TI1E J UBLLEE CELEBRATION B THE JUBILEE CELEBRATION. THREEmeetings were held in celebration of the Jubilee of the Chemical Society of these notice was given in a circular issued to all the Fellows early in 1891. The days selected were Tuesday 24th February and Wednesday 25th February these being as near as proved convenient to the day of the Preliminary Meeting (23rd February) at which the idea of forming the Society first took shape. In the circular above mentioned it was stated that the first meet- ing of the Jubilee Celebration would be held at the Society of Arts John Street Adelphi ; this place of meeting was selected as it was in these rooms that the Ohemical Society was founded. The number of Fellows expressing their intention of being present proved however so great that a larger meeting room became necessary.Application was then made for the use of the theatre of the London University in Burlington Gardens and this application was most kindly granted by the Senate. The meetings actually held were as follows :-An Afternoon Meeting on 24th February at 3 P.M. in the theatre of the London University. At this meeting addresses were delivered and the delegates from other Societies received. An Evening Reception and Soiree on 24th February at 8.30 P.M. in the he Hall and suite of rooms belonging to the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths who not only placed their rooms at the disposal of the Society but gave most efficient aid in preparing the exhibition of Apparatus and Specimens and took upon themselves all the incidental expenses.A Dinner on 25th February at 7 P.BI. at the Hate1 Mktropole the President in the chair. r.2 4 THE AFTERNOON MEETING. ADDRESS DELIVERED BY THE PBESIDENT DR. W. J. RUSSELL. WE meet to-day to celebrate the fifty years’ existence of our Society a time if measured by the progress which our science has made equal to centuries of former ages but which in years is so brief it space that we have I am happy to say with us to-day some of those who were present and who took an active part in the foundation of the Society and I need hardly say with how much interest we shall listen to their reminiscences of the time and circumstances connected with the birth of our Society.I would by way of introduction say a few words first with regard to our Society and afterwards with regard to the state of chemistry in England when our Society was founded. We boast and I believe rightly that our Society holds the distinguished position of being the first which was formed solely for the study of cliemistrj-. Chemistry and physics twin sisters had hitherto always dwelt together and many were the societies both in this country and abroad devoted to their joint study and development. In London there was the Royal Society which had hitherto received the most important chemical papers; there was also the Society of Arts which is 110 years old and the British Association which is 10 years senior of our Society. In Manchester the Literary and Philosophical Society had been founded and actively at work since 1781; and we admit that our neighbours at Burlington House the Astronomical Antiyuarian Linnean and Geological Societies are all our seniors they had a distinct individuality and literature of their own which called them into existence some 40 to 80 years before the commencement of our Society Small private AFTERNOON MEETING.chemical societies no doubt existed; they are the natural fore-runners of a large society and become merged into it. The Chemical Section of the British Association which is an ephemeral and peri- patetic Chemical Society had existed from the founding of that body. If we turn to other countries we find that much as our science had been cultivated on the continent it did not until later times engross a whole society to itself; the French Chemical Society not having been formed until 1857 and the now great Berlin Chemical Society not until 1868.Our interest however at the moment is rather in the growth of chemistry in this country than in what occurred elsewhere. To-day we may learn how it came aboub that the first Chemical Society was established in England. I may however state that the reason for our meeting depends on the official record that on the 23rd of February 1841 twenty-five gentlemen “interested in the prosecution of Chemistry” met together at the Society of Arts to consider whether it be expedient to form a Chemical Society. Of the twenty-five who then met I am happy to say three are present-Sir W.Grove Sir L. Playfair and Mr. Heisch and Mr. W. J. Cock is another of this band who is still alive but not present. These twenty-five gentlemen appear without dissent to have come to the conclusion that it was expedient to form a Chemical Society and appointed a committee of fourteen to carry this resolution into effect. So expeditious were they in their work that in little more than a month the first general meeting was held and the provisional committee brought forward a report embodying a plan for the con- stitution and government of the Society and this plan as adopted remains essentially the same save in one point to the present clay. I refer to the formation of a museum of chemical specimens; this project was abandoned some years ago.It is worth recording that at this first general meeting Thomas Graham was elected President; W. T. Brande Esq. J. T. Cooper Esq. J. F. Daniell Esq. R. Phillips Vice-presidents ; Arthur Aikin Esq. Treasurer ; Robert Warington Esq. E. P.Teschemacher Esq. Secretaries ; Council-Or. T. Clark Rev. J. Ciimming M.A. Dr. C. Daubeny T. Everitt Esq. T. Griffiths Esq. W. R. Grove Esq. H. Hennell Esq. G. Lowe Esq. W. H. Miller Esq. M.A. W. H. Pepys Esq. R. Porrett Esq. Dr. G. 0. Rees. Also that the Society then numbered seventy-seven members. We hail Sir W. Grove who is still among us as being a most active member in founding our Societly for he was a member of the first Council was present at the first meeting and was a member of the provisional committee.I must here add to the official record for it does not tell us how these twenty- five gentlemen ‘‘interested in the prosecution of Chemistry ’’ mere JUBILEE CELEERATION. collected together at one time and place. Obviously some special force was required to build up this complicated molecule; that special force was embodied in and exercised by Robert Warington. By his activity and energy he brought about this meeting and we can imagine how difficult and troublesome a work it probably was-how some of these gentlemen had to be instigated to action othei-s repressed some convinced that the aim was desirable others that it was feasible. But whatever the difficulties were Mr. Warington succeeded and to him we are indebted for the formation of our Society.Although he has passed away he is ably i.epresentec1 here to-day by his son. The love for the Chemical Society has proved to be hereditary Mr. Warington of to-day is a most active and valued member ; is one of 01x1’ Vice-presidents ; and as our pro-gramme shows is about to present to us records connected with the early history of our Society which are of great interest now and will become of increasing value as time goes on. I turn now at once from these matters immetlintely connected with our Society to the consideration of what was being clone in chemistry in this country fifty years ago. At that time public laboratoibies for the systematic teaching of chemistry did not exist in London. The number of real students of chemistry in this country was very small.They were looked upon by their friends as being eccentric young men who probably would never do any good for themselves and these few students found practical instrnct8ion in the private laboratories of some of the London teachers. The practical teaching of chemistry appears to have been undertaken in Scotland much earlier than in England for Dr. D. B. Reid held practical classes at the University of Edinburgh as early as 1832. Graham came to London from Glasgow in 1837 and until the opening of the Birkbeck Laboratory in 1846 he had from time to time private students working in his laboratory. And so with the other teachers who all had private or articled pupils. I doubt whether the pupils received much systematic instruction but they gained an insight into laboratory work saw how apparatus was put together and how analyses were made.We have indeed to wait some years before public laboratories are established for not till 7845 is the College of Chemistry opened and this appears to have been really the first public laboratory in London and its object as stated by its founders is “to establish a practical School of Chemistry in England.” About the same time both University and King’s College established laboratories. The Council of our Society recognised the importance of these occurrences in the Annual Report in 1847 saying that “ although an event not immediately connected with the Society the Council has much pleasure in commemorating the AFTERNOON MEETING.late successful establishment in London of chemical laboratories expressly designed to further the prosecution of original research. The new laboratories of the College of Chemistry and of the two older Colleges of the London University now offer facilities for practical instruction and research not surpassed we believe in any foreign school.” While speaking of laboratories in London I should however mention that the Pharr~aceutical Society established a laboratory especially if not exclusively for its own students as early as 1843. It was not till several years later till 1850 and 1851 that the medical schools in London established classes of prachical chemistry. If we consult the scientific journals of the time immediately pre- ceding the formation of our Society we find it was by no means a period of chemical activity in this country but- rather a dnll time given more to the study and slow development of the science than to discovery.Methods of analysis both organic and inorganic had been much improved and the dominant idea was the determination of the empirical composition of bodies and the preparation of new com-pounds whose existence was predicted by rz study of Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Graham Kane and Johnston of Durham were the lenders in scientific chemistry and the authors of the most important chemical papers of the time. Graham had very lately published his notable paper on the constitution of salts a paper which gained for him some years after its publication a Royal medal.Ihne vas an active worker and bold theorist and at this time his reputation TV~S much increased by a paper on the Chemical History of Archil and Litmus. Johnston was also a most active chemist. His contributions relate to many branches of the science but especially to the chemical composition of minerals. In 1841 however he is engaged on a long series of papers on the constitution of resins. He will probably be best known and remembered as an agricultural chemist. Faraday m-e can hardly claim as a chemist at this time for he was then rapidly publishing his long series of Experimental Researches in Electricity. While speaking of electricity I should state that it was in 1840 that Sniee described his battery and the Society of Arts awarded him a gold medal for it.An important branch of our science was however coming into existence a branch which has found many and success- ful investigators in this country. I mean photography. It was in 1840 that Herschel published in the Philosophicnl T~ansnctiomhis elaborate paper on the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum a paper in which he recognises a new prismatic colour beyond the violet and chemical activity in the spectrum beyond the red and besides discussing many other matters establishes his previously discovered hyposulpliite of soda as the best agent for the fixing of sun JUBlLEE CELEBRATION. pictures. Fox-Tslbot had previously given an account of Photogenic drawing and claims that as far back as 1835 he took pictures of his house by means of a camera and chloride of silver paper but it is not till 1838 that the Secretary of the Royal Society extracts from him a clear account of the details of his process and it is in 1841 that he is granted a patent for improvements in obtaining pictures or represen-tations of objects.Again in the following year Herschel publishes another paper of much importance. I can here only mention how actively this line of research was prosecuted by Robert Hunt how ninny ingenious and interesting were the experiments he made and how valuable was the account he afterwards gave of this subject in his “ Reseaidies on Light.” Thus the work done in this branch of chemistry at the time of which I am speaking is certainly noteworthj- probably moiqe so than in other branches of chemistry.In fact of other advances in chemistry there is little to record but I may men- tion that Clark’s process for determining the hardness of water also holds its jubilee this year for it was in 1842 that a patent was granted to Dr. T. Clark for a new mode of rendering certain waters less impure and less hard. Not a single chemical paper appears in the Phil. T.s*ans.for 1841 but there arc two papers which were much discussed at this time and although they were readily shown to be erroneous still are interesting as indicating the chemical ideas of the day. One is by Robert Rigg who is carrying on an experimental inquiry on Fermentiztion which is termed ‘‘Additional Experiments on the Formation of Alkaline and Earthy Bodies by Chemical Action when Carbonic Acid is present ” ; it is pnblishecl in the Proceedings of the Royal Society.The other is a paper by Dr. S. M. Brown entitled “The Conversion of Carbon into Silicon,” published in the Tmnsactioiis of the Royal Societ,y of Edinburgh. With regad to the first paper Mr. Rigg believes that he has demon- strated that wlien fermentation takes place a great and direct increase in ahline and earthy salts viz. of potass soda and lime occurs an increase rarying from 15 to 19 times the original amouut. Denham Smith who has only very lately passed away showed that the theory simply rested on inaccurate experiment. The object of the other paper is to demonstrate that on heating paracyanogcn nitrogen is given off leaving a residue of silicon.Dr. Brett and Mr. Denham Smith controverted this and in a paper in the Pld. Ahg. proved that the supposed silicon was simply carbon in a very incombustible state. So important an experiment was this alleged conversion of carbon into silicon considered to be at the time of its publication that it attracted Liebig’s attention and in a letter to Dr. Playfair mhicli was communicated to the meeting of the AFTERNOON BfEETISG. British Association at Plymouth in 1841 Liebig says he has repeated Dr. Brown’s experiment on the production of silicon from paracyan- ogen but has not been able to confirm one of his results. As far as pure chemistry is concerned it was rather a time of repose.The beginning of the century had been a brilliant time for chemistry in England. Dalton had published his atomic theory; Davy had decomposed potash and soda and had demonstrated that chlorine was an element; and Cavendish and Wollaston we1.e then still at work. In fact the most important discoveries of that time mere made in this country but I fancy that during this later period a feeling grew up that the age of brilliant discoveries was over and that apart fro= the preparation of a few new compounds the essential work of the time was analysis and the determination of the percentage composition of substances. Still much quiet study of the science was going on as is indicated by the considerable demand which existed for good text books. Henry’s Turner’s Brande’s Kane’s and Graham’s Chemistry all these without mentioning others went through numerous editions and played a very important part in the spread of chemical know- ledge in our country.Another text book which is interesting as showing how little organic chemistry was studied in this country is Dr. Thomas Thornson’s work on “Vegetable Chemistry.” Dr. Thomson states in his preface that the object of the book is to lay before the British public a pretty full view of the present state of the chemistry of vegetable bodies ; and further he says “that the ultimate analyses he gives have with vcry few exceptions been made upon the continent and principally in Germany and France. British chemists have hardly entered on the investigation.” Evidently then at this time organic chemistry had been but little studied in this country.When our Society was founded Thomas Graham was certainly the most distinguished chemist in England. He came to London in 1837 as professor of chemistry at University College succeeding Edward Turner. The work he had already accomplished was of a high order and he was now occupied in writing his book which appeared in 1842. The book was an admirable account of the chemistry of the time ; it contained a well arranged and clearly written introduction describing the principles and latest discoveries in those branches of physics which bear most directly on chemistry. There was also an able and succinct account probably the best which had then appeared in this country of organic chemistry ; and with regard to physiological chemistry he states in the preface t’hat he gives a “condensed view of the new discoveries in this department which now enters for the first time into a systematic work on chemistry.’’ There are howeTer indications t,hat a knowledge of the discoveries JUBIJJEE CELEBBATIOS.and discussions going on on the continent only slowly reached this country. This is strongly insisted on in the Phil. Xag. of 1841 by Messrs. Francis and Croft who state that *‘bati little of what is done abroad especially in Germany seems to find its way into England or at least until the lapse of some years.” In proof of this statement they mention results lately published by Dr. Apjohn Prof. Johnston and Dr.Golding Bird all of which had been known on the continent some time previousl-j-. A valuable series of communications desuribeci as “ Notes of the Labours of Continental is afterwards communicated by these chemists to the Phil. Xag. and continued for several years. The visit of Liebig in 1837,when lie attended the meeting of th2 British Association at Liverpool must have given some stimnlus to the study of organic chemistry in England and we find that he under- took to report to the British Association on “Isomeric bodies,” and also on “ Organic Chemist~y,”and this great undertaking msulted in his two works the one “ Chemistry in its applications to Agriculture and Physiolgoy,” and the other “ Chemistry in its applications to Physiology and Pat8hology.” ’Both books were cledicatecl to the British Association the first appearing in 18-40 the second in 1843.It is very difficnlt for us now to realise the importance of these works ad properly to appreciate not only the large amount of new knowledge which they contained but what is of still greater importance the novelty of treating such subjects in a truly scientific spirit. Gradually this treatment of the subjects became iiuclerstood and appreciated and people took a higher view of chemistry and regarded it as a true science and not merely as a study which might lead to useful results. If then it be true that chemistry at this epoch was not rapidly pi.0-gressing in this country we naturally ask how it came about that OUY Society from its very foundation was so successful.The explanation is not difficult to find nor doubtful for we have only to turn from OUT own country to the continent and learn \vVLi:Lt is happening there. Liebig is at Giessen W6llier ar; Gottingen Bunsen at Narburg Dumas Laurent Gerhardt and a host of distinguished and active chemists in France and at this time even Berzelius and Gay Lussac are alive. Liebig with his wonclerful energy and ability was power- fully advocating the theory of compound radicles and was extending in every direction our knowledge of organic chemistry and inspiring all who came within the range of his influence with a love for inves-tigation. Dumas at the same time both as a chemist and a finished advocate was advancing his views on substitution and chemical types.Laurent and aEteraards Gerhardt were with conspicuous ability showing how these theories were to be extended and modified so as to assume a form which has even with the lapse of time been but little AFTERXOON MEETING. I1 altered. Thus on the continent it was a time of wonderful activity; chemistry mas every day becoming more of a true science and the constitution as well as the composition of bodies was actively being discussed and investigated. This activity on the continent took time to reach and really affect us here. The older chemists thought the new theories were visionary and unsound the simple theories of their younger days were beiiig swept away and oiily slowly did they realisc the meaning of the newer form of their science; but the wave of progress could not be stopped and in this country we had been ripen- ing for the change.Clearly the immediate cause of this sudden increase of chemical activity in England was Liebig. His famous school had now been established for several gears at Giesseii and if the older men in this country did not altogether put their trust in him the younger men breaking through all restrainh flocked from this country to his laboratory there to become indoctrinated with his enthusiasm for the study of chemistry and to learn how scientific investigation was to be carried on. At this epoch our Society was founded and our Journal shows how successful Liebig's teaching was how a new spirit was instilled into English chemistry and how much valuable work his students did.Onr Society gave them a ready means of publishing their discoveries and a meeting place for discus-sion and mutual interchange of ideas. Thns do I explain the success which from the first has attended on our Society ; and having now led you to this point I stop for my part was merely to speak the prologue and I leave the story of the development of our Society in other hands. 12 ADDRESS DELIVERED B1- THE RIGHT HON. SIT LTON I’LAYFAIR. Mr. President Ladies and Gentlemen It is a sad feeling that there are now living among us only five of the original founders of the Chemical SocietF. 1am one of those five and have therefore been selected to address a few words to you to-day. Pou have learned from the excellent discourse of our President that before 1841 chemistry was being both rapidly developed and rapidly evolved.New methods of research were being created ; and organic chemistry had almost been created. There were many luminaries in the chemical firmament all over the world at that time and if I mention a few names they will appear to many of you as mere miles tones representing discoveries and progress though they are names well known to tlie older members of the Society and tlie few founders who are left as strong personalities with whoin we connect much kindness hospitality and encouragement. Liebig was then faciZe p~i7icepschemist of the world. He formed a school and showed how to advance chemistry by original research.At that time in 1841,the year of our foundation his brilliant pupil Hofmann had scarcely risen above the horizon. Kopp and Bunseii had made researches but were still young. There were in Germany names of the highest importance in our science; at Gottingen there was Wohler the dear friend of Liebig and associated with him in his work. In Berlin there was Mitscherlich the aristocrat of chemistry ; there was Rose the most lovable of our fraternity who had raised analysis to a high platform by improving methods of research ; there was Dove the jolliest of companions who had joined physics to chemistry ; and lastly there was Rammelsberg who took mineralogy out of the domain of physics and made it part of the domain of chemistry. In France at that time-I speak only of those whom I personally knew and whose friendship has ever been valuable to me-there was a man who died only the other day but who was a veteran even then and faiiious for his researches 011 the fatty bodies Chevreul ; there was Balard the discoverer of Bromine; there was Baron ThBnard the king among lecturers; there was Dumas the eloquent who established the doctrine of substitutions ; aiicl there AFTERSOOK MEETIXG.were other good workers who had not yet acquired the reputations which they afterwards gained-men like Pelouze Fremy and Regnault. These were the great luminaries on the continent; but who had we at home? There was my old teacher and to all old chemists devoted friend Graham who founded one of the first laboratories of research which existed in this country; who by his profound philosophical views did so much to promote the advance- ment of chemistry.At Manchester there was Dalton who did as much for chemistry as Kepler did for astronomy. There was Faraday that prince OP electricians; my dear friend Grove who now sits beside me who formulated the doctrine of the correlation of forces ; and Joule who discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat. These names show that the great science of chemistry was actively cult,ivated in our country. But it required association to bring the chemists together ; it required association to encourage young men in research and to give them that support m-hich union among scientific men always adds to the promotion of investigation.Fifty years gentlemen is a long time in the history of an individual but it is a mere mathematical point in the history of a science. We are some- times told that chemistry is a modern science ; that is not true. The moment that men’s minds began to experiment on the constitution of matter there was a science of chemistzy. Tuba1 Cain mas a chemist because he was skilled in brass and iron. Thales was a chemist when he declared that everything was made of water. -4naximenes was equally a chemist when he said that ererything was made of air. Aristotle mas a very advanced chemist when he got out four elements fire air earth and water. So chemistry has progresscd from these clays to the present time by the investigation of the laws which govern tlie combination of the elements and by examining into the constitu- tion of matter.NOWchemists and microscopists have often been taunted with tlie fact that they are content to rely 011 those small particles of matter which we call atoms and that they are narrow as inen of science cornpared with astronomers who sweep the skies and examine the motions of large masses of matter. But the astronomers have been obliged to take us into par-tnersliip. We have helped them to know the constitution of the stars and we are now helping them to discover how new worlds are formed. It is unnecessary for me to detain you longer upon the subject of the pi-ogress of chemistry ; for that has been ably done by the President. But I would like to hold out some encouragement with regard to the future of chemistry.There are periods of great activity in the progress of every science and that has been maniEested dui-ing the period terminating in our jubilee. TYhen this Society meets to celebrate its centenary what a different chemistry it is likely to be from the chemistry of to-day! JUBILEE CELEBRATION. Already analysis has led to synthesis yet we know very little with regard to the processes that go on in organic bodies. With regard to the elements we are beginning to donbt what they are and even to hope for their resolution. When we find such an important law as the one that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights what a field is thrown open for investigation ! It is a field of discovery the borders of which we have scarcely yet crossed.The motions of atoms may ultimately be known to us and even the ultimate elements themselves. We call them elements still because they have a certain fixity and we are at present unable to decompose them. Biit recollect that sometimes there comes a man who changes the whole features of a science. What did Newton do for Astronomy? With one fell swoop he cleared away the vortices of Descartes and the tremendous system of “ monads,” “sufficient reason,” and “pre-established harmony ’’ of Leibnitz ; and we may hope that during the next fifty years there mill arise a chemical Newton who will enable us to know far more than we now know who map bring under one general law the motions of atoms arid even the rupture of those which we now call elements simply because they hare acquired a fixity in the order of things and are able to resist changes in the struggle for existence.Let us have hope in the future!. Veterans like mysel€ and my friend Grove will not live to see these great discoveries but some of our younger men will partici- pate in the chemistry of the future and will look back with interest to the chemistry of the fifty years we :we now celebrating. There is no heast here so cold as to doubt the rapid and continued progress of our science. I express my own thought and I believe that I formu-late the conviction of each person present when 1 conclude in the words of Teiinyson :-(I ;ind inen through novel spheres of thought Still moving after truth l011g sought IVill learn new things when I am not.