The surface is irregularly pitted. On being polished and etched, it faintly exhibited Widmanstatten figures. It belongs to the class of sweating meteor- ites, beads of deliquesced ferric chloride appearing on the surface. The analysis gave- Fe. Y. SiOB. C1. Ni. Co. Total . 87*01 0.04 0.53 0.39 11.69 0.79 200.95 2. A meteoric iron was found in 1889 in Henry Co., Virginia, B. H. B. It weighed 1.7 kilos., and the detached pieces, mainly crust, 0.28 kilo. The iron contains a considerable amount of ferric chloride, and rapidly crumbles. On polishing one of the sides, the Widrnanst'atten figures came out plainly, no etching being necessary. The analysis gare the following results :- Fe.C1. SO2. P. Co. Ni. Total. 90.54 0.35 0.04 0.13 0.94 7-70 99.70 B. H. B.MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY.Mi n e r a 1 o gi c a 1 C h em i s try.153Selenium and Tellurium Minerals from Honduras. Bg E.S. DANA and H. L. WELLS (Amer. J. Sci., 40, 78--82).-The authorsreceived a number of specimens of minerals containing selenium andtellurium from El Plomo mine, Ojojama District, Honduras. Two ofthese have proved to be of unusual interest. The first occurs in massiveforms, with hexagonal cleavagt, of a blackish-grey colour, dissemi-nated through a gangue consisting chiefly of quartz and barytes.After deducting 65-68 per cent. of gangue, the analytical resultsobtained were as follows :-Se. Te. Total.29-31 70.69 200.00The mineral is obviously an isomorphous mixture of selenium andtellurium, and is of great interest in that it is the nearest approachto native selenium which has yet been found.The authors proposeto call this mineral Xelen-tellurium. In conr?ection with the hex-agonal cleavage of this mineral, it is interesting to n0t.e the recentobservations of Muthmann (Zeit. f. Kryst., 17, 356), showing theexistence of an allotropic form of metallic selenium in hexagonal-rhombohedra1 crystals, closely isomorphous with tellurium. In theanalysis, the separation of selenium and tellui-ium was effected by themethod of Divers and Shimose (Trans., 1885, 439).The second mineral is obviously an oxidation product of a greenish-yellow colour. Analysis shows it to be a normal ferric tellurite ofVOL.LX. 3 54 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.the composition Fe2O3,3Te0, + 4H20. That the mineral is a ferrictdlurite is evident since it gives off no chlorine when boiled in hydro-chloric acid, nor does it give any reaction for ferrous iron when dis-solved in cold hydrochloric acid. Two other tellurium-iron mineralshave been described, namely, Gen th’s feryoteZZurite and Hillebrnad’semwonsits (Abstr., 1887, 344). The former is a fcrroue telluritewidely different in appearance from the Honduras mineral, for whichthe authors, therefore, propose the name of Dui-denite, after thegentleman to whom they are indebted for the material used.In a note appended to the paper, W. F. Hillebrand gives the resultsof a repetition of the analysis OE enimonsite, which upholds the accu-racy of his former analysis, and seems to prove that the two mineralsarc distinct.B. El. B.Fluorspar from Quinci6. By H. BECQUEREL and H. MOISSAN(Compt. rend., 111, 669--672).-See this vol. p. 148.New Variety of Zinc Sulphide. By J. D. ROBE~~TSON (Amw. J.Sci., 40, 160-161).--8 peculiar variety of zinc sulphide has beenfound in south-eastern Kansas, remarkable from the fact t h a t it isnearly pure white and completely amorphous. Itl is found in thecentre of the town of Galena, Cherokee Go., Kansas. When takenfrom the mine, it is soft, full of water, and resembles white leadground in oil. Evidence points to the existence of a large body ofthis peculiar ore in the mine. An analysis of a dried sampleyielded :Insol.matter. Zn. S. Fe20,,. Total.2.52 63-70 30.77 2-40 99.39The water contained iu the original sample showed a slight,amount of sulphuric acid. This sulphide was evidently formed bythe pi*ecipitat,ion of zinc sulphate, resulting from the oxidation ofblende, by hydrogen sulphide or an alkaline sulphide.Contributions to Mineralogy. By F. A. GENTH (Amer. J. Sci.,40, 114-120).-1. Tetradyn2ite.