CHAPTER 4 Applications EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES Each of the Applications Sections, 4.1 to 4.9, is accompanied by a Table which summarizes the principal analytical features of the references from which the corresponding Section i s compiled. All relevant references are included in the appropriate Table, while the accom- panying text discusses only the more noteworthy contributions. These Applications Tables form a convenient source of information for analysts interested in particular elements, matrices, sample treatments, or atomization systems. In many cases, sufficient detail is given for the analytical procedure to be followed; absence of such detail usually means that the information was not directly available to the compiler of the table, and the original reference should be consulted.The key to the tables is given below. ELEMENT h/nm MATRIX CONCENTRATION TECH. ANALYTE SAMPLE TREATMENT ATOMIZATION REF. The elements determined are listed in alphabetical order of chemical symbol, except that, for space economy, multi-element applications (5 elements or more) are given at the end of some tables. The wavelength, in nanometres, at which the analysis was performed.An indication, necessarily brief, of the material analysed. The concentration range or level of the element in the original matrix, expressed as 9% or pgg-1 for solids and mgl-1 or pg ml-1 for liquids. The atomic spectroscopy technique is indicated by A (absorp- tion), E (emission), or F (fluorescence). The form of the sample, as presented to the instrument, is indicated by S (solid), L (liquid), or G (gas or vapour). A brief indication i s given of the sample pre-treatment required to produce the analyte. The atomization process is indicated by thc abbreviations A (arc), S (spark), F (flame), or P (plasma), usually with some additional descriptive detail. The number refers to the main Reference section, which gives the title of the paper and the name(s) of the author(s), with address. 79