* JC. * “Thou liast not gained u red height Kor art thou nearer to tlic light Because tlic scale is infinite.” 15 ADDRESS DELIVERED BY THE RIGHT HON. SIR I\'. It. GROI'E. Mi-. President Ladies and Gentlemen My qualification for being here this afternoon is riot one of great distinction. It is that of old age and the privileges of old age are such as nobody eni-ies. With old age come impaired faculties and one of its effects is loss of memory. When I promised to take part in this celebration I thought that I should hnvc some reminiscences of my early connection with the Society to bring before you ; but when Icame to look up tlie subject I found that iny recollections of it were but slender.So that although as I liave said my main qualification is that of old age-a sort of survival of the unfittest-I am ahaid that I shall not be able to assist you very mucli. Still I do remember some few incidents of the earla- formatiori of the Society. I do riot remember who was the actual initiator of it; but the most active man in its formation was andonbtedly Professor Graham. There was a good deal of discussicn as to who should be the first President of the Society. We were anxious to get ;I niaii of considerable distinction ; and T spoke to Faraday. But he thought that he could do more good in research than in assisting in the construction of such a body ; and so he declined the honour.Then the ninttcr gradually advanced until we got the names which appear in the charter. of the Society as its original mcmbers. Among those names tlie only ones that I caii now recogiiise are those of my old and good friend Sir Lyori Playfair Professor Gidiam and nij-own. After considerable discussion it was agreed that Professor Graham should be invited to become President and he accepted. I think that Mi*. Phillips' name was previously suggested but he declined and proposed Professor Graham. However among the names I do not recognise more than those I have men- tioned. I am surprised not to see one iimne among them. Perhaps he was then too young ; but he aLftermards took an active part in the Society. I refer to Jacob Bell a very able gentlemanly and agreeable man and also a good chemist.He was the means of introducing into this country the system of selling pure drugs. I could wish that mj-memory enabled me to tell you mor3 about tlie origin of the Society; but I do not know that I can give you much informa- JUBILEE CELEBRATION. tion. There were of course discussions among the best chemists of the day. The name of Dalton has been mentioned by our President. I was present at the lecture which Dalton gave at the Royal Institution upon the atomic theory. He was then somewhat aged of great simplicity of character and thoroughly devoted to his subject. I well recollect the paper and his drawings of atoms-little circles to represent atoms as minute spheres grouped together to show their action in uniting to form a molecule of a body.Illustrations were given of the combinations of nitrogen and oxygen the spheres being arranged in symmetrical little groups around one central sphere. The most compact forms consisted of six spheres around one for in that case they all touch atid thus pressed together give us a hexagon as shown iu the honeycomb t,o the explanation of which a great deal of mathematics has been devoted. I have no doubt that it is caused by the pressure of the bees in crowding into the honeycomb; for each bee with closed wings being cylindrical or nearly so and somewhat elastic they convert the spherical cylinders which they make into hexagons by mutual pressure. Conversely you will find that pressure from without acts in the same way as by winciing a band round a bundle of soft clay tubes and gradually tightening it the tubes become hexagons.I think the name atomic theory was an unfortunate one. We talk fluently about atoms as the smallest particles that exist and chemists regard them as indivisible in the sense of being so hard as to be in-capable of further dii-ision. To my mind the infinitely small is as incoiiiprehensible as thc infinitely great. I use the word incom- prehensible advisedly. I do not say that you may not believe in the infinity of t'he universe; but we cannot comprehend it we cannot take it in. And so with the atom. Therefore I think that it would have been better to have taken a different word-say minim-which would have been a safer term than atom.As it is different people think differently as to what an atom really is. However that was Dalton's theory deduced from the definite proportions of combining bodies which is now universally regarded as the keystone of the constitution of matter enabling us to comprehend its combination into definite masses. After the elaborate survey you have just heard from our President I dl not attempt anything approaching to a summary of the cheinical discoveries made during the lifetime of the Society (the more so 5s you can get them in the Standard of t'his morning or at any rate a large number of them). There are two ways of regarding science first as seeking natural revela- tions ; secondly practically as applied to the arts and industries. For my own part I must say that science to me generally ceases to be interesting as it becomes useful.Englishmen have a great liking AFTEllN OOK hZEETJKG. for the practical power of science. I like it as a means of extending our knowledge beyond its ordinary grasp leading us to know more of the mysteries of the universe. The little we can see of it eVen telescopically is a mere nothing while what we call an atom is gigantic if its divisibility is infinite. The spectroscope has been discovered during the lifetime of this Society; and I ought to have beenits discoverer. I had observed that there were different lines exhibited ‘in the spectra of different metals when ignited in the voltaic arc; and if I had had any reasonable amount of wit J ought to have seen the converse viz.that by ignition different bodies show in their spectral lines the materials of which they are formed. If that thought had occurred to my mind I should have discovered the spectroscope before Kirchoff ; but it didn’t. I cannot recall to my mind any further points sufficiently interesting to speak to you about. Alphonse of Castile is reported to have said that if he had had the making of the universe he would have done it much bett,er. And I think so too. Instead of making a man go through the degradation of faculties and death he should continually improve with age and then be translated from this world to a sirperior planet where he should begin life with the knowledge gained here and so on. That would be to my mind as an old man a more satisfactory way of conducting affairs.However it is not so and we must put up with things as they are. I have been sometimes reproached for having to a great extent given up science for my profession. I need not say that I should have preferred the former. But. the necessities of a then large family gradually forced me to follow a more lucrative pursuit. I have said that 1 prefer contemplative science to science applied to the Arts ; we are overdone with artificial wants and life becomes in consequence a constant embarrassment. But there is one practical problem which I would venture to urge upon the attention of the members of this Society and that is that they should endeavour to prevent the existence of London fogs even under a constitutional and representative Government.Dr. G.D. LONGSTAFF an Original Fellow of the Society had been announced as one of the speakers in the printed Programme of this meeting but was unable through illness to be presect. C 18 PRESENTATION OF THE JUBILEE ALBUM BY MR. R. WARINGTON. MY.President Ladies and Gentlemen It fortunately happened that my father preserved various papers relating to the formation of the Society; these have been arranged and bound and my pleasant task is now to present them to the Society. In this book we have the ori~nal letters written by gentle-men in answer to the invitation sent out by my father before the primary meeting of the 23rd February and to the more extensive circular sent between the 23rd February and the general meeting on the 30th March 1841.To make the collection more complete we have endeavoured ta add portraits of some of the Original Members. The portraits are of course copies but the whole of them have been taken in plntinotype; I trust therefore that they will remain a permanent record of the founders of the Society. There were seventy-seven Original Members. We have seventy letters and forty-four portraits rather more than half these portraits have been executed bF Professor Thomson of King’s College. Before sitting down I should like to give a rough analysis of these seventy- seven Original Members and to show where they came from. Forty of them were resident in London. Scotland claims the largest share of the remainder fourteen and of those fourteen eight belonged to Glasgow.Next in order stands Lancashire which sent five Original Members. Nearly all the principal towns in the country contributed. We have for instance Members from Oxford Cambridge Durham Newcastle Hull Leeds Bristol Stockport Plymouth Taunton Dublin and Belfast. In London the lecturers OE all the medical schools except the London Hospital joined the Society as well as the Professors of Chemistry at the Royal Institution University College and Ring’s College and the Professor of Experimental Philosophy at the London Institution. We thus had all the principal teachers of chemistry in the Metropolis. Looking through the list we see that the original Members were of very various occupations.AFTEXNOON MEETING. We find among them not only teachers analysts and manufacturers but also the physician the engineer and *he “gentleman of scientific tastes.” Our Society was thus comprehensive in its scope; all who desired to assist the progress of science were invited to join. There is one very pleasing thing in this colIection of letters that is how cordially the idea was received by nearly everybody. The Society could only have arisen from the readiness to co-operate which existed among chemists at that time. At this late hour I will say no more but ask you to accept the Album hoping that it will remain a permanent record of the origin of the Society and of the men who founded it. The PRESIDENT, in receiving the Album said I shall have great pleasure in asking the Society to accept this interesting and valuable gift.It will I am sure be a cherished one among all our treasures. It will be a permanent proof of your own good feeling towards the Society ;and more than that a permaxlent record of what your father has done. c2 THE JTJHILEE ALBUM (I’HE TITLE PAGE) ALBUM COGTAINING LETl’kXS AND YAPEKS RELATING TO THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE CHEMIOAL SOCIETY2 WITH I’OI1TI:AITS OF MANY OF THE ORIGINAL FELLOWS. P R E FA C E. THIS Album was presented to the Chemical Society on the occasion of its Jubilee Meeting held in the Theatre of the London University Burlington Gardens on February 24th 1891.The Album contains various printed papers relating to the for-mation and early history of the Society; also the Letters received by Mi,. R. Warington previously to the Preliminary Meeting on February 23rd and previously to the First General Meeting on March 30th 1841 from persons who had been invited to join the Society. The Papers and Letters mere preserved by Mr. R. Warirgton the originator and first Secretary of the Society and are contributed by his eldest son. The Album also contains the Portraits of forty-four of the Original Members of the Chemical Society. It has unfortunately proved impossible to obtain portraits of all of the more eminent Original Members. The copies placed in the Album have been executed in platinotype in the hope that they will remain permanent repi’esen- tations of the men who founded the Society.A large number of the copies have been prepared by Professor John 31. Thomson of King’s College one of the present Secretaries of the Society assisted by Mr. Herbert Jackson. The arrangement of the Album is in the main chronological. It commences with the Letters received before the Preliminary Meeting of February 23rd. These are followed by the printed Account of this Meeting and by the Circular immediately issued inviting persons to join the Society. Next comes the Letter of Sir J. F. W. Herschel from which it appears that he had been asked to become the first President of the Society. Then follows the amended Report of the Provisional Committee received at the First General Meeting on March 30th and succeeding this are the names of the seventy-seven Original Members who mere then enrolled.The main part of the Album is devoted to the Original Members ; these are taken as far as possible in alphabetical order. The year of JUBILEE ALBUM. their birth and death is given whenever this is known with the position which they occupied at the time when they joined the Society and the office if any which they subsequently held in the Society. In a majority of cases the Letters they wrote when accepting the membership of the Society and their Portraits are also given. Letters are wanting in the case of many of the residents in London ; these probably in many cases communicated verbally with Mr. Warington.Where letters do not exist an autograph signature has been as far as possible supplied. After the space devoted to the Original Members comes a Letter of Acceptance from Dr. W. Gregory which arrived after March 30th. Then follow some Letters received before March 30th from persons who declined membership ; several of these sfterwards joined the Society. The Album concludes with the Card announcing the first meetings of the new Society. with an example of early Balloting Papers and with the first printed List of the Members and their addresses. A few pages are placed at the end for Portraits of Original Members which may aft'erwards be obtained. It may be well to note that the Society had the name of the Chemical Society of' London up to its incorporation by Royal Charter in 1848 when it took the title of the Chemical Society and its Members mere henceforth called Fellows.R.WARINGTON. Febriiavy 24fh,1891. CONTENTS. 1. Letters received before February 23rd 1841 from Rev. J. Cumming Charles Daubeny E. W.Brayley jun. Golding Bird J. Yereira and H. F. Talbot. 2. Copy of the History Constitution and Laws of the Chemical Society of London (adopted at the General Annual Meeting of the Society March 30th 1842). 3. Portrait of Robert Warington. 4. Circular relating to the founding of the Society. 5. Letter from Sir J. F. W. Herschel Bart. declining the offer to become the first President of the Society. 6. Copy of the Amended Report of the Provisional Committee.7. List of the Original Members of the Chemical Society enrolled March 30tl1 1841. (Seventy-seven names.) 8. Portrait of Arthur Aikin Treasurer 1841-43; President 1813-45. 9. , Thomas Andrews M.D. F.R.S. Vice-President 1876-79. 10. Letter from the Rev. A. J. Barron. 11. , James Blake M.D. 12. , William Blythe. 13. , Edward Wedlake Brayley gun. 14. Portrait of William Thomas Brande F.R.S. Vice-president 1841-47 ; President 184’7-49. 15. Signature of Henry James Brooke F.R.S. 16. Letter from Charles Button. 17. Portrait and letter of Thomas Clark M.D. 18. 2) , William John Cock. 19. Letter from John Thomas Cooper Vice- President 1841-50.20. Portrait and letter of Andrew Crosse. 9, 21. , Walter Crum F.R.S. Vice-president 1863-67. 22. 9 , the Rev. James Cumming M.A. F.R.S. ,Y 23. , John Frederic Daniell F.R.S. Vice-president 1841-42. 24. Portrait and letter of Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny M.D. F.R.S. President 1851-53. 25. Portrait and letter of Edmund Daq M.D. F.R.S. 39 26. , Warren dc la Rue F.R.S. Vice-President 1855-57 President 1867-69 and 1879-80. 27. Signature of Thomas Everitt. 28. , William Ferguson B.A. 29. Letter from A. Frampton M.D. 30. Portrait and letter of George Fownes F.R.Y. Secretary 18i2-4-7. 31. J , John Peter Gassiot F.R.S. 32. Letter from Thomas Gill M.P.33. , John Graham. 34. Portrait and letter of Thomas Graham M.A. F.R.S. President 1841-43 JlJBILEE ALBUM. and 1845-47. 35. Letter from John Joseph Gri5n. 36. , Thomas Griffiths. 37. Portrait and signature of William Robert Grove F.R.S. 38. , letter of Charles Heisch. 39. Signature of Henry Hennell F.R.S. 40. , Frederick Robert Hughes. 41. Letter from Thomas Hetherington Henry F.R.S. 42. Portrait and letter of William Hempath. 43. 9 , Thomas Charles Hope M.D. F.R.S. 44. ,9 , Percival Piorton Johnson. 45. 9 , James Finlay Weir Johnston MA. F.R.S. 46. , , Henry Beaumont Leeson M.A. M.D. F.R.S. $7. , signature of George Dixon Longstaff M.D.Vice-president 1853-57 and 1874-77. 48. Portrait and signature of George Lowe F.R.S. 49. Letter from Robert MacGregor M.D. 50. , Charles Macintosh F.R.S. 51. Portrait and letter of John Mercer F.R.S. 99 52. , William Hallows Miller M.A. F.R.S. 53. Letter from Thomas Moody. 54. , David Muehet. 55. Letter from Thomas L. Pearsall. 56. Portrsit and lctter of Hugh Lee Pattinson F.R.S. 57. 9 , Frederick Penny Ph.D. 58. Portrait of William Hasledine Pepys F.R.S. 59. , and signature of Richard Phillips F.R.S. Vice-president 1841-44 and 1846-49; President 1849-51. 60. Portrait and signature of Lyon Playfair F.R.S. K.C.B. Vice-president 1850-54; President 1857-59.61. Portrait and signature of Robert Porrett F.R.S. Treaeurer 1843-57j Vice- President 1857-62. 62. Portrait and letter of George Owen Rees M.D. F.R.S. 63. 9 , Thomas Richardson. 64. Letter from D. Boswell Reid M.D. 65. , Ollive Sims. 66. Portrait and letter of Joseph Denham Smith. 67. Y , John Stenhouse F.R.S. Vice-president 1857-60 1864-74 and 1875-78. 68. Letter from Edward Solly jun. F.R.S. 69. Signature of Maurice Scanlan. 90. Portrait of John Tennant. 71. , and letter of Edward Frederick Teschemacher Secretary 1841-42; Foreign Secretary 1842-47. 72. Portrait and letter of Thomas Thomson M.D. F.R.S. Vice-president 1844-46. 73. Letter from Robert Dundas Thomson M.D.F.R.S. 74. Signature of Wilton George Turner Ph.D. 75. Portrait and Signature of Robert Warington F.R.S. Secretary 1841-51; Vice-President 1851-55and 1862.66 JUBILEE ALGUM. James Apjohn. James D. Forbes. John T. Basry. J. Prideaux. Henry Burton. P. M. Roget. Arthur Connell. John Taylor. APPENDIX. 86. Portrait group of J. T. Coopel- R. Phillips and W. T. Brande. 87. , of J. J. Griffin. 88. , R. Taylor. 89. , W. Ferguson. 26 ADDRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL THEORY SINCE THE FOUNDATION OF THE SOCIETY. DELIVERED BY PROFESSOR ODLING. Mr. President Ladies and Gentlemen I have been asked as one of the oldest officials of the Chemical Society to take a part in this afternoon’s proceedings and I have somewhat rashly undertaken-what may be considered almost a con-juror’s feat-to compress into the short space of some fifteen minutes an account of the most salient advances that have been made in chemical doctrine during the last fifty years.I would begin by reminding you that whereas the material triumphs of chemistry are in everybody’s mouth its no less extensive and remarkable achieve- ments in the world of ideas can necessarily be estimated only by the esoteric few. Happily in chemistry we find that doctrine and appli- cation go side by side ; and if on the one hand we recognise that the development of modern chemical industry is in large measure a direct outcome of laboratory investigation we are bound t’o admit on the other hand that industrial chemistry has well repaid the obligation by furnishing the investigator with hosts of new and varied bodies offered to him moreover in the most bountiful abundance.Now it is by the number and variety and profusion of substances submitted to his examination that the chemist has had forced upon him a sense of the inadequacy and I might even say groundlessness of some of his most cherished convictions. He has had suggested to him new and enlarged views of chemical constitution and has had afforded him the means of putting his views both old and new to the test of rigid proof; and I think I may venture to say this much of our modern chemical doctrines that they do repose upon a wider and sounder basis of proof that they are the results of a broader more general and more thoroughly tried induction than was ever before attainable.It was observed rather more than a century ago by one of the fathers of our science the immediate predecessor of Lavoisier Dr. Black that the chemist studied the effects or as we should now say the phenomena of heat and mixture with a view to the improve- ment of the arts and of the knowledge of nature. Nowadays we find that the investigation of the secrets of nature has almost revolntionised the chemical arts and conversely that the develop- AFTERNOON MEETING. ment of the chemical arts has afforded the investigator the means of unfolding some of the most recondite secrets of nature.But in the short space of time at our disposal which particular developments of chemical doctrine shall I venture to bring under your notice? Among the multiplicity of important investigations and conceptions on the great majority of which I am disabled from bestowing even a passing remark there are two or three which stand pre-eminently forward and about which OIL an occasion of this kind it behoves me to say a few words and you to give a few moments’ consideration. I will first direct your attention to the progress that has been made in organic synthesis or in the artificial production of bodies com-monly furnished to us by the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Now although in connection with this subject the first step in advance was made long long ago by Wiihler and later on a second step by Kolbe I think we may date the recognition of synthetic chemistry as a definite and productive branch of chemical work at about the year 1854; and I need scarcely remind you that this branch of science is pre-eminently associated with the nmne of Berthelot one of our distinguished foreign members.Into this department of work in which Berthelot was the pioneer and for a long time the assiduous cultivator other chemists have not hesitated to venture. Nor have they found it unattractive or unfruitful. To such an extent indeed has synthetic chemistry been culti-vated that nowadays uot a few of the well recognised and most highly characterised products of the vegetable kingdom-the active principle of the oil of wintergreen the colouring matters of the madder plant and of the indigo plant-are actually produced on an industrial scale by processes of organic synthesis to which practically Berthelot first showed us the road.And diverting our attention from subjects of present industrial application to other fruits of the same seed-time we can scarcely forbear on this occasion calling to mind the recent admirable work of Emil Fischer on the artificial production of the sugars. With the artificial production of sugars and fats and organic acids and vegetable colouring matters and hosts of animal products we say good-bye altogether to the long-cherished idea of Vital Force to the long entertained belief that these products and others met with in the animal and vegetable kingdoms were not formed by any of our ordinary chemical agencies but that their construction and constitution were indeed the manifestation of some mysterious vital force without the exercise of which their production was an impossibility.With regard to our altered notions on the subject of organic synthesis I think we may say that the ideas of chemists have undergone not so much a large development as a positive revulsion. 