-This mineral occurs, in crystalssuggesting an orthorhombic form, near Bradshaw City, Ayizona.After subtracting 15.6 per cent. of quartz and 1.8 per cent. of ferricoxide, the analysis gave:B. H. B.S. To. Bi. Total.4.50 33.25 62.23 99-98These results give a formula analogous to that of bismuthinite.2. Iron Pyrites.-The occurrence of cobalt arsenate with the octa-hedral crystals of iron pyrites at the French Creek iron mines,Pennsylvania, suggested an analysis of the latter, which gave t t efollowing results :-S.As. Cu. Ni. Co. Fe. Total.54.08 0 20 0.05 0.18 1-73 44.24 100.5MINERALOQ~CAL CHEMISTRY. 1.553. Quartz, Pseudomorphous after 8tibnite.-Specimens from Durango,Mexico, were found to contain stibnito completely altered into ayellowish-white quartz.4. Gold in Turquoise.-In many collections, specimens of gold en-closed in a bluish-green mineral are represented as turquoise withgold from Los Cerillos, New Mexico. Specimens analysed by theauthor are proved l o contain no turquoise; i n one case, the gold-bearing mineral was a chromiferous clay, and in the other, quartzadmixed with c hrysocolla.5.Zircon.-With the masses of monazite, a t Mars Hill, MadisonCo., North Carolina, large crystals of zircon, with a sp. gr. of 4.507,occasionally occur. On analysis, the following resuits were ob-tained :-Si02. 250,. Fe203. Loss on ignition. To t?d.31.83 63-42 3-23 1.20 99.686. ScnpoZite.-At the Elizabeth mine, French Creek, Pennsylvania,small crystals of scapolite occasionally occur, filling cavities of greygarnet, associated with magnetite, pyrites, and remnants of theessonite Erom the alteration of which it appears to have been dc-rived. The scapolite is coloui*less to white ; it has a sp. gr. of 2.675,and on analysis gave the following results (‘I) :-COO. SiO,. AlnOs. Fen03. MgO.CaO. Nn@.I. 2-63 52-30 23.68 0.58 0.05 12.36 6.29TC. 1.71 41.42 18-09 10.81 0.59 ‘LCi.19 -Loss byK,O. ignition. MnO. Total.I. 0.77 1.50 - 100*16*11. - 0.51 0.88 100.20The second analysis is of the gray garnet which also results fromthe alteration OE essonite.7. Titunifei-ous Garnet. -A variety oE garnet from the Jones mine,Green River, North Carolina, gave, on analysis, the followiny re-sults :-Loss onSiO,. TiO,. Al,O,. Fe,O,. FeO. MgO. CaO. ignition. Total.35.56 4.58 4.43 20.51 1-88 0.17 31.90 0.55 99-588. Allunite.-T he author analysed two specimens of allanite withSiO,. Tho?. TiO,. CeO,(LaDi),O,. Y,Os. Al,03. Fe203.the following results :-c~py--J~..31.67 0.33 - 23-98 0.36 12.20 4-42b. 32.04 - 0.1’2 12.91 10.24 0.33 14.02 7.17Loss onFeO.MnO. MgO. CaO. ignition. Total. Sp. gr.U. 10.89 2.52 2.08 9-37 2.25 10007 30.546b. 7-52 0-37 7.47 11.34 2.63 100.16 3.491* 100.06 in original.w i 156 ABSTRACT6 OF OHEMIGAL PAPERS.a. Colonr, velvet-black-; b. Deep brownish-black.9. Lettsomite.--The author has anal-ysed syecimens of this rarematerial from two new localities : t,he Copper Mountain mine, nearMorenci, Arizona, and Copperopolis, Tintic District, Utah. In bothcases, the analysis gives results closely agreeing with those demandedby the formula Cu4A1,( OH),,SO, + 2H20. B. H. B.Synthesis of Rubies. By E. FEEMY and B.VERNEUIL (Compt. ~e92d.~111, 668--669).--Tbe authors have made several important modi6ca-tions in their process for the manufacture of artificial rubies, and arenow able to obtain much larger crptals.The alumina i n additionto the small quantity of chromium is made alkaline with potassiumcarbonate, which facilitates the formation of the crystals but doesnot enter into their composition. It is advantageous not to mix allthe materials but to keep the alumina separate from the fluorides ofthe alkaline earths, and in this way the mineralisation is effected bythe inteyaction of the gases and vapours. The time of heating i$extended to not less than a week ; gas furnaces are used in place ofcoke, and the crucibles have a capacity of several litres, and arccapable of producing as much as three kilos. of rubies at eachoperation.Natural rubies are found which in parts have the colour of thesapphire.Similar crystals are obtained aniongst the artificial pro-ducts, and there can therefore be little doubt that the colours of theruby and the sapphire are both due to chromium, probably in differentstates of oxidation.The artificial rubies have been used as pivots in watches, and arenot inferior t o the natural stones in hardness. C. H. B.Curious Occurrence of Vivianite. By W. L. DUDLEY (Amcr. J.Sci., 40, 120-12l).