28 JUBILEE CELEBRATION. Another set of facts and of ideas developed pari passu with those facts are connoted to us by the now familiar word dissociation. And just as the department of organic synthesis is specially identi- fied with the name of Berthelot so do we find that the phenomena of dissociation are specially identified with the name of his now deceased compatriot and fellow-worker Ste.Claire Deville. But at the same time we of this Society are not likely to forget that the pioneer instance and still the most remarkable instance of dissociation was that first observed by one of our own founders whom we are much gratified to see among us to-day. Need I tell you that I refer to Sir William Grove who gave at the meet'ing of the British Association at Southampton I think in 1846 an account of his observations upon the decomposition of water-vapour exposed to a high temperature by means of the electric spark or incandescent platinum? And I need scarcely remind you how years afterwards this particular experiment was made the subject of a searching investigation by Bunsen who showed as the result of an est>imation of the pressures exerted at the moment of an explosion that at certain high temper- atures one-half and at yet higher temperatures only one-third of the mass of the constituents of water could exist combined in the form of water-vapour.We cannot but consider the important bearing which these phenomena have had upon the fundamental doctrines of Ampere and Avogadro; and upon our notions of the state of matter as existing at high temperatures. But our modern ideas of dissociation go far beyond this. We have to consider not only the dissociation brought about by exposure to heat but the dissociation resulting from an almost unlimited extension or tenuity of substance and more particularly the extension which results froin the solution of bodies.Here we have opened up to us so profound a modification of our views of many departments of chemical science that they may almost be referred to as entirely novel. Our views for instance on the subject of the solution of salts of liquid diffusion of osmotic pressure and of electi-olysis have undergone a fundamental transformation. Our early ideas in connection with several of these subjects were we are proud to remember associated more particularly with the name of our first President Graham; while the subject of electrolysis at once calls to our memories the revered name of Faraday; who although he declined the offer made to him of the Presidency of this Society nevertheless in his devotion to those other branches of physical science in which his greatest distinctions were achieved nei-er lost sight of the interests of chemistry and never ceased to appreciate the advantages afforded to that science by the institution of this Society and continued year after year to be one of the most constant attendants at our anniversary meetings.It is however APTEENOOS MEETISG. in coiinection especially with the dissociation of bodies by heat as bearing npon our study of matter existing at high temperatures that this subject of dissociation has excited the highest interest. And in connection with the state of matter existing at high tem- peratures how is it possible for us not to make reference to the most brilliant and far-reaching chemical discovery of the present age ?-I mean the discovery by Bunsen and Kirchoff in 1859 of spectrum analysis and of all that in chemistry alone disregarding other branches of science is involved in that discovery or has resulted therefrom.Notwithstanding the inferences that had been drawn from the analyses of meteorites it nevertheless remains true that by this discovery of spectrum analysis chemistry mas first promoted so to speak from its position as a mere terrestrial science and rendered in practical effect a cosmic science. Then for the first time the chemistry not only of the members of our oypn solar system but of the more distant orbs and nebulous matter of the firmament was brought within the ken of the chemist and submitted to his rigid examination.But even limiting our attention to mere terrestrial chemistry how important have been the advances that have resulted from this discovery more particularly in the modifications introduced into oui' conception of the nature and mutual relationships of the elemenis ! The very number of the new additions made to the list of elements has contributed largely to our knowledge of their relationships to one another. Further than this the discovery has led to con-ceptions and given encouragement to trains of research into the composite or non-composite nature of the elements bhemselves and to their modes of evolution. Whether or not we consider as sufficiently demonstrated the conclusions drawn on this subject by several of our own most distinguished Fellows we must all admit the interest and imporkance of the investigations to which they have been led and of the views they have propounded.Now in connection with thestudy of the nature of the elements we are naturally led to the consider- ation of the modes and forms of their combinations with one another the question of their combining ratios and of the particular respect in which their combining ratios are associated with or dependent upon their intimate nature. The proposition of this question and the answer to it so far as unfolded constitute indeed the character- istic advance in chemical doctrine that has been made within the period of the existence of the Society. I think that if any chemist were asked to say in a sentence what is the great difference which char- acterises the chemistry of the present day from that of fift.y years ago he would say that it consists in the difference of ideas which are now entertained on the subject of chemical constitution.And if he were JUBILEE CELEBHATION. further aaked to say upon what advances in chemical doctrine the remarkable progress of general chemistry during the last fifty years has been mainly due he would say that that progress depended on the advances made and the transformation effected in our views of chemical constitution. This is a very enticing subject and one upon every detail and consecutive step of which I should be only too pleased to dilate. But the inexorable demands of time forbid me and I can therefore only just glance at the course of exposition which when I first undertook to deliver this address I made up my mind to follow.I should have adverted for a minute or two to the substantial though not absolute agreement bet ween the logical ,development of our present ideas and their historical deveIopment ; that notwithstanding occasional divergencies of the one from the "other-consequent on the zigzag wanderings of the historical develop- ment-they have followed on the whole the same lines. I should then have pointed out the novelty and importance of the idea of the determinability of the relative weights of bodies which react with one another-the determination that is of the relative reacting unit weights of bodies-initiated in the first instance by Laurent and Gerhardt.These chemists while they availed themselves freely of the ideas of Liebig on compound 1-adicles of Dumas on chlorine substitutions of Graham on polyacidic acids of Brodie on homo-geneous combination of Williamson on the compound ethers and of Wurtz and Hofmann on the compound ammonias nevertheless based their ideas to a large but incomplete extent upon the physical law of Avogadro and Ampere ; and the second step in advance I take to be the complete extension of this particular view by Cannizzaro and by Wurtz both of them our Faraday lecturers in succession to one another. It was they who first insisted upon the extension to every instance whatsoever of the general proposition that the weights of the reacting units of chemical substances are identical with the relative weights of the physical molecules ; and it is to the demon- stration and absolute acceptance of this view that we owe orle of the greatest gerieralisations that our science has experienced during the last fifty years.Passing from the establishment in this way of the relative weights of the reacting units we come to the revision of atomic weights conducted for the first time upon a definite principle-the principle that the atomic weight of an element is the lowest particular relative weight of that elenlent which is found to exist in any well defined reacting unit or physical molecnle. Wihh the determination in this way of the atomic weights of the elements it was soon found that the elements themselves were capable of classification into monads diads triads and so forth by virtue of a special property appertaining to them,-a property which AFTERNOON IIXETING.looked at from one point of view constitutes their desmicity or combining power and looked at from another point of view con- stitutes their valency or replacing power. It is scarcely necessary to point out how largely the recognition of this property was from the poly-combinative point of view contributed to by the introduction of Gerhardt's types of decomposition and by Frankland's highly appreciated researches on the organo-metallic bodies ; while I too may claim some little for myself as having contributed to the exposi- tion of this property chiefly from its other or poly-valency aspect.The revision of atomic weights as expressive of intra-molecular proportions and the associated classification of the elements according to their adicities led in due course to two remarkable conceptions. In one direction it was perceived by Newlands first and some time after him-with great detail great grasp of principle great conviction and determination-by Nendelbef that the elements one and all were not irrelative to one another but that the entire series were associated with one another in such manner that the order of their atomic weights constituted in some sense the order of their properties or as Sir Lyoii Playfair has just said that their properties were a periodic function of their atomic weights. In another direction this pro- perty of the elements led in the acute mind of KekulB to a most far reaching conception of chemical combination-a conception which has had the greatest influence upon our ideas-namelF the law of chemical combination by the mutual saturation of adicities.Thc extension of his views on this subject more especially in relation to the benzenes and their derivatives has laid the foundation for an entirely new development of the fundamental laws so to speak of organic chemistry. We are no longer content with the notion of constituent groupings or radicles but base our ideas of chemical constitution upon the often complex relationship of constitaent elementary atoms. The conception put forward by Kekul6 has further opened the way to a study of what only within the period of the existence of the Chemical Society can be regarded as having become a definite subject of inquiry the phenomena of isomerism.Our early view of the subject was that it was of but little import- ance having reference to an out-of-the-way occurrence met with only now and then. It is now recognised as a fundamental problem of chemical combination the resolut,ion of which so far as it bas been resolved constitutes one of the greatest triumphs of modern organic chemistry. In referring to the success which has attended the efforts of those apostles of chemical doctrine who have made this subject their particular consideration it would be impossible to pass over the views initiated by Le Be1 and Van't HOE,which have afforded so large a contribution alike to our knowledge and to our JUBILRE CELEBIZATION.powers of realisiiig and explaining the causes of isomerism more especially as manifested by differences of behaviour in respect of rotatory polarisation. Lastly I should have attempted to discuss with you the bearings of theae modern views-of views arrived at by due course of development during the lifetime of our Society-npon the original atomic theory of Dalton. And whatever may be our notions as to material particles may we not say with truth that the progress of scientific chemistry for the last fifty years has been in the main an outcome of the doctrine of chemical combination propounded with such marvellous sagacity by Joliii Dalton now some eighty years ago ? The PRGSIDEN~I-said that this brought the historical part of the business to a conclusion but there remained some other items of interest to deal with in connection with which he would first call upon Dr.Evans the Treasurer of the Royal Societj-. 33 SPEECH BY DIL JOHX EVANS ON BEIIALF OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. No one can regret more sincerely than I do the absence of the President of the Royal Society who but foi- an important engagement in another part of the country would have been here to-day. I have also to express my regret that me have no written address to present. But it was thought that the attendance of a deputation consisting of the Treasurei. and the two Secretaries of the Society and their speaking to you face to face would be as agreeable to you as a mere written addyess.The interest which is taken by the Royal Society-the oldest society in this country-in all chemical matters is I think well known to all of those here present. I see many familiar faces here today as members of this Society who assist URin our couiicils and I hope that I see also the faces of many others wbo will in time become members. As the parent not only of the Chemical Society but of all the various other learned societies the Royal Society naturally takes a great interest in the advancement of each particular branch of science for which it has been found expedient to form special societies; and we should have been wanting in oiir duty to our offspring if we had not been present to celebrate the fiftieth birthday of the Chemical Society.We recognise the utility of chemistry in every possible may. We fibom time to time award OUY medals on the recommendation of the Council to distinguished chemists ; and we have moreover the Davy medal which is given at intervals of two years for some chemical discovery and the recipients of which have generally been of English rather than of foreign origin. Of all the branches of science which come within the purview of the Royal Society perhaps chemistry is the principal ; for there is hardly any branch of exact science to which chemistry does not lend its aid. There is the connection between physics and chemistry and between astronomy and chemistry which has been pointed out by previous speakers.We know too how extremely necessary some knowledge of chemistry is if we wish to keep pace with modern geology and mineralogy ; and even for other purposes for agriculture for botany and even for physiology a knowledge of chemistry is necessary while D JUBILEE CELEBRATION. on the other hand some knowledge of those minute organisms which produce such terrible effects by their action on other bodies is of use to those studying chemistry. We have recently been brought into closer connection with chemical research by the foundation of the Lawes' Trcst,. Sir John Lawes invested $100,000 for the carrying out of the agricdtnral experiments at Rothamsted with whicll his name is associated and several members of the committee of management are nominated by the Royal Society.Chemistry has two aspects. You have that aspect which Sir William Grove has told us that he admires the pure examination into the laws of nature ; and you hare beyond that the application of the results of those investi- gations to the advancement of human happiness and convenience. It is in this last department that I think some of the greatest advances of modern chemistry have been made. Not only in the aid rendered to manufactures but even in respect of art and decorative objects the results of some of our modern chemical discoveries have been far reaching beyond what could have been expected. Who would have thought that out of a mere refuse the coal tar colours would have been formed? Who would have thought that the flavours of the choicest fruits could have been nrtificiallp produced by the cliemist '.' I might say that nowadays it is difficult to say whetheis any article of food has been produced by nature or is not in some degree due to the art of the modern chemist.This day has been to a great extent one of personal reminiscences; and I may say that I find the results of the institution of a Society like this are brought home to me by con- trasting the position of a young man entering upon a business in which a knowledge of chemistry is necessary to-day with what it would have been before the foundation of this Society. At that time one had to struggle to obtain a smattering of knowledge in order to avoid falling into egregious ignorance.But to-day if a youth is going into a position in which chemistr? is necessary so far fi-om being hampered by a deficiency of information he finds himself over- whelmed by the amount of knowledge which he has to master before he can hope to succeed in business. I will not dwell on this ; there are other addresses to come ; but will conclude by congratulating yon in the name of the Royal Society on your brilliant past and wish you God-speed for a more brilliant future. The PRESIDENT I beg to thank ~OLI,Sir for the kind and eloquent words which you have addressed to the Society through me. We look upon our Society as an offshoot of yours and can only hope that we may do as good work in the future as has been done in the past bj the Royal Society.35 ADDRESS OF THEE PH ARM ACE UTIC AL S0C I ETT. "THEPresident Vice-president Council and Professors o SOCIETY GREAT PHARMACEUTICALOF BRITAIX most heartily congratulate the CHEMJCAL SOCIETY OF ONDO DON on the completion of the fiftieth year of its existence. The pleasure with which we offer our congratulations is enhanced by the circum- stance that the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain likewise celebrates its Jubilee this year the Pharmaceutical Society having been founded on April 15th 1841 under the Presidency of William Allen F.R.S. We also recall with satisfaction the fact that some of the most valued members and officers of the Pharmaceutical SocietF have been members and officers of the Chemical Society." The promotion of the Science of Chemistry especially in its applications to Pharmacy has ever been an important duty of the Pharmaceutical Society its Royal Charter having been granted to it ia the year 1843 for among other purposes that of 'advancing chemistry.' The year after its foundation the Society inaugurated a Chair of Chemistry to which Dr. Fownes then the assistant of Thomas Graham first President of the Chemical Society was elected as the Society's first Professor of Chemistry. Professor Fownes was succeeded by Dr. Redwood who successively filled the offices of Secretary Treasurer and Vice-president of the Chemical Society. "Not only has the Pharmaceutical Society insisted on the posses- sion by those who practice Pharmacy of a competent knowledge of Chemistry but it has recently equipped a special laboratory for researches in Chemistry more particularly in its relation to Phar-macology."We are fully cognizant of the powerful influence exerted by the progress of Chemistry on the arts and manufactures and we recognise with pride the large share which the Chemical Society of London has taken in the advancement and dissemination of Chemical Science. "Finally we would express the hope that the spirit of co-operation which has so long animated the members of the two Societies may D2 JUBILEE CELEBRATJOX. long continue and thus promote to the advantage of mankind the extension of Chemical Knowledge. '' (Signed foi. the Council) "XICHAEL CARTBIGHE President ; "ALEX.Vice-president ; BOTTLE " ROBERT Treasurer. HA?IIPSOS " T.REDWOOD " Emeritus Professor of Chemistry ; 7 " JOHNATTFTELD Professors. " Professor of Practical Chemistry ; " WYNDH-4M R.DUNSTAN " Professor of Chemistry ; I' RICHARD BE EMRIDGE Regiatml*." 37 SPEECH BY 11. GAUTIEK PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIBTE CHIMIQUE DE PARIS. C’est toujours un nouveau regret pour moi quand je me retronve A Londres de ne pas suffisamment parler la langue Anglaise et de ne pas me mettre en plus intime communication avec vous. C’est un regret plus vif encore en cette occasion. Quelle que soit la diff6rence de nos institutions et de nos mmurs quels que soient aussi les rBvolutions et les Bvhnements qui nous ont politiquement sBparBs l’on peut dire que rien n’est pa,rvenu A diminuer l’estime et l’amitik particulihre que professent les savantls de notre pays pour ceux du v6tre.Ce sentiment trh vif trhs per-sistant qui est antBriear au commencement de ce sihcle et qni je le sais est partag6 par vous tient A. diverses causes. Ce que nous estimons dans les savants anglais c’est l’originalitk de leurs conceptions et de leurs mBthodes; c’est la porthe et la tendance pratique aussi bien que thkorique de leurs recherche8 et de leurs dBcouvertes; c’est la conscience avec laquelle sont faits et pnbliBs leurs travaux sans hbte et avec mesure; c’est l’Bquit6 de leurs jugements leur loyaute vis-ti-vis d e leum confrhres Btrangers ; c’est l’hospitalith g6nkreuse qn’ils offrent dnns leurs jonrnaux anx travaux des autres pays.De cette hospitalitb anglaise nous en a\-ons une fornie trhs sensible aujonrd’hui et nous vous reniercions de la grBce avec laqnelle FOUS nous recevez dans vos familles et nous invitez A vos fhtes. Les plus illustres de nos chimistes franqais auraient voulu venir cBlBbrer ici le jubilB du cinquantenaire de la fondation de votre cBl&bre Socikte Chimique mais le moment de I’annBe Btait peu favorable et je vous exprime tous les regrets de If. Pasteur dont la sanG quoique un peu affermie est si pr6cieuse qu’elle peut laisser A tous quelque inquietude ; de M. Berthelot retenu par la commission d’6tndes qu’il pr6side RU SBnat ou an ministhre et qui prepare en ce moment un travail sur l’organisation de l’Enseignement en France; de M.Friedel tr8s fatigue et qui regrette bien de ne pas s’Btre mis & JUBILEE CELEBRATION. notre t6te. &is tous se joignent B vous de cmur pour cQ1Qbrer la fete de votre cinqusntenaire comme I’ont fait avec moi les autres membres de la Commission fmnqaise MM. de Clermont Haller et Combes. La Socikt6 Chimique de Londres a 6t6 le modAle et la grande sceur de la SociBtB Chimique de Paris. C’est ici que son fondateur 31. Wurtz est venu se rBnseigner et c’est au President actuel de cette SociBtk qu’incombait le devoir l’honneur et le plaisir de se mettre 6 la t&te de la Commission franqaise venue pour vous npporter en cette occasion l’expression de l’estime et de l’admiration qne nous professons pour vos plus illustres savants et des souhaits cordiaux que nous faisons pour que l’avenir de votre Soci&& resemble A son pass& Translation of M.Gautiefs Speech. Whenever I am in London it is to me always a matter of regret that I cannot speak English proficiently aiid that I cannot enter more intimately into intercourse with you. I especially regret this on the present occasion. Whatever difference there may be in our institutions and customs ; whatever revolutions and events may have separated iis politically ; it may be affirmed that nothing has ever occurred to diminish the esteem and hearty friendship which icientific men in our country experience towards those in yours. This active and persistent sympathy anterior to the commencement of the century which you I know reciprocate has its origin in a variety of causes.What we esteem in English men of science is the originality of their conceptions and methods; the range and piaactical as well as theoretical tendency of their researches and discoveries ; the conscientiousness with mliich their work is carried out and published in a deliberate methodical way ; the equity of their judgments and their loyalty to foreign colleagues ; and the generons hospitality which their journals afford to yesearches from other countries. We have here to-day a striking illustration of English hospitality and we thank you for the kindness with which you receive us into your families and invite us to your festivities. Our most distinguished French chemists would wish to have been present at this celebration of the Jubilee of the foundation of your celebrated Chemical Society fifty years ago; but the time of year is not a favourable one and I have to express regret on behalf of 31.Paeteuy whose health although in a measure re-established is so APTERKOON MEETIXG. 39 precious that we all feel some anxiety still ; on behalf of 11.Beythelot who is kept away by the Commission on Education over which he pesides in the Senate or atl the Ministry and which is engaged in preparing a report on the organisation of instruction in France ; and 011 behalf of 31. Fi-iedel who is much in need of rest and greatly regrets that he is unable to place himself at OUY head. But all are with you in spirit in celebrating your fiftieth anniversary as are all who are associated with me as members of the French deputation NM.de Clermont Hallel.and Combes. The Chemical Society of London has been the model and elder sister of the Chemical Society of Paris. It was here that M. Wurtz its founder came to gather information; and it is to its President that the duty honour and pleasure now falls of placing himself at the head of the French commissicn here with the object of giving expression on this occasion to the esteem and admiration in which we hold your illustrious men of science and to our cordial wishes that the future of your Society may resemble its past. 40 A D D K E S S OP THE GERMAX C1HEMICAL SOCIETY. UNTER deli zahlreichen gelehrten Korperschaften und wissenschaft- lichen Vereinen welche heute dankerfiillt und Gliickwiinsche dar- bringend an den Vorstand der CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON herantreten darf und will die 1)EU I'SCHE CHEAIJSCHJ~ GESELZSCEIAF I nichf felilen.Xs war ein grosser und fur die Entfaltung der chemischeii Wissen- schaft nicht nur in Grossbritannien sondern weit iiber dessen Grenzen hinaus frnchtbringender Gedanke welcher 11eute vor einem halben Jahrhnnderte eine kleine Anzahl britischer Forscher und Freunde der Forschnng,-aber keinen Geringeren als Thomas Graham an der Spitze-veranlasste zu einer festgegliederten chemischen Gesell- schaft zusammenzutreten mit der Aufgabe durch regelmiissig wieder- kehrende Sitzungen durch Errichtung einer Bibliothek und durch Hegriindung einer Zeitschrift unsere Wissenscliaft nach Kraften za fordern.Die Bildung der Chemical Society war keine vereinzelte Er-sclieinung. Die altehrwiirdige Royal Society dereri Denkschriften bislang der Gesammtbeobachtung auf dem Gebiete der Naturknnde offengestanden hatten war gegeii die Mitte des Jahrliundert s nicht mehr im Stande den rnaclitiger und machtiger anschwelleiiden Strom der Forschung in sich aufzunehmen uncl wie sich grossgewordene Colonien YOU den1 Mutterlande trennen ohne desshalb die Fiihlung niit demselben zu rerlieren so hatte nachgerade ein Zweig der Natur- wissenschaften nach dem anderen liinreichend an Umfang und Bedeu-tung gewonnen urn ohne sich aus dem grossen Verbande der Royal Society vollig loszulosen gleichwohl auf Begriindung einer eigenen Heimstatte Bedacht zn nehmeii.Schneller als der hIehrzahl der so gebildeten nnturwissenschaft- lichen Zweiggesellschaften ist es der Chemical Society vergonnt geweseii sich gedeihlich zii entfalten. AFTERNOOX BIEETISG. Schon seit Jahi-en waren zahlreiche chemische Arbeiten nnr noch in oft schwer zuganglichen Schriften der in den grosseren Stadten des Landes bestehenden Vereine erschienen ;kleinere oft sehr werth- volle Mittheilungen in localen Blattern von geringer Verbreitung ver- offentlicht waren fur grosse Leserkreise man konnte fast sagen per-loren gegangen. Durch Begrundung ihrer Zeitschrift hatte die Gesell- schaft die Veroff entlichung chemischer Beobachtungen in eine neue Bahn geleitef in welche nunmehr ein Jeder einlenkte dem es darauf ankam die Frucht seiner Arbeit den Fachgenossen schnell und sicher zur Kenntniss zu bringen.Die zunachst in zwangloser Folge erschei- nenden “Memoirs ”hatten sich bald in eine regelmassig veroffentlichte Vierteljahrsschrift verwandelt am welcher die nun bereits eine statt- liche Reihe von Banden fullenden Monatshefte hervorgegangen sind. Mit dem Unifang und der Bedeutung ihrer Zeitechrift hielt das Wachsthnm der Gesellschaft hielt die Steigerung ihres Ansehens in allen Kreisen gleichen Schritt ;in der That schon nach kurzer Frist war die Chemical Society of London fur die Strahlen des chemi- schen Lebens im ganzen Lande ein Brennpunkt geworden in welchem sich die Liebe und die Begeisterung fur die chemische Wissenschaft in jungen wie in alten Herzen jeder Zeit auf’s Neue entziindeten.Aber der Einfluss welchen die Begrundung der Chemical Society auf die Entfaltung unset-er Wissenschaft geubt hat sollte sich bald weit iiber die Grenzen des Britischen Reiches geltend machen. In dem rascheii Emporbluhen der Gesellschaft waren die Vortheile welche jedem Einzelnen aus der Wirksamkeit eines die Gesammt- interessen einer Genossenschaft vertretenden Vereins erwachsen so un-verkennbar hervorgetreten dass die Bildung chemischer Gesellschaften welche anhliche Ziele verfolgten wie die Londoner auch in anderen Landern nicht lange auf sich warten liess. Heute giebt es kaum mehr einen Culturstaat in dem sich die Fachgenossen nicht zu einer Gesellschaft welche auf die Chemical Society of London als Vorbild blickt geeint hatten.Selbst in dem fernen Westen ja in dem fernsten Osten hat das chemische Vereinsleben bereits Wurzel geschlagen. such in unsereni Vaterlrtnde ist-nun schon seit Jahren-ein solcher Verein in’s Leben getreten und diesel- Verein-die Dentsche chemische Gesellschaf t-ist heute stolz und glucklich die altere Schwester an ihrem Ehrentage mit freudigem Zurufe zu begiiissen. Wohl drangt es uns in diesem Festgrusse vor Allem der Dankbarkeit Ausdruck zu leihen welche unser Verein der Chemical Society als Korperschaft fiiy ihre tiefgreifende Forderung unserer Wissen- schaft schuldet. Allein in den Dank melchen wir der Korperschaft gegenuber bekunden mischen sich heute bei nicht Wenigen unserei- Vereinsgenossen nnausloschliche Erinnerungen an edle Mitglieder der Chemical Society.an Viele? die uns leider bereits entruckt sind .JUBILEE CELEBRATION. aber auch an Viele die wir froh sind nocli auf der Hohe des Lebens au wissen. Der germanische Wandertrieb hat die jungen deutschen Fachgenossen nach Vollcndung ilirer Scudien jederzeit mit Vorliebe uber den Canal gefuhrt und die gastliche Aufnahme welche sie an den Ufern der Thenise xumal im Schoosse der Chemical Society gefunden haben ist Vielcn unvergesslich geblieben. An den Versarnmlungsabenclen der Gesel lschaft untl namentlich in den ge- miithlichen Nachsitzuugen in dericn die G esinnung guter Kanierad- shaft schnell Zuni Ausdrucke gelangt sind mehrfach freundschaftliche Verhaltnisse angeknupft worden ails welclicn die Betheiligten un-bereclienbaren Gewinn fur’s Leben gezogen haben.Wohl durften wir daher in unserein heutigeii b’estgrusse dieser pemiinlichen Be- ziehungen gedenken; sind sie ja doch gerade bei der Bildung der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft oft genug in den Vordergrund getreten und haben sie doch auch unserem Vereine insbesondere in den ersten Jahren nach seiner Griindung vielfach die Wege geebnet ! Aber wem sich auch miser Verein im frohen Vollbewusstsein gedeihlicher Entfaltung in erster Linie gedrungen fiihlt seinem Vor-bilde in Dankbarkeit zu hulcligen so ist est ihm iiicht minder Be- durf.iiiss der Gesellschaft welche hcute ein halbes Jahrhundert ruhm-voll dui-chmessen hat au€der Schwelle eines neuen Lebeiisabschnittes mit den aufrichtigsten Gliickwuuschen enteqegenzutreten Die Chemical Society of London ist-Niemand kann es leugnen-zu guter Stunde in’s Leben getreten! Im Laufe der funfzig seit ihrer Grundung verflossenen Jahre sind in rascher Folge auf allen Gebieten der Chemie uncl der nngrenzenden Wissenschaften gliinzende Errungenschaften zu verzeichnen gewesen wie sie auch nur ent-fernt vergleichbar kein anderer gleichbegrenzter Zeitraum aufzuweisen hat uncl an vielen derselben ist die Chemical Societj- in hervor- ragencler Weise betheiligt gewesen.Moge es nun-wir wiissten keinen schoneren Gliickwunsch den die jungere Schwester der iilteren an ihrem Jubeltage darbringen konnte-moge es nun wenn wieder funfzig Jahre entrollt sein werden der G esellschaft vergonnt sein anf eiiie iihnliche Reihe bahnbrechender Entdeckungen zuruckzublicken und moge dann ihr Antheil au denselben bei fernen Nnkelgeschlechtern dieselbe aufrichtige Bcwunderung erwecken melche heute bei der Riickschau auf die funfzigjahrige ruhmreiclie Veipngenheit der Chemical Society of London ihren Verdiensten urn die Hntfaltung unserer Wissenschaft 1-011 den Zeitgenossen gexollt wird ! FRONTISPIECE OF THE ADDRESS FROM THE GERMAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY.A FTEEN00N MEET ING. Trcinslation of the Address ji.01,~ the G'ema)L Chenzicnl Society. The German Chemical Society cannot and shall not be absentJ from among the numerous learned bodies and scientific associations which full of gratitude will to-day approach the Council of the Chemical Society of Lmado3L to offer their congratulations.It was a bold conception which contributed much to the develop- ment of chemical science not in Great Britain alone but also far beyond its borders whereby a small number of British investigators and lovers of investigation-at their head no less an one than Thomas Graham-were led half a century ago' to unite in formally con-stituting a. Chemical Society having for its object the advancement oE our scicnce by means of regular meetings the foundation of a library and the establishment of a journal. The foundation of the Chemical Society was not an isolated occurrence. Towards the middle of the century the venerable Royal Society of whose publications all byanches of natural know- ledge had heretofore availed themselves became no longel* able too cope with the evergrowing cument of research; and as colonies on attaining their majority separate from the mother country with- out thereby losing touch with it so one branch after anothei.of natural science had grown sufficiently in importance without entirely severing its connection with the Royal Society to consider its estab- lishment in a home of its own. The Chemical Society had the good fortune to develope more rapidly than the majority of the branch scientific societies founded under such circumstances. For years previously chemical researches had appeared in public- ations often difficult to procure of associations existing in the principal towns of the country; smaller often very valuable com- munications published in local papers en joying a limited circulation were it may almost be said lost to general readem.By the establishment of their journal the Society had given a new direc- tion to the publication of chemical observations which was at once followed by every one who wished to bring the results of his labours quickly and with certainty to the knowledge of his fellow workers. The memoirs which were at first published at irregular intervals goon took the form of a quarterly journal aud this in time gave place to monthly parts which are now comprised in an imposing series of volumes. The growth of the Society kept pace with the growth in size and importance of its journal and with the general increase of its reputation; SO that in fact the Chemical Society of London soon JUEILEE CELEBRATION.became a centre of the chemical life of the country where love of chemical science and enthusiam-i were at all times kindled in the hearts of both young and old. But the influence which the foundation of the Chemical Society exercised on the development of our science was soon to make itself felt beyond the limits of Britain. The rapid growth of the Society afforded so clear a proof of the advantages which all derived from the activity of an association representing the common interests of a profession that it was not long before Chemical Societies having aims similar to those of the London Society were established in other lands.At the present day there is scarcely a town where culture prevails in which the chemists have not united to found a society on the model of the Chemical Society of London. And not only in the far west but also in the far east! corporate life has taken root among chemists. Such an association came into existence a good many years ago in our country :&o and this association the German Chemical Society has to-day the pride and happiness to offer its hearty congratulations to her elder sister on the occasion of her Jubilee. Especially are we impelled to give utterance in oiir congratulations to the gratitude which our association owes to the Chemical Society as a corporate body for having so thoroughly promoted the interests of our science.But while expressing our thanks to the corporation not a few among our colleagues will call to mind imperishable i*emembrances of honoured members of the Chemical Society remembrances of many we sorrowfully number among the departed but of many also q-e are glad to know are still in the bloom of life. Our young German chemists led by the Teutonic love of travel have frequently been attracted across the channel on completion of their studies and the hospitable reception accorded then1 on the banks of the Thames and especially in the Chemical Society is not forgotten by many. At the evening meetings of the Society and especially at the pleasant gatherings after the meetings where the sense of good comradeship soon gained expression friendly relationships have frequently been established which have in after life been of inestimable value to those concerned.Well may we therefore refer to these personal considerations in offering our congratulations to-day for have they not frequently become prominent during the time when the German Chemical Society was being established and have they not often served to smooth the way in our association especially in its earlier years? Happily conscious of its successful dewlopment our association however not only feels impelled in gratitude to revere its model ; it is equally desirous of meeting the Society which has existed with distinction during half a century on the threshold of a new period of life with thc most hearty good wislies. AFTERNOON I\IEE’l?lXG.The Chemical Society of London undeniably came into existence at a happy moment. In the coui*se of the fifty years which have elapsed since its foundation brilliant achievements in every branch of chemistry and the allied sciences have been recorded in quick succession as in no other period of equal duration and in many of these the Chemical Society has been prominently conceimed. We know of no better wish which the younger can offer to the older sister on her Jubilee than that the Society may be privileged when another Sfty years have rolled by to look back upon a similar series of pioneering discoreries and that the share which it has had therein max arouse in the minds of distant descendants the same cordial admiration which is now felt for the Chemical Society of London by it.s contempoi*ai-ies who look back upon the past Sfty years of its distinguished existence with full recognition of the services which it has rendered in promoting OUI’ science.46 ADDRESS OF THE RUSSIAN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOCIETY. li*nnslationforwaded with the o&phal Rzissimt Addmss. "THERUSSIAN PHTSlCO-CHf~B1IChL SOCIE'l'Y at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg TO 1'Hh LOh'UOS CHEMICAL SOCIETY. ''The Russian Physico-Chemical Society sends to its oldest brother Society the London Chemical Society its most heartfelt congratula- tions on the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. An unbroken chain of glorious names of British Chemists is a certain pledge that in the future as in the past England will retain its foremost place at the head of scientific progress to the glory of universal science and the welfare of mankind." President D. MENDELEEE'. '' Secretary N. MESSHUTKINK. "St. Petersburg. "Febr,tury 1891." ADDRESS OF THE VIEREIN ZUR WAHRUNG DER INTERESSEN DEE CHEMISCHEN 1NI)USTltIE DEU T S C H L ,4N D S. HOCHVEREHRTL ! HEL:HEX Am Elirentage dey Chemical Society of London welcher ver-wandte Korperschaften Ton Nah und Fern sich heute gluckwuri-schend nahen will aucli der Vereiii zur Wnhrung der Interessen der Chemischen Industrie Deiitschlands eincm tiefempfundeneli Draiige genugenci Dank Theilnahnie nnd den Wunscli weiterer gedeihlicher Fortentwickelung anssprechen. In der Chemie sind reine Wissenschaft und Technik untrennbar verbunden und auf einander angemicseii.Wie die wissenschaftliclie chemisclie Forschung hervorgegangcn AFTERNOON MEETING. ist aus der Beobachtung alltaglicher Vorgange so steht auch anderer- seits unsere heutige chemische Industrie auf den Schultern theore- tischer Meisterwerke von denen keine geringe Znhl im Schoosse der Chemical Society entstanden gereift und hochherzig der ge- sammten chemischen Welt zugefiihrt worden ist. Gross ist ihre Fulle zu gross die Zahl der mit ihnen verknupften Forschernamen als dass wir es versuchen konnten hier auch nur einige von ihnen ansdriicklich hervorzuheben. Aber dankbar wollen wir der Thatsache gedenken dass die Grund- lagen der heutigen cliemischen Theorien welche auch der Technik zu Gute gekommen sind in erster Link von Mitgliedern der Cliemical Society geschaffen wurden die dem heutigen Feste in voller Frische beiwohnen.Wie manche Bereiclierung verdankt nicht die Chemie der Metalle Ihren Mitgliedern wie wichtig ist die Lehre von den osmotischen Vorgangen fur die chemische Technik geworden ! Ilie chemische Grossindustrie ist auf englischem Bodeii erwachsen von Angehorigen der Chemical Society ausgebaut und leberusfiihig erhdten worden. Die Paraffin-industrie welche ja auch bei uns in Deutschland eine bleibende Staitte gefunden hat verdankt ihre Begrundung nun sclion entschlafenen schopferisclien Geistern die auch um Entsteh~ing und Forderung dieser Gesellschaft sich verdient gemacht haben. Zahlreich sind die in den Spalten Ihres Journals aufbewahrten Untersuchnngen uber die Natur der Kohlehydrate uber die Chemie der Giihrungsgewerbe uncl voran in Ihren Reihen haben die vielen Manner gestanden denen die glanzende Industrie der Theerfarben ihre Entstehung verdankt eine Industrie in der heute noch englische und dentsche Forschung Schulter an Schulter stehcnd balinbrechend und fordernd wirksam ist.Mit einer glaiizenden offentlichen Thatigkeit hat die Chemical Society of London zu allen Zeiten die anspruchslosere aber nicht minder werthrolle Wirksamkeit personlicher Anregung und fordern- den Meinnngsaustausches zu verketten rerstanden. Wer von den Unsripen das Gliick gehabt hat neben der deutschcn auch der englischen Industrie anzugehoren der weiss mit Dank-barkei t xu erziihlen von Freundschaft und neidloser Anerkennung von reger Forderung und schiitzbaren Rathe die ihm in den stolzen Riiumen von Burlington Honse in reicher Fulle zugeflossen sind.Mit berechtigtem Stolz zalilt sicli auch der Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen Tiidustrie DeutscliJ~nds zu den Freunden der Chemical Society of Londm und weisa keinen bessercn Gliickwunsch am Ehrentage derselben darzubringen als den dnss aucli in aller Zukunft freudiges Zusammenwirken der JUBILEE CELEBRATION. engliachcn nnd deutschen chemischeu Forschung und Tech nik fort-berstehen moge. Der Vorstand des Vereins eur Wahrung der Interessen der Chemischen Industrie Deutschlands. (gez.) J. F. ROLTZ. Trarzslatiuit c$ the Sdtlress.On the occasion of the Jubilee of the Chemical Societ,y of London to which allied societies from far and near to-day offer their con-gratulations the Association for the preservation of the interests of German Chemical Industiy feels impelled also to participate in arder that it may express its gratitude and the wish for the further prosperous development of the Society. In chemistry pure science and its technical applications are inseparably connected and inter- dependent. While scientific chemical researches have originated in .the study of changes of daily occurrence the chemical industries of the present day are based on theoretical masterpieces not a few of which originating in the Chemical Society have been perfected and magnanimously placed at the disposal of chemists at large.The names of the investigators connected with you are too numerous to permit of special reference to any of them; but we thankfully recall the fact that the foundations of the chemical theories of the day which are also of service in technical chemistry were in the first instance laid by members of the Chemical Society who are present at to-day’g festival in full enjoyment of their faculties. How numerous are the additions which the chemistry of the metals owes to your members. How important is the doctrine of atomic changes to technical chemistry. Chemical manufacture grew up on English soil and has been extended and its vigour maintained by the supporters of the Chemical Society.The paraffin industry which has also become permanently established in Germany owes its origin to the inventive genius of men who also were active in originating and promoting this Society. In the pages of your Journal numerous researches are recorded on the nature of the carbohydrates and on the chemistry of fermentation ; and the men have stood prominent in your ranks to whom the coal tar colonr industry owes its inception-an industry which at present English and German researches are actively engaged side by side in pushing forward. The Chemical Society has always understood how to combine with its brilliant public activity the less pretentious but none the less AFTERKOON MEETING. valuable office OF promoting personal intercourse and interchange of opinion.Whoever among us has had the privilege oE taking part in English as well as in German industrial work can speak with gratitiide of the friendship the unselfish recognition the active assistance and valuable advice which have been so liberally accorded to hirn in the magnificent rooms of Burlington House. The Verein ziir Wahrung der Interessen der Chernischen Industrie Deutschlands is justly proud to number itself among the friends of the Chemical Society of London and knows of 110 better wish that it can express to it on its Jubilee than that the friendly co-operation of English and German chemical research and industry may be continued throughout the future. The Council of the Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der Chemischen Indnstrio Deu t schlsnds.(Signed) J. F. HOLTZ. E THE SOIREE. CATALOGUE OF THE APPARATUS AND SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. William Gilbert M.D. Author of Ue Magizde founder of the Science of Electricity hysician to Queen Elizabeth. Born at Colchester 1540 ; died 1603. A Portrait -Medallion executed in clay from the engraved portrait of Dr. Gilbert in the studios of tho City and Guilds’ Technical College Finsbury by E. Dunkerley student and elec- trotyped in copper in the electrical laboratory of the College by E. Rousseau. Upon the surface of the copper medallion a layer of metallic cobalt was then deposited by the process invented by Prof. Silvanus P. Thompson. Exhibited by P.rofessor Xilvunus Thonipson.. Ambrose Godfrey Hanckwitz F.R.S.(A. D. 1660-1 741.) PHOSPHORUS. This specimen was prepared about the year 1680 by the alchemist Ambrose Godfrey Hanckwitz F.R S. in Robert Boyle’s laboratory in Southampton Street Covent Garden and is reput’ed to be a pa.rt of the first specimen prepared in this country. For nearly two centuries it remained in the possession of the firm of Messrs. Godfrej and Cooke which Hanckwitz founded and in 1876 was presented b) them to the Museum of the Pharmaceutic:tl Society. At the time when this phosphorus was prepared Hanckwitz was Boyle’s assistant and he obtained it fkoni uihe by the method described in Boyle’s posthumously published paper (Phil. Trans. 1693). For many years subsequently Hanckwitz was the only manu- facturer of the substance in Europe.He claims to have been the first to obtain the element in a solid “ glacial ” form (yhosphoi-z~ gincialis winai?). In the account (Phil. Trans. 1733) which he gave of his method to the Royal Society in 1733 it is stated “An operator that is not w7ell versed in the degrees of fire and does not know how and when to take away these oils apart will have nothing but a volatile salt and fetid oil and get at least only a. little unctuous E2 JUBILEE CELEBRATIOX. opaque phosphorus; such as the famous Kunckel Dr. Krafft and Brandt did as they acknowledge in their writings but not our hard transparent phosphorus.” ENGRAVINGS. Two engraved Porhits of Hanckwitz dated 1718 and 1738 respectively. Three engravings of Robert Boyle’s Laboratory in Southampton Street Covent Garden where Hanckwitz worked.One of these shows the furnaces and retorts used in the preparation of phosphorns. After Boyle’s death this laboratory passed into the possession oE Hanckwitz and until the year 1862 was occupied by Messrs. Godfrey and Cooke who constantly used the original furnaces. The Romaii Catholic Church in Maiden Lane Covent Garden now stands on the site of the laboratory. Exhibited by Professor Dzcnsfan. Sir Isaac Newton P.R.S. Cupellation Furnace said to have been used by Sir Isaac Newton when Master of the Mint. Exhibited by the Science and Art Department South Kensington. E.W.Scheele 1742-1 786. Balance in a pocket case which belonged to Scheele who gave it to his pupil Orfila.Exhibited 6.y Professor W.H. Cor-eld. Hon. Henry Cavendish F.R.S. Balance used by Cavendish in his chemical and physical investi- g t ions. Exhibited by the Council of the Royal Institution,. Sir Hurnphry Davy Bart. P.R.S. Balance used by Davy and Young at the Roj-a1 Institntion. Galvanic Battery used by Davy in the discovery of Potassium and Sodium. Specimens which illustrstc the experimental development of the Miners’ Safety Lamp as left by Davy nt the Royal Institution. Exllibited by the Council of tlic Royal Institution. SOIR8E. 53 Thomas Young M.D. F.R.S. Slide Rule for Chemical Equivalents constructed for Young. Exhibited by the Council of ihe Royal Inslitittion. John Dalton D.C.L. F.R.S.Apparatus employed by John Dalton in his Researches. The apparatus employed by John Dalton in his classical researches whether physical or chemical was of the simplest and even of the rndest character. Most of it mas made with his own hands and that mliich is exhibited has been chosen as illustrating this fact and a8 indicating t.he genius which with so insignificant and incomplete an esperimeiital equipment wa.s able to produce such great results. Manuscript Book containing an account of some of his experiments in his own handwriting. Two home-made Barometers used by Dalton consisting of simple siphon tubes with bulbs. One has probably been used for tension experiments. Graduated glass tube attached to a bottle of india-rubber probably nsed in his researches on the absorption of gases in water.Two phials containing iodine. Endiometer. Gas receiver. Graduated f uiinel used probably as gas receiver. E’xhibited by the Cozcncil of the Literary n,ad Philosophical Society of Manchester. Sir John Herschel D.C.L. F.R.S. First known Photographs on Glass taken on precipitated silver chloride by Sir J. Herschel (Slough 18.39). ’‘ Having precipitated muriatc of silver in a very delicately divided state from water very slightly muriated it was allowed to settle on a glass plate ; after 48 hours it had formed a film thin enough to bear drawing off the water very slightly by tt siphon and drying. Having dried it I found that it was very little affected by light but by washing with weak nitrate of silver and drying it became highly sensible.In this state 1took a camera picture of the telescope on it. Hyposulphite of soda then poured cautiously down wa,shes away the muriate of silver and leaves a beautiful delicate film of silver repre- senting thc picture. If then the other side of the glass be smoked and black-varnished the effect is much resembling daguerreotype being dark on white as in nature and also right and left as in nature JUBILEE CELEBRATION. and as if on polished silver.”