-Two miles above Eddyrille, Kentucky, ‘‘ blueroots ” were discoyered embedded in a stratum of clay i n such positionas t o indicate that they were in the place of their growth. The bluemineral, which has almost wholly replaced the woody fibre of t h eroots, is of a, deep-blue colour. It is earthy and very friable, andgave, on analysis, the following results :-HZO HSOA120,. Fe203.FeO. CaO. MgO. P@,. at 100’. at 230’. Tot.al.17-74 9.35 24-58 0.59 0.43 27.71 10-59 7.24 100.07These results seem to indicate that the ferrous iron in the. mineralis combined with the phosphoric anhydride to form vivianite, and ifthe double mol. of vivianite, 2(Fe3P208 + 8H20), be subtracted, thereremains an almost dehydrated double mol. of turquoise, A18P402, +IOH,O, in which 1 mol. of ferric oxide has replaced one of alumina.B. H. B.Dihydrothenardite. By V. MARKOVNJKOFF ( J . RUSS. Chem. SOC. ~ 22, 26--27).-Owing to an inexplicable mistake, a new mineral,dihydrothenardite, Na,S04 + 2H20, was described by the authol-(Ahstr., 1868, 794), whereas a renewed investigation shows that it.iMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 157-~Si02 . ..NiO.. ..MgO . . .Fe203. . .Cr203 ..MnO . . .m,o3 ..Ha0 . a .Totals L.--astrachanite (hydrated sulphnts of sodium aud magnesium) contain-ing a considerable quantity oE thenardite.Connellits from Cornwall. By S. L. PENFIELD (Anzer. J. #&.,40, 82--86).-Connellite is of special interest to the author, owingto its apparently close rclation to the new mineral spnngolite, recentlydescribed by him (Abstr., 1890, 1073). On examining a specimenfrom Camborne, the author found that the habit of the xystals agreeswell with the general description given by Maskelyne in 1863. Theanalysis, in which the author places great confidence, gave thefollowing results :-SOP C1. CuO. H20.Loss at 100". Total. Less 0.4.9 7.4 72.3 16.8 0.4 101.8 1.7B. B.36.2546.309 '000' 14_-3-20--The ratio is not very satisfactory, unless it is assumed that, someOH is isomorphous with the C1, in which case the formula may bewritten CU,,(C'I,OH),SO,~,~~H~O. The mineral is very similar tospangolite in composition, both minerals being very basic sulphato-chlorides. B. H. B.34.78 35-80 20.5743.79 43-54 15 '562 '75 2 -65 0 '816.30 10.73 49 *03- 3 -82- 0 -19 trace12-43 8 .00 10.32-. - --Nickel Ores from New Caledonia. By T. MOORE (C'hem.Nezcs, 62, 180--181).-The ore known as garnierit,e is found in ornear serpentine masses or mountains, either as cerrreriting material inagglomerations of rounded serpentine pebbles or as an interstitialdeposit between thin layers of qunrh, steatite, and various hydratedmagnesium silicates.The associated minerals vary, but comprisequartz, magnesium silicates, and iron oxides ; sometimes one pre-dominates, sometimes another, the others being even absent; it isalso accompanied at times by chrome-iron ore and surrounded by af errugino u s earth.The colour of garnierite varies from pale-green in poor ores towarm dark-green in the richer ones, and passes through almostimperceptible shades to light- and chocolate-browns. It crumblesgradually to powder, on exposure to weather, the brown more readilyGreen ores.35 *5548.385 *021 *411 -090.158 .85100 '45---36 '2444 '948 -750 '211 '03 --8 -98100 *15--Brown ores.I Ferruginous I brown ore.99.89 I 100'02 1 100.91 I 100.1158 ABSTRACTS OF CEEMICAL PAPERS.Bhan the green varieties ; in all forms it dissolves readilyin hot hydro-chloric acid, leaving a non-gelatinous silica. I n the table (p. l57), aregiven numbers, corrected for quartz, obtained in thc analysis of samplesof pure ore ; samples previously analysed by other workers appear tohave been contaminated with gangue :-Samples 1 and 2 were a fine, brilliant grass-green; hardness,2-3 ; sp. gr. 3 ; streak, light-green ; lustre, waxy and slightly t,rans-lucent at their edges. Before the blowpipe, the coloiir becomes darkolive-green, or red in presence of much iron.3, 4, and 5 were various shades of brown, streak yellow tobrownish-yellow, fracture conchoidal with resinous lustre, sp.gr. andhardness the same as green ore, but were rather more brittle. Fromthese numbers, both kinds of ore seem to approach very nearly to ahydrated silicate of the composition 7Ni0,6SiQ2,aH2O, part of thenickel beimg replaced by magnesia, iron oxide, or alumina.The ores represented by sample 6 are light-brown in colour,resembling limonite, are easily marked by the nail, and do not seen1to belong to the same class as the others just described.Minerals occurring near Port Henry, New York. By J. I?.KEMP (Amer. J. Sci., 40, 62--G4).