-(Sir J. Herschel; MS. Journal of Chemical Experiments.) Exhibited by Professor A. S. Herschel. Fmme of Early Specimens of the Cyanotypo and other Photo- graphic Processes. Exhibited by the Science and Art Departmcnt South Kensington. Photograph of the Solar Spectrum taken by Dr.Draper ; given by him to Sir John Herschel. Exhibited by W. Crookes. J. J. Berzelius. Medallion of Berzelius in Selenium. From the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society. This was given by Heinrich Rose of Berlin to Dr. Theophilus Redwood then Professor of Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society and one of t!he early Secretaries of the Chemical Society. Ezhibifed by Professor Ilunstan. A poriion of the identical Seleniferous deposit in which Berzelius discorered Selenium. Exhibited by W. Crookes. Michael Faraday D.C.L.,F.R.S. Solutions of Gold illustrating the various effects arising from the visibility of Gold in a chemical state of division. Apparatus used by Faraday in the earliest experiments on the liquefaction of gases.Bar of Heavy Glass made and used by Faraday in the discovery of the rotation of the pla,ne of polarisation in the magnetic field. Specimen of Benzol. Specimen of Carbon Tetrachloride. Exhibited by the Council of the Royal Institution. Thomas Graham F.R.S. First President of the Xociety 1841. Apparatus employed by Thomas Graham Professor of Chemistry in University College and afterwards Master of the Mint in his principal researches between the years 1834 and 1866. This series is interesting as showing the simplicity of the appliances with which he discovered laws and facts that have proTed of such great importance. Tubes with discs of graphite and of hydrophane employed by Graham in experiments on the Diffusion of Gases.SOTH~E. 55 The apparatus employed for ascertaining the Diffusion rates of Liquids (Bakerinn Lecture 1849). Osmometers or apparatus employed in Graham’s researches on ‘‘ Osmotic Force.” Apparatus emplored in experiments on Liquid Diffusion applied to anal-jsis and dialysis. Apparatus by which Graham studied Capillary Liquid Transpira- tion in relation to chemical composition. Tube Atmolyser or instrument for the Separation of Gases by diffusion. Barometrical Diff usiometer used for t,he investigation of the Molecular Mobility of Gases. Apparatus employed in experiments on Absorption and dialytic separation of Gases by Colloid Septa of metal or of india-rubber. Tbe peuetration of metals by gases was studied by the aid of metallic tubes of which the Palladium tube shown is an original one.Ex hI bit& by Pmf essor lioberf s-Austen Palladium Medal struck by Graham at tlie Royal Mint and charged by him with hydrogen. Presented by Grah;;m to the late Dr. Matthiessen. Exhibited by the Presided of the Society. Sir B. C. Brodie Bart. F.R.S. ,5’ecretary 1850-1854; President of the C!heinical Sociely 1859-61. Apparatus used in Researches on Ozone and t5e Action of Elec-tricitF on Gases 1560-1872. Induction Tube for producing Ozone. Gas Holder for preserving Electrized Gas over concentrated Sulphuric Acid. Measuring Pipette. Vol. 290-8 C.C. To deliver a constant volume of Electrized Gas. Absorption Bulb and Aspirator for measuring residual Gas after absorption of Ozone (calibrated at each of the glass points).Exhibited by Professor Odlhg J. H. Gladstone F.R.S. Pyesident 1877-1879. Hydrate of Turpentine recrystallised from water. 1846. Cotton Xyloidin. 1847. Hydrosulphate of Menthol. 1865. Cmruleine a blue substance found in many essential oils. JUBILEE CELEBRATlOS. J. H. Gladstone and the late Alfred Tribe. Aluminium Ethylste an alcohol substitution product capable oE distillation. C,,H,,O Phenyl Ketone produced by heating Phenylate of Ah-_. minium. C,,H,,O, from a Ketone obtained from parncrcsylate of Aluminium. C15H140 Cresyl Ketone prodaced by heating paracresylate of Aluminium. C, H1,O,Ketone produced by heating Thymolate of Aluminium. C1,I$,,O the above sublimed.C,,H1,O Naphthyl Ether obtaiiied from Naphthylate of Alumini uni. Isodinaphthyl from a Naphthylnte of Aluminium. Chrysendiene from p Naphthjlate of Aluminium. a Benxylene obtained from Benzfl Bromide. Benzylene obtained from Benzjl Bromide. The Original Copper-zinc Couple. The Dry Copper-zinc Couple and its constituent's. The Original Air Battery. Early Eorm of the Air Battery. Dr. Gladstone and W. Hibbert. Para Caoutchouc obtained by precipitation. Penang Caoutchonc obtained by precipitation. Cl,Hl,Br, act.ion of Bromine on Caoutchouc. Exhibited by Ds. Gladstom. Warren de la Rue D.C.L.,F.R.S. President 1867-1869 and 1879-1880. Photographs of the Moon. One of the earliest applications of photography to celestial physics.Specimen Cells of the great battery of 15,000 Cells used by de la Rue and Miil1t.r in their researches on the electrical discharge in gases. Spark Micrometer for measuring the relation of potential and striking distance. Tubes used in the study oE the electrical discharge in rarefied media. Voltameter used in connection with the great battrry. From the de la Rue Collection in the Royal Institution. Exhibited by the CozcitciE of the Royal Insfitdion. sora8e. 57 Tgrosine from Cochineal. Carminic Acid. Nitrococcusic Acid. lhhibited by Dr. Hugo MGller. Edward Frankland D.C.L. LL.D. F.R.S. President 187 1-1873. 1. Etcdionzeter ad Calibration Table. In this eudiometer Ethyl was first analysed. Jour. Ch. Soc.1850 p. 263. Exhibited by the Science and Art Uepartment South Kensington. 2. Isolation of the Organic Radicals and conception of their hydrides (1s c1. class. Ethjl-Butane. Ethylic hydride ; Ethane. Jour. Ch. SOC.1850 p. 263. 3. Digestel. used in the production of Organo-metallic Compounds and for chemical reactions under heat and pressure. Jonr. Ch.SOC.1850 p. 297. 4. 0rga$20-naetaI,? ic Conipou91 ds. Zinc-ethyl ZnEt,. Stacnic Ethodimet,hide SnEt2Me2. S. The first Eegeiaerative Gas Burner. An intermediate glass (broken) caused the air to pass close to the innermost glasa before it reached the flame. Ure's Dictionary Vol. 11 p. 562 1854. 6. Arti&ial Human Milk. Prepared by the partial removal of cseiii from and addit,ion of milk sngar to cow's milk.Manchester Guardian Dec. 1854. 7. Substitutiolz of 'Nz"for C'V in Organic Compounds. Cnpric Dinitroethylate 'N,"EtO 'N,"EtO (CUO21 OH,* 1 Phil. Trans. 1856 p. 59. 8. Ihfluence of Atmospheric Pressure on the Rate and Light of Com-b11 stion. The six candles burnt for one hour on the summit of Mont Blanc. Jour. Ch. SOC.1861 p. 168. JUBILEE CELEBKATIOK. 9. 0~yn?ho -horon Compounds. Boric Ethide BEt,. Jour. Ch. SOC.7862 p. 363. 10. Soiirce of Muscular Power. Thompson's apparatus used in the determination of the Potential Energy in various articles of food. Phil. Mag. 1866 Series 4,Vol. XSII p. 182. Ii?:,ehibitetlhy the Science and Art Departnzent South Kensingtoii. 11. Simple Jpparntm for Gus-analysis.Joui*. Ch. SOC.1868,p. 109. 12. Apparntiis used .for the Combustion of Hydrogen und Carbonic Oxide under petit presswe. Proc. Roy. SOC.1868 p. 419. 13. Theruionzetric Obsermtiom in the Alps. Black box in which water was boiled by the unconceiitrated sun's 110~ rays at Davos Dec. 22nd 18i3. The plain thermometer in the rose to 221."Fahr. Proc. Roy. SOC.1874 p. 317. 14. Self-registcring Ma.rimim Solar Thernzonieter. This is essentially B differential air thermometer one bulb of which is blackened and exposed in vacuo to the solar rays upon a white ground the other bulb is freely exposed to the air beneath the shRde of a white arch. The difference in temperature is read off upon an arbitrary scale attached to the capillary limb of the inverted syphon the maximum height attained by the mercury in this limb being registered in the usual manner.Proc. Roy. SOC.1882 p. 331. Dr. Frankland and Dr. Kolbe. 15. Transformation of Cynnogen (CN) into Oxntyl (COHO). Caproic Acid from AyCy. Mem. Ch. SOC.111 1847 p. 386. 16. Polymerisation of Ethylic Cyanide. Kyanethine N3(CEt)s. Jour. Ch. SOC.1848 p. 69. SOIRI~E. 59 Dr. Frankland and Mr.Duppa. 17. Organo-mercury Compounds. Mercuric amjlide HgAy,. Jour Cb. SOC.1863 p. 420. 18. Transformation of the Acetic into the Acrylic Series of Acids. CEt'IEt Ethylcrotonic Acid 1COHO Cupric ethylcrotonate co (CuO,) FfEt 1CEt"Et Jour. Ch. SOC.1865 p. 133. 19. Synthesis of Esttm. Ethylic diethacetoacetate COEto Ethjlic die thacet,at e Jour.Ch. SOC.1866 p. 395. 20. Syrithesis of Ketones. Diethylated Acetone Jour. Ch. SOC.1866 p. 395. 21. Synthesis of Acids of the Acetic Series. Ethacetic (Butyric) Acid {"c"o"H%2 obtained by the successive action of scdium and etbylic iodide on ethylic acetate. Jour. Ch. SOC.1866 p. 395. 22. Synthesis of Acids of the Lactic Seyies. Ethylic die thox ala te Diamyloxalic acid Phil. Trans. 1866 p. 37. Dr. Frankland and Dr. Armstrong. 23. Eudiometer for the Determination of Nitrogen in Nitrates ad Nitrites. Jour. Ch. SOC.1867 p. 102. JUBILEE CELERRATIOS. 24. Analysis o,f Potable Watei.. Tube charged for combustion of water residue. Jour. Ch. SOC.1868 p. 77. Exhibited biy Dr.Frankland. Sir Frederick Abel K.C.B. D.C.L D.Sc. F.R.S. President 1875-77. 1. Specimen of Guncotton prepared according to prescription of Schonbein by F. A. Abel Aug. 1846 in the Royal College of Chemistry. 2. Specimens illustrating researches on the stability of G uncottoii 3. Sample of Guncotton manufactured by Hall & Son 1846 buried after explosion at the Works until 1864. 4. Preparations of Nitroglycerine and of Guncotton (Glyoxiline) 1863-5. 1867. 5. Specimens of Granulated Guncotton 2876. G. Specimens of Compressed Guncotton Abel’s system. 7. Guncotton Slab fired through from a Martini-Henry Rifle without being exploded. 8. Guncotton Slabs perforated by the electric discharge without ignition.9. Explosion Vessel used in Researches on Guncotton 1865-8. 10. First Explosion Vessel used in Abel arid Noble’s Researches on Fired Gunpowder &c. Mil-80. Note.-Largest powder-cliarge exploded in the vessel 22 Ib. ; prcssnre developed 43 tons per square inch ;largest guncotton charge exploded 14 oz. In larger vessels of the same model 22 lb. of powder hare been exploded and guncotton has been detonated with deve!opments of nearly 70 tons pressure per square inch. 11. Vacuum Bomb used in Researches on the Combustion of Gun- powder and Gungotton in rarefied atmospheres 1867. 12. Specimens of “ Cordite,” the new smokeless powder. 13. Photographs showing the 6-inch quick-firing gun fired with black powder and with Cordite (smokeless powder).Exhibited by Sir F. A. Abel. Sir Henry Roscoe M.P.,F.R.S. President 1880-82. A complete series of Specimens of Vanadium compounds :-Vanadium Ore. Roasted , Ammonium Vanadat e. SOIR~E. 61 Vanadiurr Trisul phide. ,7 Disulphide. , Pentasulphidc. Silver Hypovanadat e. Sodium 77 Hypovanadic Tetrachloride. Didphate Lead Hyporan adi te. Aqueous Solutiocs of-Vanadinm D ioxide. , Trioxidc. 77 Tetroxide. ,) Pentoxide. , Dichloride. 9 Tricliloride. ,) Tet rac 1I loritlc. Vanndyl Trichloride. Di-vanady 1 Monochlo~id e. Lead Meta-vanadate. Ammonium Meta-vanadate. Vanadinm Mono-ni tride . ) Trioxide. , Pen toxide. , Silicon-alloy.) Platinum-alloy. Vanadoas Snlphate. , Oxidi bromide. , Trichloride. Vanadyl Trichloride. Vanadium Tetrachloride (decomposed). Vanadium Dichloride. Potassium Anhydro-vanadate. 97 ,) Chromate. Vanadium Metal. 77 Pentoxide. , Nitride. Barium Hyporanadate. Vanadic Va nad ate. Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate. (From Berzelius’s Vanadiitin.) Me ta-vsnad ic Acid. Sodium Anhydro-vanadate. Ammonium Hypo-ranadate. Hypovanadic Hydrate. JUBILEE CELEBKATIOK. Thallium Tetra-ranadate. , Deca-kai-vnnadate. 77 9, Hexa-> SiIver Octa-, 9 Meta-vanadic acid. Ammonium Vanadate. , Vanadike. Vanadium Sesquioxide. Artikial Vanadinite. Ammonium Meta-vanadite. Sodiu m 0rtho-vanadite. Silver , 79 Sodium , , (Fused mass)., Pyro-vansdate. Lead , 7 Sodium Octa Vanadate. Barium Pyro-vanadnte. Silver , 7 Vanadyl Dichloride. Calcium Di-vmadate. Sodium Vanadate-vanadite. Exhibited by Xi?. H. E.Roscoe. J. H. Gilbert LL.D. F.R.S. President 1882-83. Dr. Gilbert having been engaged with Sir J. 33. Lawes in the con- duct of the Rothamsted Investigations from 1843 up to the present time sends the following illustrations of some of the lines of inquiry undertakm :-Apparatus used in an investigation by Messrs. Lawes Gilbert and Pagh in the years 1857,1858 1859 and 1860 to determine whether plants assimilate free or uncombined nitrogen. The plants were grown in ignited pumice or soil (with plant-ash added) either with no other supply of combined nitrogen than that contained in the seed sown or with the addition of known and limited quantities of com-bined nitrogen ; and they were supplied with washed air and washed carbonic acid.The conditions of growth were therefore those of sterilisation; and there was under such conditions no gain from free nitrogen in the growth of either Gramineq Leguminoss or other plants. Plate of Gramineous plants grown in 1857 and 1858 ; and Coloured Photograph of coloured scale drawings of Leguminous plants grown in 1860. SOIREE. 63 Three enlarged Photographs of Leguminous Plants grown in Experiments in 1889 on the Question of the Fixation of Free Nitrogen; in some cases with sterilisation and in others with microbe-seeding of the soil.With suitable microbe-infection of the soil there was abundant formation of the so-called “ Leyumiizozis nodules ” on the roots of the plants and there was coincidcntly very considerable fixation of free nitrogen. The evidence at present at command points to the conclusion that the free nitrogen is fixed in the coiirse of the development of the organisms within the nodules and that the resulting nitrogenous compounds are absorbed and utilised by the higher plant. Coloured Drawing by Lady Lawes of the Rothamsted Rain-gauges. For the purpose of accurate measurement of the rain and of obtaining sufficient quantities for analysis a large gauge of one-thousandth of an acre area has been in use sincc the beginning of 1853; also an ordinary funnel-gauge of 5 inches diameter; and these are represented in the Drawing.An %inch “Board of Trade” coppcr gauge has also been in use since January 1881. The funnel portion of the large puge is constructed of wood lined with lead ; the upper edge consisting of a vertical rim of plate glass bevelled outwards. The rain is conducted by a tube into a galvanised iron cylinder underneath and when this is full it overflows into a second cylinder and so on into a third and fourth and finally into :in iron tank. Each of the four cylinders holds rain corresponding to half an inch of depth and the tank an amount equal to 2 inches. Each cyliuder has a gauge-tube attached graduated to read to so02 inch but which can bc read to *001inch. Small quantities are transferred to a smaller cylinder with a gauge-tube graduated tu *001,or one-thousandth of an inch.Coloured Drawing by Lady Lawes of the Rothamsted Drain-gauges. The three “ drain-gauges,” each of one-thousandth of it11 acre area for the determination of the quantity and composition of the water percolating respectively through 20 inches 40 inches and 60 inches depth of soil (with the subsoil in its natural state of con- solidation) have been in use since September 1870 that is fo18 n period of more than flu years. The gauges were constructed by digging a deep trench along the front gradually undermining at the depth required and putting in plates of cast iron (with perforated holes) to support the mass. The iron plates were then kept in place by iron girders and the ends of the plates and of the girders supported by brickwork on three sides.Trenches were then dug bit by bit round the bloek of soil which was then enclosed on each side by walls of brick laid in cement. Below the perforated irorl hottom a zinc funiiel of the same area as the soil was finally fixed JUBILEE CELEBRATION. and the drainage water is collected and mcasured in galranised iron cylinders with gauge-tubes as in the case of the rain. Photograph of a case (now in t,he Science Museum South Kensing- ton) illustrating the influence of different manures on the botanical composition of the Mixed Herbage of Permanent Grass-land. A set of bound volumes of Rothamsted Memoirs &c. piiblis11e:l 1847-90 inclusive.Also the annual Memoranda for 1890. Book of Drawings and Plans of the Lawes TestimoniaZ Laborirtoy Rothamsted Herts. Exhibited by Xh J. B. Lawes aid DT.Gi1bel.f. W.H. Perkin Ph.D. F.R.S. President 1853-85. Dinaphtb ylguanidine. Bromacetic acid. Dibromacetic acid. Dibromacetamid e. Glyoxylic acid (crysd. C2H404). Calcium glyox ylat e. Diethyl tartrate. , diacetotartrate. , benzoyl tartrate. Diacetoracemic anhydride. Diethyl diacetoracema tc. Dibroniosnccinic acid. Tartaric acid (inactive from argentic dibromosuc-cinate). a-Azoamidonaphthalene. Mauveine. ?'he base of the ma?ire dye. The .first qf the coa.1 tar colours ;discovered iu 1856. Mauveine Hydrochloride. , Hydriodide. , Siilphate. , Acetate., Carbonate. Nitrate of Parasafranine. (Prepared from Mauveine.) Salicylaldehyde (salicylal). ,J and acetic anhydride. Coumarin (from Tonka bean). , (artificially prepared). Propionic coumarin. Butyric , Valeric , SOIR~E. 65 Ctilorocoumariii. Tetra chl orocou rnah. Rromo 9 n Dibromo , P 99 9 Coumarilic acid. Potassium coumarilate. Baric sulphocoumarilatr. Bromopropionic coumarin . Anthracene. Anthraqninone. CI Dibromanthraquinone. P 99 ‘7 99 Barium disulphoanthraquinonate. Monochloranthracene. Di 79 9) Monobrom Di 9 7) Dichloranthracene and Picric acid. Sodium disulphodichloranthracenate. Strontium 99 Barium 7 Anthraflavic acid. Diacetylanthraflavic acid.Barium anthraflavnte. Isoanthmflavic acid. Anthrapurpurine (sublimed). TriacetyIan thrapurpurixi e. Alizarine (sublimed). Acety 1alizarinc. Diacetyl , Brom ,9 a Nitro , a Amido , Phenylacrjlic acid (cinnnmic acid). ,I , crotonic acid. 7 , angelic ,, C umenylacrylic acid. 7 , crotonic acid. 77 , angelic , Sodium curnenylcrotonate. Rlethylparox~phen~lacrylic acid. , , , acrylate of methyl. , crotonic acid. F JUBlLEE CELEBRATION. IC Methylorthoxgphenylacrylic acid. P $9 9 B 7 crotonic acid. /3 9) angelic > Barium /3 Methylorthoxyphenylacrylate. Cinnamonylacrylic acid. ) crotonic , Isobutenjlbeuzene. ? dibromide. Isopropylally lbenzene. Isobutenylvinjlbenzene (Is0 butenyl cinnamenc).ParallylanisoYl (anisoil made artificially). 0rthc)all ylaniaoil. Buteny1anisoil. Isobuteny lanisoiil. Vinyl benzene (cinnnmene) polymerized. Vinyl-p-aniso'il 7 Vinyl-0-aniso'il 7 Viujlisopropg1 benzene >9 Orthoisobuteny lpheno!. Acetom alic anhydride. Maleic anhydride (oh tained by distillation of the above). Chlorofuniaric acid. Amidof umararnide. Po!assium chloromaleate. F:tliyl chloromaleate. Diphen yl ene ketone-oxIdc. N itropheny ldiazobeiizeneace tonit rile. >-37 ,) toluene , Trito1 yleiie triamiii e. Toly1 triparalolylene triamine. Butyrylphenol. Propiony lphenoi . Exhibited by Dr. Perkin. Dr. Hugo Muller F.R.S. President 1885-87. Warren de la Rue and Hugo Muller.Emodin. Chrysophan. Original Resin of Ficus mbiyitaosa in which the Sycocerylic Acetate -was tliscovered. SScocerylic Acehate. , Alcohol. SOIHItE. 6’7 Hugo Muller. Chlorioat,ed Derivatives obtained by the Iodine process :-Dictilorbenzene. Quatrichlorbenzene. Hcxachlo rben zene. Malonic acid from Cyanoacetic acid. Methyl- Pyrocatechin or Guaiacol from Wood Kreasote. Methyl- Homo-Pyrocatechin from Wood Kreasote. Homo-Pgrocatechin. Inosite from Cochineal. Guanine Hydrochlorate from Cochii eal. Quercite from the leaves of Chamaerrrps humilis. Cocosite a substance resembling Inosite from the lenres of several species of Cocoanut PiLlm. Ezhibited by Dr.Hugo Miiller. W.Crookes F.R.S. President 1887-89.THE SELEKIOCYAS~DEE, 1851. 1. Original specimen of Seleniocyanide of Potassium. 2. Selmiferous deposit from the Sulphuric Acid Chambers at Tilkerode. From this deposit the Selenium used in the above research was prepared. 3. Residue left on distilling crude Selenium prepared from the above deposit. On examining this residue in the Spectroscope a sharp green line was seen which was afterwards proved to be due to a new element Thallium. THAI LIUM AR’D ITS COMFOUNDS 1861. 4. Thallium pure metallic in vacuo. . oxide. , peroxide. , chloride. ses’qu ichloride. 7 , bromide. , iodide. , sulphide. , cyanide. , su I phoc-j-anidc. , snlphatc. ) nitrate. F2 JUBILEE CELEBRATION.carbonate. acetate. oxnlate. picI'nte. chlorlzte. perchlorate. chromate. bichromate. tartrate. bitartra te. benzoate. pot,assicm tartratc. 5. A prism of thallium glass in which thallium replaces lead. Sp. gr. 4-75 Refractive index for the D line 1.751. 6. Crookesite from Skrikerum Norway. A selenide of thallium copper and silver. Thallium .. .. .. .. 17.25 Copper .. .. .. .. 45.76 Silver . . .. .. .. 3-71 Selenium .. .. .. .. 33.28 7. Thalliferous Pyrites from Millom Cumberland. 8. Thalliferous Flue Dast from Sulphuric acid works using thnlliferous pyrites. (a) From Allliusen's Worlrs Nemcastle. (b) From the Washington Chemical Works Durham. RESULTING FROX RADIATIOTU', REPGLSION 1873.9. Original Apparatus used in this investigation. Pith hall balance in air and in vacuo. The balls in air are apparently attracted and in vacuo are repelled if R flame is brought near them. Pith discs suspended horizontally. Platinum bar suspended in tube of hard glass. This was heated to a high temperature while exhaustion was proceeding to show that the repulsion does not depend on the presence of moisture. Glass rods with mica ends in vacuo of various degrees of perfection. Torsion balance to measure the force with which the blackened disc is repelled when exposed to radiation. Pith bars with mirrors attached suspended (a) in air (b) in vacuo. The blackened end of (a) is'attracted and that of (6) repelled when a flame is brought near them.SOIR~E. 69 THERADIOMETER, 1875. 10. The first Radiometer. 11. Early forms of Radiometers. 12. Lecture form of Radiometer. 13. Radiometers in which the source of heat is a platinum spiral inside the tube which is heated by an electric current. 14. Radiometers with vane3 coat ecl with different matcrials. 15. 16. Radiometers showing a different action according to whether heat 01-light falls on them. Certain bodies are more affected by luminous radiations than by the heat rays while others are affected in the inverse order. If pairs of these substacces in fine powder are painted on alternate sides of the vanes of a radiometer the rotation will be in one direction iE the light of a candle is allowed to shine directly on them and in the opposite direction if the light is first filtered tlirough a plate of alum or a cell of water.One of these radiometer3 has its Tams coated on alternate sidcs with persulpho- cyanogen and copper oxalste and the other radiometer has its vanes coated with chromic oxide and copper tungstate. 17. Radiometer with vacuum gauge attached. 18. First Radicjmeter made to investigate the effect of the shape of the vanes. The corners are turned up. 29. Eadiometers in which the opposite sides of the vanes are of different shapes or arc differently presented to the glass envelope :-Vanes inclined to the arms. Very thin mica vanes. Thicker mica vanes. Cone-shaped vanes. Cylindrical vanes. Cup-shaped vanes.20. Apparatus in which the source of heat is a platinum wire. 21. Xadiometers furnished with movable mica or metal screens which can be jerked into different positions relatively to the vanes. 22. Double Bulb Radiometer to investigate the effect of the dimensions of the bulb. The vanes can be balanced in &her bulb. 23. Radiometer to sEow that if the vanes are held at rest by means of a magnet the bulb if free to move will rotate. 24. A Spiral Radiometer of roasted mica blacked on the upper side. 25. A four-armed Metallic Radiometer with deep cups bright on both sides. 26. A four-armed Radiometer the vanes consisting of mica CUPS bright on both sides. JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 27. A four-armed Radiometer haying clear mica vanes.The direction of motion being determined by the angle formed by the mica vanes with the inner surface of tlie glass bulb. 28. A vertical Radiometer made with eight discs of mica blacked on one side and the wliole suspended on a horizont.al axis which works in two glass cups. The motion of the radiometer is assisted on each side by driving vanes of aluminium blacked on one side. Application of the Radiometer to Photometry. 29. Apparatus showing variations in the intensity of light on a divided scaJe. Otheoscopes or Instruments in which the driving surface is not the glass of the bulb but an interior disc or surface which becomes heated. 30. 0theoscope.-A four-armcd fly carrbics roasted mica vanes and is mounted in an exlinustcd glass bulb like a radiometer.Fixed to the side of the bulb are three plates of clear mica equidistant from each other in a vertical plane but oblique to the axis. A candle brought near the fixed plates generates molecular pressure which falling obliquely ou the fly causes it to rotate. 31. 0theoscope.-A large horizontal disc revolving by the mole-cular disturbance on the surface of inclined metallic vanes which are blacked on both sides in orcler to absorb the maximum amount of radiation. MOLECULAR IN HIGHVACUA, PHYSICS 1878. Original Apparatus used in this investigation. 32. Apparatus to show the Dark Space round the Negative Pole. When the spark from an induction coil is passed throiigh an ordinary vacuum tube a dark space is seen round the negative pole.The shape and size of this dark space do not vary with the distance separating the poles; nor only very slightly with alteration of battery power or with intensity of spark. 33. Apparatus to show the Green Phosphorescent Light of Mole-cular Impact. At very high exhaustions the dark space becomes so large that it fills the tu'be arid when German glass is used the sides are beautifully illuminated wit.h a greenish-yellow phosphorescent light. 34. Apparatus to show the Conveyance of the Molecular Strea.ms to a Focus. The plate covered with calcium sulphide is furnished with a scale on which the " focal length '' of the curved electrode is indicated. 35. Apparatus to show that the Paths of the Molecules are straight lines.36. Apparatus to show the Projection of Molecular Shadows. SOIltkE. 71 The rays exciting green phosphorescence will not turn a corner bat radiate from the negative pole in straight lines casting strong and sharply-defined shadows from objects which happen to be in their path. The best and sharpest shadows are cast by flat discs and not by narrow-pointed poles ; no green light is seen in the shadow itself no matter how thin or whatever may be the substmice from which it is thrown. 37. Apparatus to show Shadow of Object which is interposed iu the Paths oE the Molecules. The molecules which pass the aluminium cross make the glass phosphoresce so that a shadow of the cross appears. 38. Apparatus in which the Negative Pole is a Coin ; the device is reproduced on the glass by the phosphorescence excited by the molecular streams.39. Apparatus to show that the line of phosphoresceut light excited by a moleculav stream in a plate covered with calcium sul-phide is deflected by a magnet thereby proving that the paths of the molecules are affected by the presence of R magnet. 40. Apparatus to show the Mechanical Action of Projected Mole- cules. An actual material blow is given by the impinging molecules. A small vaned wheel being used as an indicator by appropriate means the molecular shadow of an aluminium plate is projected on. the vanes. When entirely in the shadow the indicator does not move but when the molecular stream is deflected so that. one half of the wheel is exposed to molecular impact it rotates with extreme velocity.41. Paddle-wheel which can be rotated in either direction accord- ing as the molecular stream is directed to its upper or lower vanes by a magnet. 42. Electrical Radiometers. The vanes revolve when connected with the negative pole of an induction coil. At low exhaustions a velvety violet halo forms over each side of the vanes. On increasing the exhaustion the dark space widens out. On further exhaustion. the dark &pace on the metallic side touches the glass when positive rotation takes place. 43. Apparatus to show the Focus of Heat of Molecular Impact Grtat heat is evolved when the concentrated focus of molecnlar rays from a nearly hemispherical aluminium cup is allowed to fall on a strip of platinum-foil the heat sometimes exceeding the melting point of platinum.44. A disc is supported by a carbon rod resting on carbon supports which form a microphone. If a telephone be included in the circuit the movement of the disc produced by the impact of a beam of light can be detected by the sound produced by the microphone. JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 45. Apparatus with Idle PoIes to test the Electrification of Bodies interposed between the poles in the molecular stream. 46. Apparatus to test the effect of the Electrification of a Neigh-bouring Conductor 0x1 the molecular streams. 47. Apparatus to Investigate the Shadow of a Vibratory Pen- dulum. 48. Apparatus with tn-o Negatire Poles. When one negative pole only is used lines of light are produced in the phosphorescent plate by the molecular streams.When both are employed simultaneously the lines shift in such a direction as to prove that the molecular streams repel ewh other. RADIAKT MATTER,1879. Original apparatus used in this investigittion. 49. Vacuum Tube with exploring pole used in investigating the electrical condition of a highly exhausted tube wheil electrically excited. 50. Apparatus to show the action of the electrified walls of a vacuum tube on the stream of Radiant Matter projected from the negative pole. In the wide part of the tube the stream of Radiant Matter follows its normal course straight from the negative pole but in the narrow part of the tube so great is the attraction of the walls that the molecular stream widens out till it covers the whole screen.51. Apparatus showing that the radiant molecules behave differ- ently in a vacuum just short of non-conducting to what they do in an ordinary high vacuum. 52. Apparatus showing the return of the exhausted molecriles aftm having been shot off from ihe negative pole. The charged molecules pass through a small liole in a glass diaphragm and turn a mill by their impact. The returning molecules passing through another hole turn a second mill. Apparatus to show that Radiant Matter is not Radiant Electrode Matter. 53. Apparatus showing that all the phenomena of Rsdixnt Matter such as projection of molecular shadows mechanical energy prodnc-tion of heat and phosphorescencc can be produced in tubes without inside electrodes.54. Apparatus iised in experimenting on the Electzical Resistance of High Vacua. 55. Double vacuum tube of different electrical resistance. One side containing carbon and the other side containing yttria. 56. Apparatus showing that the resistance of vacuum tubes is dependent on the material surrounding the poles. SOIHg~. 73 PHOSPHORESCENCE IN HIGHT7ACCA 1879. 57. Apparatus to shorn the Phosphorogcnic Properlies of the Molecular Stream. Substances known to be phosphorescent under ordinary circumstances shine with great splendour when subjected to the negatire discharge in a high vacuum. 58. Apparatus with cylindrical electrode to show phosphorescence produced in glass. 59. Apparatus witb corrugated electrode.The molecular streanis from the projections interfere and prodnce a pattern on the glass. 60. Tubes for the production of phosphorescence by means of the molecular stream on calcium sulphide. 61. Diamonds wrious in vacuum tubes. Under the influence of the induciion spark these diamonds pllosphortwx of different COIQUYS according to their origin. Thus Cape diamonds usually phosphoresce blue ; Brazilian diamonds phosphorcsce red orange blue and yellow ; Australian diamonds phosphoresce yellow blue and green. 62. Diamonds mcunted in enamel. When subjected to the mole- cular stream they phosphoresce with blue yellow green or apricot- coloured light. G3. Rubies. These sI.ones pliosphorescc with a brilliant red light.64. Mixed stones which phosphoresce with various colours. The collection includes Diamonds Rabies Garnet Topaz Phenakite and Spodumene. 65. Topaz.-Phosphoresces blue. 66. Sapphire.-Phosphoresces green. 67. Spinel.-Phosphoresces with a crimson light. 68. Phenakite. -Usually phosphoresces blue. Occasiocally il crystal is found which phosphoresces yellow. 69. 1’ectolite.-Phosphoresces of a straw colour. 70. Calcite.-PhospIi~resces of an orange colour. 71. Phosphorescent Calcite from Branchviile S. Carolina. When heated in air it has the curious property of glowing strongly with a golden-yellow light. In the Radiant Matter Tube this phosphorescence is very brilliant. 72. Spodumene.-Phosphoresces of a yellow coloul*.A phosphor-escing crystal of Spodiimene has all the inttirnal light cut off with a Nicol prism when the long axes of the Nicol and the crystal are parnll el. 73. Dolomite.-A granular form from Utah. When scratched with a knife or struck with a pick it emits so strong a phosphorescent red JUBILEE CELEBRATIOK. light that the miners call it Hell-fire R'osk. In tho Radiant Matter Tube it glows with a fine red light. 74. Zirconium Oxide Calcined.-Phosphoresces with a bluish-white light. 75. Strontium Oxide Calcined.-Phosphoresces with a fine blue light. 76. Glucinum Oxide Calcined.-Phosphoresces with a faint blue iight. 77. Calcium Su1phide.-Phosphoresces blue yellow green or red according to the mode of preparation.i8. Zinc Snlphide. (Sidot's hexagonal b1ende.)-T his is the most brilliantly phosphorescent body yet met with. In the vacuum tube it begins to phosphoresce at an exhaustion of several inches below a vacuum. At first only a green glow can be seen; a.s the exhaustion gets better a little blue phosphorescence comes round the edges. At a high exhaustion on passing the current the green and blue are about equal in brightness but the blue glow vanishes immediately the current stops while the green glow 1nst.s for an hour or more. Some parts of a crystalline mass of blende which under the actZion of radiant matter glow of a bright blue colour give a green residual light when the current ceases; other parts which glow blue become instantly dark on stopping the current.LIGHTING 1881. ELECTRIC BY INCANDESCENCE 79. Structureless cellulose for carbon filaments. 80. Incandescent electric lamps with structureless carbon 61a- ments. 82. The smallest electric lamp diameter 3.8 mm. weight 1.9 grams. 7.4volts 0.6 ampbe I. C.P. RADIANT 1883. MATTERSPECTROSCOPY Apparatus and specimens illustrating this investigation. 82. Alumina in the form of a precipitate or crystallized as the Ruby phosphoresces of a rich crimson colour and when the light is examined in the spectroscope it is seen to consist essentially of one sharp line in the red. 83. Yttrium Sulp1iate.-Phosphoresces with a golden-yellow light. Examined with a spectroscope gives a remarkable discontixxuons spectrum.84. Samarium Su1phate.-Phosphoresces with a red light and gives a spectrum composed of three broad bands. SOIIIEE. 75 85. SPECIMEh'S OF RAREEARTHSAX'D THEIR SALTS. Ceria. Niobic acid. Ceric oxalate. Philippic (?) formate. Decipia. Tantalic acid. Did ymia. Terbia. Uidymic oxalate. Thoria. , sulphate. T horic osalate. Erbia (rose-coloured) , sulphntt.. Gadolinia (Ya). Y tterbia. Lanthana. Yttxia. Lantha'iiic oxalate. Zirconia. Thulis (with erbia). 86. Specimens of Yttria from the following minerals :- Gadolinite. Hielmite. Samarski te. Sipylite. Xeno time. Arrhenite. Monazite. Pluocerite. Euxenite. ClQvite. Specimens of Minerals containing Rare Earths. 87. Gadolinite. The largest known crystal in the world.It weighs 40 lbs. and contains nearly 50 per cent. of Yttria. 88. Samarskite. Various specimens. 89. Allanite. A very large specimen. 90. Thorite and Ornngeite in crystals. 91. Eudyalite. 92. Orthite. 93. Alvite. 94. Rhabdophane. 95. Fergusonite. 96. Columbite. 97. Hjelmite. GENESISOF THE ELEMENTS,1886. 98. A Model Lemniscate Curve illustrating the Presidential AddresR delivered beroore the Chemical Society March 28th 1888. ELEMENTS META-ELEMENTS 1889. AND Specimens illustrating the Presidential Address delivered before the Chemical Society March 21st 1889. 99. Vacuum tubes containing new earths separated from Yttria by continued fractionation. Under the influence of molecular bom- bardment these earths phosphoresce brightly and give spectra con- sisting essentially of one or two bright lines.JUBILEE CELEBNATION. 100. The following table gives the mean wave.lengt1i of certain definite absorption-bands or lines in the phosphorescent spectra of presumably new elements which have been separated from the earth yttria by fractional precipitation repeated many thousand times :-Position of lines Mean wave-length in the spectrum. of band or line. Absorption bands 443 in violet blue .. and .. 4T5 Bright lines in Deep blue .. 482 Green .. 564 Citron .. 5i4 Ye1loiv .. 537 Orange .. 609 Red .. 619 Deep Red .. 647 Exhibited by Mr. C~ookes. George Fownes F.R.S. Sewetary 1842-1 848. OIL OF BRAN. This is a portion of the oily liquid obtained by distilling bran with dilnted sulphnric acid from whicli in the year 1845 Fomnes the first Professor of Cbemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society isolated ;i substance which he called “ furfurol ” (fzufiir bran and oleunz oil) (Phil.Trans. 1845). FURFURINE. This derivative of furfnro! isomeric with furfuramidc was discovered by Fownes by whom the present specimen was prepared. FURFURINE NITRATE. Specimen prepared by Fownes. Exhibited by Professor Dmsfcw. Edward Daniell F.R.S. Pyofessor of Chemistry ir~ King’s College. Cell of Daniell’s Original Battery. Daniell’s Constant Battery (large cells). Daniell’s Gas Battery. Daniell’s Hypometer on Air Pump Receirer. Daniell’s Original Pyrometer with iron case for Iieatiug substances in.Exhibited by the Cozcncil of King’s College Loidon. SOIR~E. 77 Thomas Thornson F.R.S. Chemical Balance which originally belonged to Professor Thomas ‘l’homson F.R.S. Exhibited by Pwjksor J. M. T~O~SOTL. Thomas Andrews F.R.S. Late Professor of Chemistry in Queen’s College Bevast. Collection of Apparatus used by the late Dr. Andrews in his researches :-1. Six straight Tubes used in experiments on Ozone. 2. Two bent Tubes employed for the same purpose. 3. Two Tubes used in attempts to liquefy the “ permanent ” gases. 4.A compression Apparatus used in his experiments on the con- tinuity of the liquid and gaseous states. 5. The first Apparatus with which Andrews worked on this subject.(The compression screw and the tube containing carbonic anhydride are not the original ones.) 6. A Tube ready caJibrated for the above. 7. A Wooden Curve Model Rhowing the changes of volume which carbonic anhydride experiences under different conditions of temperature and pressure. 8. A Calorimeter used in determinations of the heat of combination. Exhibited by Professor Letts Queen’s Coliege Belfast. Later and perfected forms of Apparatus used by Andrews in his rcseai-ches on the critical point of gases and liquids. Ezhibited by the Science and Art Department South Kensingtoti. James Prescott Joule D.C.L.,F.R.S. Model of the Calorimeter used by him in the determination of tlie Nechanical Equivalent of Heat. Exhibited by the Science ad Art Department Xouth Kensington Walter Weldon F.R.S.Some time Vice-Presidunt of the Society. Complete model of a plant for his chlorine process. Exhibitd bp the Science t-d Art Depcrhzenf Eozifh Eens‘@oit. J UUILEE CELEBHATIOX. Dr. Edward Schunck,F.R.S. Xometiine Vice- President of the Suciety. Indirubin crystal1ised.-Thc red ccslouring matter always formed by decomposition of indican alcng with indigo-blue with whicli it is isomeric ; probably ident,ical with the indigo-red of Berzelius. Dyes red or rather purple using the same process as that employed for dyeing blue with indigo-blue. Chrysainmic Acid.-First obtained by the actlion of nitric acid on alocs in 1841. Is a nitro compound of a di-oxyanthraquinon. Mag-nesium clirysammate is the most beautiful of its salts,.Mapesium chrysammate. Anthraruflavic Acid and Iso-anthraflnvic Acid.-These are isome- rides of alizarin which are formed during the process of the artificial production of the latter. As they are not in the least tinctorial their presence is not desirable and their formation is prevented as much as possible. Anthrarufin.-Another isorneride of alizarin formed by the action of sulphuric acid on meta-oxybenzoic acid. P1avopurpurin.-A trioxyantliraquinon formed by suitable means from anthraflavic acid. It is used in dyeing. The corresponding purpurin from iso-snthraflavic acid is Dr. Perkin’s anthrapurpurin. Tribromflavopurpurin. Diacetyl~a.c.opurp~r~n. Phy1lotaonin.-Remarkable as being the first derivative of chloro-phyll obtained in welI-defined measurable crystals.All prodncts previously obtairied from chlorophyll were either amorphous or merely crjstalline. Ethyl-phyllotaonin and methyl- phyllotaoniu are pretty bodies the solutions of which show a distinct absorption spectrum. Ethyl-phyllotaonin. Nethy 1-p hy11 otaonin. Exhibited by Dr. Gchunck. William Frmcis Ph.D. F.L.S. F.C.S. Liebig’s Comblistion Furnace and Potash Bulbs for organic Analysis. The first specimens brought to this coutitrg from G iessen l)y Dr. Francis in the year 1549. Coloured Ilaguerreotype Portrait of Dr. W. Frai:cis by Beard. This was one of the first ever taken and was made at the same time as that of Mr. Robert Warington. Exhibited by Dr.Francis.SOIRBE. 79 Robert Warington F.R.S. First Secretary of the Society. The Jubilee Album containing the Letters received by Mr. War-ington in reply to the circular inviting persous to become Mcmbers of the proposed Chemical Society with various printed papers relating to the formation and early history of the Society and Portraits of 44of the Original Members. The Obligation Book of the Chemical Society containing the sigua-tures of Fellows on joining the Society. On page 1are the signatures of 53 Original Fellows. Early Photographs of W. T. Brande M. Faraday G. Fownes T. Graham W. Gregory Justus von Liebig R. Pliillips and K. Warington. Early Liaguermotype by Beard one of the first taken in London. Portrait of €3. Warington.Berzelius’ Filter Paper. Portion of a parcel sent to Dr. E. Turner before 1837. Dalton’s Graphic Formulce published 1835. Exhibited by Mr. R. Warii~gto?~. George Matthey F.R.S. Platinum snuff box. The lid st,autped to shorn the ductility of t.he metal ; made about the year 1816 by the late P. N. Johnson F.R.S. founder of the firm of Johnson Matthey & Co. and used by him until his death in 1864. Another made in St. Petersburg about the year 1830. Platinum Coin or Medal made in St. Petersburg 1826. Nugget of Native Platinum found in the Ural district very early in the present century. Weighs 166 ounces. Specimen of Jacotinga from the Brads in which the greater portion of tlie palladium was found associated with the gold dust obtained from it.Specimens of the six metals of the platinum group namely platinum palladium rhodium ruthenium iridium and osmium. Exhibited by Jfr. George Uatthey. The Society was much iudebteci to Dr. Edniund Atkinson for arranging the exhibits and drawing up the above Catalogue. JUBILEE CXLEBRATION. PORTRAITS OF Past Presidents of the Chemical Society. T.Graham ... ... ... 1841-1S43 1845-1 8-1'7 A. Aikiri ... ... ... ... ... 1843-1845 W. T.Brande ... ... ... ... 18E'7-1849 It. Phillips ... ... ... ... ... 1849-1 851 .I. C. Daubeny ... ... ... .. 1851-1 853 P. Yorke ... ... ... ..* ... 1853-1855 W. A. Miller ... ... ... 1855-1 857 1865-1867 L. Playfair ... ... ... ... ... 18.57-1 859 B. C. Brodie ... ... ... ..+ ...1859-1861 A. W. von HoFmanii ... ... ... 1861-1 863 A. W. Williamwn _.. ... 1863-1865 1869-1871 W. de la Rue ... ... 1867-1869 1879-183O E.Franklsnd ...... ... ... ... 1871-1873 W. Odling ... ... ... ... ... 1873-1875 F. A. .Abel ... ... ... ... ... 1875-1877 ..I J. H. Gladstone ... ... ... 1877-1 879 H. E. Roscoe ... ... ... ... 1880-1 882 .I. J. H. Gilbert ... ... ... ... 1882-188:3 W. H. Perkin ... ... ... ... 1883-1885 ..I H. M iiller ... .. ... ... 1885-1887 ..I W. Crookes ... ... ... ... 1887-1889 RoBE RT WA R LXG1-0 s First Secretary of the Society. HENRY WATTS EdL'torof the Journal and Librarian of the Society. G.LONGSTAFF Founder of the Longstaf Medal. Jos*rus vox LIEBIG Sometime Fweign Member. D. MENDELEEF Foreign Ariembey.Frame of Early Photographs. Exhibited by MY.John Spitler. THE DINNER. MENU. -Huftres au Citron. L_ Chablis. POTAGES. Consomm6 Q la d’Orl6aiis. Creme d’Orge i3 I’Alleniande. L_ Dry Sherry. POISSONS. Saumon Sauce Hollandaise. -Eperlans Frits Sauce Tartare. Nieruteiner. -ENTR~ES. MBdaillons cle Volaille B la Princesse. Ris de Veau Q la Proveqale. -G. H. Mumm & Co. Extra Quality Extra Dry. -RELEV~S. Selle de Mouton de Galles. -Jambon Brais6 au Champague. Deutz and Geldermann’s Gold Lack. LI~GUMES. Haricots Verts Sautes. Pommes de Term Dauphine. -RGTI. Cailles RGties au Cresson. Salade. ENTREMETS. Pouding B la Rossini. Cr6me Ruba1ii.e. Fine Champagne Liqueur Brandy.-Canap6s Norv6giens. Bonibe A la Vanille. -Ghteanx Condi.. DESSERT. -Cantenac. Cockbum’s Old Bottled Port. -Cafe Noir. -Johaiinis Natural Mineral Water. G JUEILEE CELEBRATION. ‘10ASTS. By the PRESIDENT. 1. Her Most Gracious Majesty THE QLJEEEN. 2. Their Royal Highnesses The Prince and Princess of Wales and the other Members of the Royal Family. 3. The Jubilee of the Chemical Society. By the MOSTHONOURABLE OF SALISBURY, THEMARQUIS K.G. F.R.S. 4.Prosperity to the Chemical Society coupled with the name of The Rt. Hon. Sir Lyon Plnyfair K.C.B. P.R.S. By the CHAIRMAN OF ARTS. OF THE SOCIEW 5. Science and Industry coupled with the name of Sir Henry Roscoe M.P. F.R.S. By PROF.F.R.S. E. FRASKLAND 6. The Delegates of Foreign Chemical Societies coupled with the names of $1.Gautier and Dr. Will. By SIRFREDERICK ABEL,K.C,B. F.R.S. 7. Our Foreign 31enibei.s nucl Our Visitors coupled with the names of Prof. Victor Jleyer aud Sir Andrew Clark Bart. By the PRESIDENT SocIEly. OF THE PH-UX~CEUT~CAL 8. The Yrcsidenbs Past and Present. CHEMICAL SOCIETY JUBILEE DINNER WEDNESDAY FZBRUARY 25th 1891. 1 Mr. P.G. W. Typke 31 59 Mr. 8. Obach Mr. 0.Kirk 60 86 Mr. C. P. Sandberg The Times 87 113 The Tima Dr. W.Marcet 114 140 Mr. R. Waringtou Press 141 167 Mr. F. W. Renant Mr.*W NacNab' 168 192 Mr. Mercer Mr. G. H. Robertson 193 217 Mr. A. A. Wood Yr.Typke's Guest 32 Mr. W.Pearce 33 34 Mr. E. G. Clayton 35 Mr. 2.H. Starling 36 58 Mr. F. Moul 67 Mr. 3'. Mod's Guest 56 Mr. T. A. Lawson 55 Mr. W.H CofRn 54 Mr. CofRn's Guest Dr. C. Gerland 61 Mr. F. J. Down 62 Mr A. W.Crossley 63 Mr. GT. B. Francis 64 85 Mr. D. A. Sutherland 84 Mr. R. A. Edge11 83 Dr. G. H. Bailey 82 Dr. Bailey's Guest Mr. H Bassett 88 Prof. W. Pritchard 89 Mr. W. Martindale 90 Mr. C. Ekin 91 112 Mr. G. H. Ogston 111 Dr. B. H. Paul 110 Mr. J. Robbins 109 Mr. W. Hills Mr. D. Howard 115 Prof H. McLeod 116 Dr. G. Harley 117 Dr. Bernays 118 139 Mr. G. H. Makins 138 Dr. E. Atkinson 197 General Donellg 136 Sir Douglas Galtcin Mr. Piokering 1-12 Prof. W. E. Dunstan 143 Nr. B. Brough 144 Nr. Brough's Guest 145 166 MI,. A. E.Tutton 165 Dr. S. Ruhemann 164 Mr. W. P. Wynne. 163 Mr. F. W. Baily Dr. G. T. Moody 169 Mr. G.T. Nicholson 150 Mr.Brae 171 Mr. Braga's Guest 112 191 Mr. Mercer's Guest 190 Mr. Mercer's Guest 189 Mr. A. H. Smee 1P8 Mr. E. J. Bevan Mr. W. Ping 191 Mr. Helbing 195 Nr. P. MacEwan 196 Nr. W. J. Cousins 197 216 Mr. J. Hughes 215 Mr. H. T. Hodgson 214 Mr. A. J. Dickinson 213 Mr. W. S. Simpson Mr. A. C. Vincent 231 Mr. C. H. Wood 232 Mr. W. Johnstone 233 219 Mr. H. de Yosenthal 220 Mr. H. Lescher 221 Mr. Gardiner 222 Mr. W. Johnstone Mr.R. H.Smith 37 Mr.W. F.Lowe 38 Mr. J. Fuller 39 Mr. W.D.Bohm 40 53 Mr. W.H. Martin 52 Mr. T. S. Davis 51 Mr. W. H. Blake 50 Mr. Blake s Guest Mr. H. Trewby 65 Mr. F.A. Anderson 66 Mr. B. Blount 67 Mr. A. G. Bloxam 68 81 Mr. T. H. Russell 80 Mr. H. J. H. Fenton 79 Mr. Fenton's Guest 78 Mr. C. Thomas Mr. T. S. Dymond 92 Mr. Samuel Hall 93 Mr. T. Tyrer 94 Mr. Tyrer's Guest 95 103 Mr.A. Eottle 107 Mr. Hugh Gordon 106 Mr. J. E. Marsh 105 Mr. T. D. Watson Dr. Corfield 119 Prof. Attfield 120 Prof. J. Dewar 121 Prof. Roberts Austen 122 135 Dr. T. Stevenson 134 Prof. H. B. Dixon 133 Prof. W. Ramsay 132 Mr. J. W. SWHII 311..Brough's Guest 146 Mr. W. H. Cannon 147 Mr. Cannon's Guest 148 Mr. E. Best 149 162 Prof. Huntington 161 Mr. J. Cannon 160 Mr. M. Cannon 159 Mr. H. Bauerman Mr. E.C. Conrad 173 Mr. Cassal 174 Mr. Hehner 155 187 Mr. Cresswell 186 Mr. H. H. Harland 185 Mr. W. Thomson DI-.H. Borns 198 Mr. A. 8.Mason 199 Mr. M. Zingler 200 212 Mr A. W. Gerrard 211 Mr. W. B. Cooley 210 Dr. N. H. J. Miller 235 236 23 7 223 Mr. H. Trewby 224 Mr. A. Chapman 22.5 Mr. B. Vdentin 236 Mr. Valentin's Guest 227 Mr. Valentin s Guest Mr. W. Lapraik 41 Mr. W. Foster 42 Mr.H. Durham 43 49 Mr. G. T. Holloway 48 Dr. H. G. Colman 47 Mr. F. E.Matthews Mr. G. G. Henderson 69 Mr. J. G. Gordon 70 Sir H. T. Wood 71 77 Mr. J. L. H. Abrahall 76 Mr. H. Jackson 75 Prof. J. Ferguson Mr. J. A. Formoy 96 Mr. T. Wardle 97 Sir H. CSrubb 98 104 Mr. J. Pattinson 103 Mr. G. J'armay 102 Mr. Bronner Mr. B.Redwood 123 S Mr. E.RyderCook.124 Mr. E. K. Muspratt 125 (President of the SOC.of Chemical Industry.) 131 Prof. Ayrton (Presidetit of the Phyzical Society.) 130 Mr. M. Carteighe (President of tke 129PMr.harniactCrookrsidical Society .) (PresidentElectricalofEngineers.)the Inst. of Mr. A. Dick 130 Mr. W Kel1ne1-151 MI-.Kellner's Guest 152 158 Mr. C. Tookey 157 Dr. John Watts 156 Mr. S. A. Sadler Mr. T. Fairley 176 Mr. B. Dyer 177 Mr. E.W.Voelcker 178 184 Dr. Teed 183 Mr.J. B. Lyon 182 Mr. W. Spiller Mr. C. T. Kingzett 201 Dr. H. W. Hake 202 Dr. S. Rideal 203 209 Mr. D. A. Louis 208 Mn A. G. Green 207 Dr.Thorne 22s Mr. A. Cooper 229 Mr. Cooper's Guest 230 Mr. Cooper's Guest Mr. W. Thorp 44 U3 Mr. G. J. Snelus Mr. C. A. Aikin 72 -74 Mr. J. Y. Buchanan Prof. J. E. Reynolds 99 101 Mr. Watt8 Dr. James Bell 126 (President of the Inst. of Chmastq .) -128 Mr. Perkin (President 1887-1889.) UI-.Rudolph Messel 153 -155 Prof. W. A. Tilden Prof. Kinch 179 181 Mr. H. J. Friswell Dr. Hodgkinson 204 -206 Mr. F. 3.M.Page 45 73 127 154 205 Mr. C. E.Groves (WtOr 1886-1891.) Prof. John M. Thomson (sem&ry 1883-1891.) Prof. T. E. Thorpe (I'remrcr 1589-1891.) Dr. W. H. Perkin (Set. 1869-1882. Resident 1883-1885.) Dr. H. E. Armstrong(Secretary. 