-At the abandoned Pease quarry,a short distance north-west of Port Henry, a face of white, crystallinelimestone has been laid bare, and in this occur streaks of hornblende,.plagioclase, muscovite, and quartz, but containing as well a greatabundance of yellowish-brown titanite crystals ; fine brown tour-malines also occur.West of this quarry is another, where flux is beingobtained for local furnmes. The rock, a crystalline limestone, con-tains small, hexagonal tables of graphite disseminated through it.Occasionally lemon-yellow calcite is found, with fine crystals of clearcalcite of great crjstallographical interest as being good illustrationsof oscillatory forms. Further west is the Treadway quarry in ophi-calcite, containing streaks of pjrrhotite, phlogopite, brown tourma-line, and well-crystallised light-brown treniolite. The abandonedquarry six miles north-west of Poi3t Henry, the source of the well-known tourmaline crystals, is probably a felspathic mass either iiigneiss or in granite, and cut by t.hree narrow dykes of altered‘diabase.Great masses of biotite and fine specimens of rose-quartzare also met with. The so-called Lover’s Pit at Mineville is affordingcrystals and cleavage masses of magnetite of unusual size and ex-cellence. B. H. B.1). A. L.Fayalite in the Obsidian of Lipari. By J. P. IDDINS and S.L. PENFIELD (Amer. J. Xci., 40, 75-78).-The Lipari Islands havelong been celebrated for their acid laws and pumices. The chiefinterest in connection with these rocks attaches itself to the fayalifecrystals in the cavities, which hare not been noticed hitherto. Theyare not abundant, but occur i n several localities, Laving been foundby J.P. Iddings at Forgin Vecchia, and in the obsidian stream onVolcano, and having been noted in specinieris lrom Monte dellaGuardia. The crjstals at Forgia Vecchia are very thin plates, the<*rystallographicnl measurements of which are given in detail by thORQANIC CEIEMISTRP 159authors. The optical properties not only agree with orthorbombicsymmetry, but also with the determinations made on the fayalitefrom Obsidian Cliff, in the Yellowstone Pmk (this vol., p. 26). Thechemical composition, too, is the same in both cases, namely, ortho-silicate of iron. The occurrence of fayalite in the liollow spherulitesand lithophysaa in the obsidian OE the Lipari Islands, whilst not SOabundant as in that of the Yellowstone Park, is identical. It isassociated in the same manner with tridyrnite and alkali felspurs, andits development is due to the same causes in the two regions.Two New Meteoric Irons. By l?. P. VENABLE (Amer. J. &i.,40, 161-163).-1. A mass is reported to have fallen in 1846 atDeep Springs Farm, in Rockingham Co., North Carolina. It is nowin the possession of the State Museum. The weight of the mass was11.5 kilos. It had the shape of a rhomboid, and was coated withoxidation products, giving it a dull-reddish colonr. The surface isirregularly pitted. On being polished and etched, it faintly exhibitedWidmanstatten figures. It belongs to the class of sweating meteor-ites, beads of deliquesced ferric chloride appearing on the surface.The analysis gave-Fe. Y. SiOB. C1. Ni. Co. Total .87*01 0.04 0.53 0.39 11.69 0.79 200.952. A meteoric iron was found in 1889 in Henry Co., Virginia,B. H. B.Itweighed 1.7 kilos., and the detached pieces, mainly crust, 0.28 kilo.The iron contains a considerable amount of ferric chloride, andrapidly crumbles. On polishing one of the sides, the Widrnanst'attenfigures came out plainly, no etching being necessary. The analysisgare the following results :-Fe. C1. SO2. P. Co. Ni. Total.90.54 0.35 0.04 0.13 0.94 7-70 99.70B. H. B