1875-1891.) Prof.Meldola Mr. A. J. Greenaway(Sib-Editor 18864891.) DIN N ER. 83 THE SPEECHES. The following tdegrams were rend from the Chair early in the evening :-CHEMICAL From the AMERICAN SOCIETY “ American Chemical Society sends congiaatulations on fiftieth anniversary. Our dinner in honour of event prevented by death of the Chairman.” From the OXFORDUBIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC JUX~OR CLUB “The President and members of the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club tender their hearky congmtixlation to the President and Fellows of the Clieinica,l Society on the auspicious occasion of their Jiibilee,’’ In proposing the first toast “ The QZML,”the PRESIDENT said No words of niiiie are needed to recommend this toast. I would simply say that I believe that when the history of the reign of Queen Victoria comes to be written the historian will find nothing more chm-acteristic of it than the progress of sciemc daring that time.The Society is fortunate in having been born in such a reign; for although history may tell LIS of certain branches of industry being stimulated by war still it is in it time of peace that science is truly and fully developed. The toast having been loyally drunk the PRESIDENT gave next (‘Their Boyal Highnesses tlie Prince aid Princess of Wules and the rest of the Bop1 and in doing so said There is a member of the Society present who had tlhe honour of teaching the Prince of Wales chemistry many years ago. On the same authority I may tell you that the Prince was well pleased with thc effect which that instruction had 011 him.And I am sure you will take it as merely one of the ninny instances of the Prince’s good judgment that lie on many occasions consults distinguished Fellows of our Society and follows their advice. The toast having been driink with tlie usual honours the PRESIDENT then proposed “ The Jribilec of tJle Chemical Xocich~,” in the following terins :-There have been twenty-one Presidents of our Society and I am happy to say nine of them are here to-night but I doubt iE any former President living OF dead was ever placed in so embarrassing G2 JUBILEE CELEBRATION. a position as I am at the present moment. I have a scientific Prime Minister on my right a learned Attorney General on my left and over two hundred Fellows of our Society before me all expecting an appropriate after-dinner speech treating of the Jnbilee of our Society a history of fifty years’ scientific progress made entertaining and delivered in fifteen minutes.I pray that if I fail you will while condemning me think of the difficulty of my position. I would endeavour to sketch very briefly and only in broad outline one or two of the important changes and developments with which our Society has been intimately connected. We claim to be the oldest Chemical Society; and we claim that it was our Society which proved fifty years ago that Chemistry was even then a sufficiently important branch of science to be separated from other subjects and to require a Society to itself.Following our example France Germany America and Russia have now established large societies which devote themselves solely to chemical science but all of them are of recent date as compared with our Society. Our Society had the good fortune to be born exactly at the right time and as it grew and strengthened so did the work it had to accomplish increase. The chief cause at least of this increase of work was the enthusiasm for chemical study which Liebig was infusing into the whole of the scientific world. His great school at Giessen attracted students from all parts and he communicated to them his own enthusiasm for investigation and indicated the lines to be followed and the methods to be adopted. It is no exaggeration to say that in the two hundred papers which he published there are important discoveries in every department of chemistry.This school of investigation was really a new feature in chemistry. Public laboratories did not exist in England at this time and apparently it was but slowly that a clear knowledge of what was going on at Giessen reached this country. The older chemists thought Liebig revolutionary and unsound but at last some of the younger men more daring than the rest ventured to Giessen and $he records of our Society bear evidence of the result a new life was infused into chemistry in England. A scientific revolution occurred and like other revolutions it was brought about by agitators-these young men who had been to Giessen-and if I read correctly the history of these times the earliest and most acti1-e of the agitators was a student who had been on intimate terms with Liebig and had become thoroughly imbued with his enthusiasm and love of science and by name =as Lyon Playfair ; he was clearly the great scientific agitator of the time ; I found this assertion on the records which he has left in the scientific journals of the age.He went to the North of England and agitated there; he told the calico printers of Man- DINNER. 85 Chester they did not understand their business that they wasted their colours and that economy and brilliancy of colonr and material would be ensured by their studying Dalton’s “ Atomic Theoi-y.” If they did not at first think much of his reasoning they were convinced by his experiments.Evidently he felt how important it was for this country that scientific principles should be more directly applied to new arts and manufactures and that the study of chemistry as a pure science should be encouraged by every possible means. I say this for I find recorded investigations by him on milk and butter and that he is telling the “practical man ” what to do. He became the great exponent) in this country of Liebig‘s invest,igations in physio- logical and agricultural chemistry translating and interpreting with a lucidity worthy of his master the great discoveries which were so rapidly being made at Giessen. This was not however sufficient work to engross his whole time and energy for in the very earliest days of our Society linked with that great man Joule he is carrying on a most elaborate and valuable series of researches on atomic volumes and specific gravities.In 1847 he publishes with Bunsen a memorable research on the gases from iron furnaces; and still later discovers a new class of salts the nitroprussides. From the chair mliich I have the honour to occupy he passes to Edinburgh and worthily fills the historic chair of Chemistry in that University. Of late years if I may trust other than scientific records social questions have engaged his attention and if we have lost him as a scientific investigator the State has benefited by his ability and practical knowledge. I do not know of anything which more clearly indicates that this Giessen spirit had reached England than the founding of the College of Chemistry which took place in 1845.It certainly exercised a very important influence on the study of chemistry in this country ; it became a small Giessen in Oxford Street. Still it was not an easy matter to establish such a college. Liebig himself was consulted and gave us Hofmann. A better selection could not have been made ; and I have only to appeal to any of his former pupils and many are here to-uight to confirm my statement that the ability energy and enthusiasm of Hofrnaiin was but little if any less thaii that of his great master Liebig. It became now no longer compulsory on students of chemistry to seek iristruction in other countries and quickly Hofmann was surrounded by a band of able workers who have proved themselves to be among the most distinguished OE British chemists.Thus it came about that chemistry was vigorously studied in this country and the number of investigators which formerly mas so few now became many and papers of interest and importance flowed into 0111-Society so that in 1847 the Journal JCiRILEE CELEBEATION. which had hitherto only appeared at long and irregular intervals now became a Quarterly Journal issued with regularity. While looking to Giessen as the immediate and most direct cause of the increase of chemical activity in this country we must not be forgetful of m~liatwas going on elsewhere. Duiiias Laurent and Gerhardt were carrying on warm discussions with regard to the theory of types slid the constitution of organic bodies ; aiid wc have to wait only a few years to find former Presidents of our Society among the niost distinguished discoverers of the day.Brodie’s paper on tlic constitution of fats and waxos Prankland’s papers on the isolutioii of organic radicles and Williamson’s brilliant worli on the much discussed theory of etherification are investigations which must always be looked on as among the iiiost important. of the time. OUT Societ,y for several years had the good fortune of having Dr. Oclling as a Secretaiy and it was greatly owing to his ability and striking power of exposition tliat the Society did such good service to science by affording opportunity and encouragement for discussing the fundaniental changes which at this time were beiiig introduced and liare siiice proved to be of such great value to chemistry.I mould also ~emind you that our Society has played a very impor-tant part in ariother history it is that of a simple hjdrocarbon which Faraday who we arc proud to remember was a Fellow of our Society discovered as far back as 1825,and to which he gave the simple formula of C,H. The compound seemed to liare no very striking properties and no one seems to have troubled themselves much about it till 1848 when Mansfield in a remarkable paper spoke well of it and sliowed how it could bc obtained in abundance from coal tar. Since then no substance li~splayed a more distinguished part in scieiitific and in manufacturing chemistry than this liydrocarbon benzciie.Innumei*able chemists havc experimented with it,; innu-merable inanufactnrers have used it for all kiiids of purposes aiid althongh it has willingly adaptcd itself to many very trying circuiii- stances it has always inniiitaiiied a very marked and decided character of its ovn rather than be forced into union with other substances it will allow itself to be bit by bit torn to pieces and its body built up of new material so that its best friends can hardly recogiiise it. It has hov-ever already had a glorious life and is still but young. It taught KekulB to tlieorise and he in return gare it a ring. If it has thus learnt how it can change away its body and appear with attributes so new so brilliant in colour and so useful well inay it be proud of its capabilities and of its iiunierous offspring and I doubt not glories in the fact that great as these changes are wliich it can uiicleigo it has not lost its identity but that a cla-j-of resurrection DINNER.87 may occur when it may return along the path it came and be again the simple hydrocarbon benzene. Every one knows that it was our former President Dr. Perkin who first showed how colours were to be won from coal tar and that tbe discoverer of mauve led the may in the formation of an industry which is now gigantic in extent and will ever be remarkable for the rapidity with which it grew. Till 1856 mauve did iiot exist and it is to be remembered that its discovery arose from a purely scientific invastigation.On looking back then fifty years I think the chemist may be proud of the power he has gained over nature how his careful study of the constitutions of compounds has enabled him to build them up from their constituent parts. In 1841 so little progress had synthetical chemistry then made that vital force was still considered as necessary for the formation of all true animal and vegetable compounds and my colleague Sir W. Savory tells me that he remembers hearing one of the founders of our Society teach his class that they might as well attempt to make tho petal and perfume of a i’ose as to prepare an organic substance in the laboratory. How different is the story we have now to teach for there hardly remains a single class of organic compounds which is not represented by substances which are purely laboratory products and even the chemical manufacturer competes with nature and distances her in cheap and rapid production of new compounds.This synthetical branch of our science gives a striking answer to the question what has the chemist done during the last half century ? Turning for a moment from the constitution of compounds to the simpler substances the elements how greatly have our views changed with regard to them. When our Society began they were a number of disconnected forms of matter with in many cases only an approximate atomic weight which suggests nothing except that the element should be decomposed and done away with as soon as possible whereas now they have become a connected phalanx related closely to one another and indicating by their weight; a personal history which we have only lately learnt to read-a bistory which is still only in its first edition.Among those who have specially helped to bring about these changes we claim Newlands as one of our Fellows and Mendeleef as our friend and foreign member. It seems to give great antiquity to our Society that nearly twenty years had to elapse after its foundation before Kirchoff and Bunsen published their celebrated work on “Chemical Analysis by Spectrum Observations.’’ When we consider what has arisen from this work what a wonderful and fruitful means of extending our knowledge was here indicated we feel that of all lines of research which have arisen during the life of our Society none has led to such JUBILEE CELEBRATION.unexpected and remarkable results as Spectrum Analysis and that it has been said with truth that the spectroscope is the most impor- tant invention of the latier half of this century and certainly the names of Crookes and Roscoe will always be intimately connected with that branch of science. I feel that I cannot pass from these matters with only a simple mention of the name of Bunsen. If he had done nothing else than teach us spectrum analysis great mould be the debt of gratitude which chemists would owe to him but every branch of our science has felt his power aiid has benefited by his discoveries The earliest volumes of our transactions contain the records of his work on Cakodyle a masterpiece of research.The investiga- tion on the gases from iron furnaces hefore alluded to became the basis of exact gas analysis. Mineralogical and analytical chemistry have received most important extensions and improvements from him and in later years we owe him not only spectrum analysis but much other valuable work in physical chemistry. We claim him as one of the earliest of our foreign members and there is an interesting note in the record of the proceedings of our Society for 19th April 1842 it is that I)r. Bunsen’s new galvanic arrangement was exhibited and described. We chemists gladly share Epectrum analysis with tho physicist ;it is a field from which so much is to be gleaned that we must work together shoulder to shoulder. ; and a5 in former times paucity of knowledge joined in the same society physics and chemistry and the first increase of knowledge separated them so now does a still greater increase in our knowledge bring them into yet closer connection and all hard lines of demarcation fade away.With regard to the work of the present day the dominant feeling is the impossibility of keeping abreast with the times and of following and appreciating the vast amouut of work which is every day being accomplished. So much crowds upon the student that for a moment he may sigh for the placid and com-paratively uneventful life of fifty years ago ; still who would really desire ix go back to il time when a comprehensive account of chemistry could be contained in a couple of volumes; when nature had the sole prerogative of making organic substances and when only coarser methods of investigation existed.A Jubilee does this good it makes us at lea& for a moment look back and see what has been accomplished and along what lines our labour has been most fruitful. How little could the twenty-five chemists who founded this Society fifty years ago have imagined what our knowledge of to-day would be and to-day we are equally unable to predict the chemistry of fifty years to come ; but what we can with certainty predict is that great and rapid as the progress of our science has been during the last half DIK’NER. 89 century still more rapid arid still more important will be its progress in the time to come. The MARQUISof SALISRURY then proposed “ Prosperify to tlte Chemical Society,” coupled with the name of the Right Hon.Sir Lyon Playfair. His Loydship said :-I have been though most unworthy selected to propose this toast. In vain I pleaded that it would be batter in the hands of somebody who knew something about. the subject but those to whom I pleaded were hard hearted and would hear no excuse. I must therefore proceed hoping that my distinguished friend who sit.s next me [Sir Lyon Playfair) will supply that element of knowledge which perhaps you will find missing on the present occasion. What naturally strikes me is. the importance-the enormous importance-of the science mhich you cultivate to the community as a whole. Some hundred years ago the President of a celebrated tribunal who was a man of rather advanced opinions informed Lavoisier that a Republic had no need of chemists.But though a man of advanced opinions he was behind his age. It was the beginning of a time when chemistry more and more as each decade rolled by asserted its vital importance to every class and every interest of every community in the world. I thought-if it is possible to pass any criticism upon the learned and able and most interesting discourse to which we have just listened-I tlioiight that our President was a little too apologetic for chemistry in the eady part of the century. Annals which contain the names of Davy and k’araday have no reason to be ashamed. But from my point of view-from the social point of view-chemistry undoubtedly has this claim that it is one of the most powerful agents that has moved the world.But that is common-place. There is no need for me to tcll you what Roger Bacon and Volta have done in the history of the world. But it seems to me that as an educational instru- ment playing upon the niinds of the community it is one of the most valuable that we possess because more than any other science it is brought into close communion with pure real fact. Science is a word that is elastic ; and in our days we hear many definitions of it. We hear something of the scientific imagination a most valuable quality which I would be the last to depreciate; only I tliink that like many valuable concentrated essences it ought to be indulged in only in small quantities.When there is a proportion in its admixture similar to that which Falstaff observed in his mixture of bread and sack you feel il desire for more of the solid nutriment and less of the stimulating spirit.. But chemistry has an enormous deal of bread and very little sack ; it has a large amount of solid fact and comparatively little of scientific imagination. For the chemist can always be certain JUBILEE CEI,EBRA.TION. o€his discoveries ; all he has to do is to yepeat the experiment and there is no doubt of his discovery. But when a man discovers what happened fifty millions of years ago it is not easy to ascertain the exact accuracy of his discovery ; and when he discovers all that is going on fifty billions of miles from us although there may be much probability in what he teaches still its certainty is notl tthe same in character with the certainty of the man who can go back to his laboratoq- aid repeat the experiment which he bas made.I sliould say that astroiioiny is largely coniposed of the science of things as they probably are ; geology consists mainly of the science of things as they probably were a long time ago ; but chemistry is the science of things as they actually are at the present time. Now the application of a science of that kind to the national niind by constant faiiiiliarity with its teachings by constant knowledge of its acliievements is of the highest l~iiiii,zii value. It teaches the mind the immortal difference betweeu guessing and knowing.And the farther chemistry goes on and the more it asserts the superiority of its ways and canons in all departments of human thought so far shall we diive guessing to a distance and bc satisfied with nothing but what Ke can lmow. But my task is to say something about the Chemical SocietF and perhaps the most suitable course I can pursue following the Clinirman is to take the other side from what he took because that will at least give variety to our proceedings and will also give you an opportunity of testing the superior value of his remarks. Now he dilated much and most fitly and justly upon the enormous value from a material point of view which chemistry has beeii to society in the rapid development which has marked the present reign. I am far from disputing its splendid services to the people of all Europe during that period.But 1 do not think that it is for the purpose of securing those services that this Society exists. My Right Honourable Friend Sir Lyori Playfair did quite right to go to Nanchester and stir them up there aid teach them their busiiiess and he was st benefactor of mankind in doing so. But when that inipulse had been given you may trust the self interest of mankind to be sure that the inaterial interests of chemistry will not suffer in the race. But there are other aspects of chemisty higher aspects which it is the function of a Society such as this to protect. It is soul* dutr to keep up its intellectual spirit to teach that not only those things which are demanded by the interests and industries of this country shall be cultivated bnt those things also which carry us nearer to the essences of truth.I am not going to carry that pretension too far. We are beings of a mixed character and our pursuits must hear a trace of the mixture which we give to them. I am not going to imitate the Oxford Professor of my youth who said that the one thing he valued DINNER. 91 in the system of quaternions was the certainty that it could never be defiled by any utilitarian application. But still you will observe that the industrial part of chemistry has been that which has received the highest development. Our distinguished President gave us a touching and pathetic history of what I may call the lores and the vicissitudes of benzene.But why is benzene so famous ? Why is she lifted up among so many of her compeers who appear in the chemical lists with formulas as imposing and with histories quite as difficult to follow 3 It is becnusc the products drawn from benzene or at least from coal-tar have had the good fortune to prodrice colours which catch the female eye. Therefore it is that benzene is famous. But I plead for her humbler sisters who have produced no colours but the study of whom may yet be steps to the discovery of mighty lams and phenomena which may interest the world. And this in my humble judgment is one of the advantages of this Society that it tends by bringing men of different researches and pursuits and different intellectual qualifications together to prevent the science from becoming as it has been called the mere “handmaid of industq,” and ensures that its higher claims shall secure recognition from its votaries.And now I must say it word about the future. Our President has prophesied great things and is imbued with a just confidence as to the future that awaits us. I believe that there is plenty of room for discovery in the future and that our forefathers have by no means monopolized the glory that our descendants may win. I rather feel as an outsider-looking at what science is and has achieved-that it is like an Alpine prospect in the early morning when you see here and there it €em peaks bathed in light but separated from each other by depths and chasms of the unknown. And that is what we all of us feel who look with very little skill or very superficially at the history of science in OUY own days.It seems evident to me that chemistry is entering upon a new stage in which it may win splendid victories and leaim things of which olir fore-fathers never dreamed. Perhaps it will be best to describe the difference between chemistry as it is now and as it w,zs when I was a youug man. In those days the atom reigned supreme ; but now the atom has been dethroned and tbe bacillus reigns in its stead. But that means that you are approaching with more and more chance of solving it the vast problcni that separates organic and inorganic nature. Your President has claimed that nature has no longer the monopoly of creating organic substances.That is true ; but nature does still a great many things that you cczunot do. And still less can you tell me the reason of the vast difference between organic and inorganic nature. You are dl of you 4amiliar with the tremendous JUBILEE CELEBRATION. vegetable poisons which produce the most fearful and astounding effects upon the human frame; but if I asked you to explain their effects you would show me formuloe showing that they consisted of the niost vulgar and commonplace elements but giving no explana-tion of the tremendous powers they assume. I am an agriculturist and a disciple of Dr. Gilbert and others. We compass sea and land in order to get manure to make our products grow. And what is manure ? It is an impure form of the carbon and nitrogen in which those products are bathed in the circumambient air every day of their lives.1 trust that the chemistry of the future may tell us why we have to go to Chili and why we cannot take them from the air around us. I believe that these and other problems me now approaching nearer to their solution than ever they were before because we have seen chemistry grapple more closely with the mysteries which separate organic and inorganic life. I believe that in the future some fifty years hence it ma,v be in this or some other room the President of the Chemical Society of that day will congratulate the Associates of that Society on victories and on achievements of which we cannot now dream the nature. And I am quite sure that when he does so he will attribute no small share of that progress to the existence and labours of thc Chemical Society.Sir LTONPLAYFAIR, in responding said :-I quite nnderstand that the reason for selecting me for the honour of acknowledging the toast of “ The Cheinical Society,” is the privilege of old age and of my having been one of its first members. But I am sure that you will agree with me that we owe a debt of gratitude to the noble Marquis. He has as Prime Minister to bear the weight and responsi- bility of this great empire and it is a proud fact that lie has recognised so much the influence and the benefits of chemistry as to honour us by appearing liere this evening to propose this toast. If Lord Salisbury had not unfortunately become a great statesman and had followed the inclination of his own mind he would have been a great chemist.The education of the upper classes in this country has for a long time been too restricted. Science has not formed that eIement in education which is so necessary for its progress and I trust now that the uni-versities and the various institutions throughout the country which are doing so much for the advancement of science will produce great results in the future. But we cannot but regret that the education of the past has not given to us that aniount of hereditary talent which our old families possess and which they have generally given to the bene6t of the State. It must be recollected however that we have had in the past several instances of dsscendants of noble families becoming great scientists.We all remember that the famous Boyle was called “ the father of modern chemistry and brother of the Earl of Cork ” ; DINNER. 93 and he showed us in his work that we must not trnst to authority but must me acumen as a means of demonstmtion in all questions brought before us. It was a great delight to me to see in the exbibition at the Goldsmiths’ Hall yesterday those interesting instru- ments which BJyle used in his researches. There was another member of a noble faniily whom we are always glad to claim as a master among chemists I mean Cavendish who discovered the composition of water. He did much more than that however for he taught us that all experiments should be made with absolute accuracy as regards weight and measure.But what am I to say in answer to this toast? It is a large and important subject. I recollect it fifty years ago. I am glad to say that not many of you have such an antique recollection of our science as that. The changes that have taken place in the science during that time have been vast indeed. Of course our main object is to study chemical aflFinity to understand the relations of the elements and the families into which they group. One of the results of fifty years’advance in chemistry iu that you have introduced a great deal of profligacy into the elements. When I was young we always taught that oxygen was the universal lover and joined freely with almost every body while nitrogen was a con-firmed bachelor and could only be put into union under great difficulty.But now how completely this is all changed. Oxygen is now a respectable bigamist ; while nitrogen which acts so meekly in the atmosphere when it gets out of it becomes a terrible polygamist for it takes three and sometimes even five conjugates at a time and produces bodies of a remarkable character. I have two friends one of whom Hofmann is not here but the other Dr. Perkin is and they have done very much to corrupt the morality of the nitrogen of my youth. They have not only taught us what it can do in the way ofcon-jugates but have shown it to be smost fickle body from whom you may take one conjugate and readily replace it by another and thus produce most remarkable compounds. Sometimes they carried their efforts so far that nitrogen became apparently ashamed of itself and blushed as rosanilin or became scarlet as magenta and even when moved by strong emotion became purple as mauve.Occasionally chemists have tried to get nitrogen back to good habits to be content with more simple conjugates and to be content with fewer elements in combina-tion. But see how it revenges itself. Curtius and Radenhausen llnve iately described a most extraordinary compound azoimide in which three atoms of nitrogen unite with one atom of hydrogen. This was most unfair for three atofis of nitrogen ought to have at least iiine atoms of hydrogen. Bnt they compelled it to do with one and what is the consequence? They had to make it take the form of a liquid and when in that condition it exploded with such violence as to break J CBILEE CELEBR-STION.every glass vessel in the laboratory and 1 am sorry to say injme one of the persons who tried to force it into this unnatnml union. I have therefore some right to complain that the respectable nitrogen of my youth has become a most profligate element under your tuition. And what shall I say of carbon ? How different was the carbon of 184.1 from the carbon which we now know. At that time we knem of course that it was contained in all organic bodies and Liebig had in a,way determined the constitution of thc bodies into which it entemd but then we did riot require to puzzle ourselves with those fearful corn- plications of diagrnms and graphic methods by which we now repre- sent the affinity of carbon for various substances.These methods are very difficult for the pupil to follow and I am sure that if Cullen who invented the system of chemical diagrams could come to life again and see the wonderful methods by which chemical combinations are now represented he would ask to go back to his grave again and rest. Chemical substances now have such astounding properties. If there are two bodies vvhicli I thought I knew most thoroughly they are the quiet and respectable compounds called in niy old professional clap carbonic oxide and carbonic acid. But the respectable qniet carbonic oxide of 1841 mas shown the other clay by Mond tAorim away with nickel in the state of a pis-a qniet stable element like nickel ! Aiid then when it was followed in hot pursuit by raising the temperature a few degrees it dropped the nickel like a hot potato.Well I am speaking of the changes which strike a man looking backwwds and comparing the chemistry of his day with that of the present time. But though I have been chaffing in an after-dinnci* speech do not think that I do not appreciate the vast progress that has been made in the discoveries relatiiig to the valency of the elements. That has been the great distingiiishing feature of modern chemistry. There is a great future before the chemistry of this couiitry; and when the centenary of this Society takes place the members will look back not wihhout respect to the efforts we made in the first fifty years of the Society’s existence.In conclusion I must again thank Lord Salisbury for having honoured us 011 this occasion in the midst of his great and incessant duties to show his apprccisrioii of a science iii which he has often laboured and the value and importance of which he has recog- nised in the excellent speech bcfore us. Sir RICHARD WBIjSTER (speaking as President of the Society of Arts) then proposed “ Xcieiice mci! Imhcstry,” coupled with the name of Sir Henry Roscoe. In doing so he said :-I thank iny friend Dr. Armstrong very sincerely for having pre- servecl iny incognito so long by ths may in which my name as tlie proposer of this toast has been placed. But I fear that it must linve DINNER. 95 been a disappointment to many chemists to fiud that the unfortunate individual who was to follow three such speeches as we have listened to was a lawyer with no claim to any chemical or technical knowledge.I admit that it is a great satisfaction to the Society of which for the time being I am the representative to be allowed to take part in these proceedings and to join in the congratulations given to the Chemical Society. We remember with some prido that it was in the rooms of the Society of Arks that the Fellows of the Chemical Society first met together and in the address which I had the pleasure of delivering last Novembsr I predicted that the prosperity and increase of the Society was such that it would overflow ihe rooms which we had ready for its reception in John Street and would require a larger habitation in which to assemble.I have one qualification for proposing tha toast entrusted to my care and it is this that having been doomed to represent in language of my own the ideas of other people I hare a most passionate admiration for original research. Therefore I can honestly and with enthusiasm propose tlic toast of “ Science and Industry,” as to which I wish to address to you a few words. Them is one name closely connected with my profession which I should like to mention in connection with this toast because it is a name which always commands respect in this Society I refer to Sir William Grove one of the five remaining Original Fellows of the Society. I have known him from my childhood have read his works and have had personal experience of his great scientific knowledge It is therefore a matter of congratulation to me that I am permitted to remind you of his name in connection with the work of t.he Society he having been among the pioneers of its formation.We have heard most interesting and instructive speeches from the President from Lord Salisbury and from Sir Lyon Playfair and it would be utterly impossible foi8 me to attempt in connection with this toast to add anything to the stores of scientific knowledge that were conveyed in those speeches. No gentlemen it occurs to me that I had better confine myself to a more humble theme and tell you from personal experience of the way in which scientific knowledge sometimes affects scientific lawyers. I am able to give you from my experience an instance of the effect of scientific knowledge and its absence upon a very distinguished man; and though the story is absolutely true and there are witnesses present who could attest its correctness it has never been before referred to.Many years ago when a very young man I was retained By a rash client to endeavour to persuade one of our greatest Chancellors Lord Cairns to grant a paiient in connection with some red dyes of diabolical names. I had a moderate fee and I endeavoured for several days and nights to master the snbject. I was getting haggard and the day of liearing was apprmcliing. A distin- JUBILEE CELEBRATION. guished chemist who sits not far from me had the misfortune to know that his case was going to be represented by this young counsel.He came to my chambers and found me hopelessly ignorant. What did he do? With the benevolent and kindly feeling which always characterises the actions of chemists he sat down and dictated to me exactly what I was to say to the Lord Chancellor. I remember well that his lesson lasted about an hour and a half. I hope that my friend who well remembers the incident and who is not looking at me now will not reveal any of the secrets of the prison house. At the end of the hour I said “Doctor I am saturated ; if a single drop more of this dye enters into my constitution there will be some chemical reaction.” Beiiig a humane man be appreciated the position. He put me into a four-wheeled cab; I sat on the back seat he on the front one and as we went along he closely watched me to see if there were any signs of effervescence beyond the gentle distillation of a few drops of perspiration.Well we went down before the great Lord Chancellor and he listened to me with a countenance of astonishment but with that kindness and that marvellous condescension which I shall remember to my last day while I delivered a most adrnirablc lecture before him. I do not remember much about it now for as a rule itev and ets and ates jumble themselves together in my head but when I tell you that I spoke for twenty minutes upon the isomeric changes oE the compounds of the dinaphthylamineal phabeta-acids I think you will be of opinion that I did credit to my instructor. But gentlemen I have not told you of this incident gratifying as it is to me for the purpose of anything it1 connection with my career but to show the effect of that lecture upon the Lord Chancellor.Having gazed at me with astonishment he said to me-I believe I can quote his words exactly -“Mr. Webster your client may have his patent. But I can only trust that if any litigation should arise respecting the matter the tribunal before which it is conducted will rctnin its reason at least until the end of the proceedings.” Gentlemen not one word of that incident is romance. It is an incident in my career as a young barrister and will enable you to understand why I have such admiration for science. Now gentle-men I have to couple with the toast the name of a distinguished past President Sir Henry Roscoe.Every one must of course have admired the way in which the Prime Minister called your attention to what I may call the original work of such a Society as this as separate from its useful work in connection with the industries of the country. But I cannot help reniinding you of that which has always struck me as being very important, whether we are dealing with the dye industries or any other. We kncjw that tbe chemist is absolutely essential and is the only man who can guide the manufacturer to the DINNER. 97 successful productioii of the derivatives lie desires to get. If I turn to engineering and iE such an eminent engineer as my friend who sits cext me [Sir J. Coode] desires to know the quality of the steel and iron he intends to use he goes to the chemist.And if I refer to electricity there are many in this room wlio know how the researches of the chemist go hand in hand with those of the electrician. In this conriection I ask you to honour the name of Sir Hcnry Roscoe. For he can devote himself when necessary to original research and yet at the same time can bring to bear in practical utility the researches he has pursued in connection with education in manufacturing industries and the practical utilisation of the knowledge he has gained at Owens College Manchester. The manufactuyers of the Korth know his services and we in the South are glad to recognise his great position. 7 am proud therefore to couple his name with the toast,. I have a secret to tell you concerning him.It is vc~yseldom that I tell secrets but I cannot retain this one long and if I do not tell it now it will leak out. in some other channels. Sir Henry Roscoe has not finished his scientific career He is about to embark on an investigation of the greatcst interest and difficulty and some danger. You are probably aware that some interesting attempts have been made to exclude fogs from the House of Commons. I wish it was only fogs that had to be excluded. But in the course of these investigations I am told that there is supposed to have been discovered ft remarkable collection OE microbes. To the determination of the number genus and character of these microbes and the dairgers which the members are likely to undergo by their intrusion into the House Sir Henry Roscoe is going to devote liis personal attention.You will lionour him additionally on this account knowing that few if any are better qualified to pursue that interesting occupation. ROSCOE, Sir HENRY in responding said The task which I have to perform in returning thanks or responding to tbe toast of ‘‘ Science and Industry,” so admirably proposed by the Attorney- General who appeared &her in his scientific than in his legal character is one of some difficulty and one which might occupy a very great length of time. For it seems to me that it might entail a discourse on the progress of civilisation during the last fifty years. For has not science during that time rernodelled entirely every condition of life while man himself remains much as he was? Wc read that Horace when advised by his physician to take the waters of Clusium (as any dyspeptic miglit be advised to-day by liis physician) wrote to ask about the water supply of the place mid having I presume received satisfactory information (especially with regard to the preserice of those microbes to which my Right Hon.friend has just alluded) went to the baths as me do now H JUBILEE CELEBRATIOS. But science has annihilated both space and time as regal-ds commnui- cation between man and man. How insignificant do political changes appear compared wihh the changes which science has wrought in the world! Look where we will in every department of human know- ledge and activit7 in all climes and t,hrougbout all classes of society we see the beneficent action of science.There is not an industrj which does not owe its success-nay even its existence-to the appli- cation of scientific principles. For after all science is nothing more than organised common sense. It is needless on titc present occasion a8nd in the midst of so many Fellows of the Society to enlarge upon the varied benefits which chemistry has conferred upon industry. We know that those benefits are widely acknowledged and that as the ycars roll on the benetits which industry mill receive from cheniistq- will be greater and will be even more generally felt and acknow- ledged. But liow is this union of science and industry of theory and practice to be made more fruitful 2 Only as Lord Salisbury has told us through n more thorough system of scientific instruction and an appreciation of the fact by all classes that practice without science and without theory is unpractical and that illdustrial progress with- out science is impossible.England has happily become at length aware of this great fact. The word teclinical education has become world wide; and we see the necessity of scientific education in order that we may preserve our national supremacy. But public aitcntion has yet to be awakencd to the importance the necessity of fostering and stimulating the higher stages of science. That tlic master should be highly educated that he should be perfcctiy abreast of the progress of the science upon which his indnstry depends is more important than that the artizan or workninn should know the principles of the art which he practises.It is to the iuaster rather than to the man that we must look fobr those improvements and discoveries by which alone industry can be rendered permanent. It is the pride of such societies as our own to develop this higher scientific training by the encouragement of original investigation. To enlarge the boundaries of our knowledge of nature is the first step towards rendering the appreciation of that knowledge available for the practical bznefit of mankind and of our country. Where would chemical industry now stand if it had not been for the labours of Dalton ? if he had not pointed out the laws upon which chemical combination del’ends ; if Liebig had not laid clearly before us the priiiciples on which organic chemistry is founded? Could then Perkin have established the coal tar colour industry 2 Could Graebe and Lieberniann have discovered alizarin Bayer artificid indigo or Pischer prepared sugar in his laboratory if it had not 1,een that the ground had been prepared for them by those who had DINNER.99 investigated the theory more thoroughly ? Gentlemen there is no fact however unimportant apparentlg which is recorded in the tri~ns- &ions of our S0ciet.y wbich may not become at some day or other a starting point for the a.pplication of science to industrial improve- ments. Of this we have abundant evidence in the pasf history of our science. Well aware then that the progress of the cllemical industries so important to our national aelfw~e depeuds on the advances made in the regions of pure science the Fellows of the Society in whose name I speak look back with satisfaction to the work which they have done and with confideiice to that which still lies before them.The next toast ‘‘ The Ddegnfes of Foreigu Cltentical Societies,” coupled with the names of M. Gautier and Dr. Will was proposed by PROFESSOR who said :-FRANKLAND J have been asked to propose the next toast and I can only regret that it has not fallen into hands which woiild have treated it better and into a throat less affected by this London fog. Howevchr I have no doubt that the toast which I have to submit to you mill be most cordially received by every scieniific worker in this room.It is the health of the representatives of Foreign Chemical Societies whom we have the great gratification of seeing take part in these Juloilee festivities. The Chemical Society of London whilst justly proud of the position of aZniu.mnter to all the Chemical Societies of the world can hardly perhaps claim to have exercised much parental care even during the infancy of her offspring. They did not in fact require it. They started at once into the state of full manhood whicli is said to have become the fashion amongst the children of the present age. But whilst she was riot required in their re:wing the Chemical Society of London has never ceased to take interest in their progress. Her-eldest child the Chemical Society of Paris hils attained the respectable age of thirty-three year^ whilst her German sister of which I ha~e the privilege to be an honorary member has not yet seen I believe five-and-twent,y summers.I am not sure whether this exceedinkly- vigorous child was not smuggled into Germatiy by our friend Hofmann whose abseiice we so much deplore. At all events the circumstances are verj suspicious. You know that Professor Hofmann is a past President of the parent Societr. You know that lie left this country in the year 1865; that he was one of the most active members of our Society during the twenty jears he spent in London ; and we first hear of the German Chemical Society in the following year and he was the first President. NTei*e he now here we should probably make him con€ess.Then beside those two societies whicli hare sent rcnresentatives to us this evening we hare also R delegate II 2 JUBILEE CELEBRATION. from the Verein zur Wahrung chemischer Industrien in Germany and we have also received messages of congratulation from many other Societies-from the Physico-Chemical Society of St. Petersburg and from the Chemical Societies of Vienna Frankfurt and Wurtzburg in Germany; while you have heard here the telegram sent by the American Chemical Society. In the progress of all these Societies we take a deep interest ; and the papers read at their meetings as you know are abstracted and faithfully placed before our members in our Journal. At this inclement season and during the prevalence of our world-renowned fog it was scarcely expected that many-even if any-delegates would be sent to us.But we are honoured by the presence of representatives as I have said from three of them. From the Chemical Society of Paris we have &I.Gautier M. Combes 31. Halter and the Messieurs de Clermont ; and I think you will agree with me that the Chemical Society of Paris has done its duty. From the Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft we have Dr. Will and Victor Bleyer and from the Verein zur Wahrung chcmischer Industrien in Germany we have Dr. Holtz. It would be impossible at this late hour to enter upon any account of the chemical work which these distinguished men have done. It is known at any rate the bulk of it is known to most of sou.You all know Gautier’s researches on the nitrile3 and the ptomai’nes. You know Dr. Will’s investigations of the derivatives of gallic acid; I fear that his energies will now be directed to the investigation of smokeless powder but let us hope that it will be for peaceful purposes. Of Professor Meyer’s work I need not speak. You all know liis beautiful nitro-compounds of the alcohol radicles and his process for determining the vapour density of grlses and liquids. But the operations of the Society represented by Dr. Holtz are not so well known. I can tell you at all events one of the effects which have followed from tbe operations of this Verein. Thirty years ago the value of the chemicals annually exported from Germany amounted to between two and three million marks; now the ralue ainonnts to 238 million marks.Now I fear Lord Salisbury mill deprecate this commercial aspect of chemistry. But neverthe- less I venture to think that he will approve my advising our chemical manufacturers to take note of it. M. GAUTIER responded as follows :-Monsieur le Prksident rnr Lord Messieurs- Lorsqu’il y a trente annkes un peu plus pent-&re je commenqais & dtudier avec M. Chancel le successeur de Gerhardt B Montpellier In chimie de ce temps les noms de Davy Graham Dumas Liebig Berzelius revenaient sans cesse et l’on nous apprennit alors cornme des nouveautks devenues classiques les belles recherches de Witiiamson sur 1’6th6rificatioo et de 11.Frankland sur les compos6s DINNER.101 organo-m8talliques. J’Qtais loin de m’attendre alors B l’honnenr qui m’cst hchu ce soir de rhpondrc B 3f. Frankland et cle lui ri?pondre dnns son pays meme dans cette hospitalidre et heureuse Angleterre lienreuse de ses libert8s et de ses progrds et qui peut &re fiere entre autres choses de pouvoir compter parmi ses savants des homnies tel que le noble lord qui a bieii voulu assister h celte fbte Lord Rayleigh et le duc d’Argyll lui-mhme. A cet honncur ti+ grand et dont je rapporte tout le prix ii mon pays et au vdtre permettez qu9 je r6ponde par un vceu celui de pouvoir nous rctronver tous tous ceux qui sont nutour de cette table et sans qu’il en manque un seul nous retrouver i Paris lorsque nous c61Bbrerons B notre tour le cinquantenaire de la fondation de notrc Soci6t6 chimique.Elle dMe de 1S58 et par consequent c’est dix-sept. nnnkes au moins que je demande au ciel qu’il soit accord6 i chacun de nous. Nu1 ne me contredira je l’esphre. Nous essayerons alors de vous reccvoir avec les rn6mes sentiments de cordidit8 et d’hos-pitalit6. Messieurs la science qu’elle le venillc ou non pursuit deus buts et arrive Q deus rhsultats distincts. Elle ktudie les faits et essuye d’en deviner lcs lois de les g6nQra-liser d’en tirer 1es applications nkcessaires au bien-Gtre de la corn-mnnaut6 des hommes; dest lh ce qui constitue le fond mat6riel et scientifique de notre civilisation moderne. Mais la science est aussi un moyen indirect de pacification et d’union entre les hommes. Des f6tes telles que celle-ci cn sont la preuve sensible.Elles permettent de tendre la main A ceux qui resteraient des indiffbrents ou des kmules elle fait se connaitre et s’estimer personnellement des hommes qu’aumient rest& Q certains Bgards peut-&re des indifWents. Par nos publications nos ouvrages nos cours publics nous poss6dons un nouveau moyen d’he ntiles Q ce meme point de vue et de joucr nn riile de pacification. De ce moyen croyez-le les savants fi-anpis ne s’en font pas faute. Je vous ai dit hier mon sentiment en cc qui touche ros compatriotes. Qu’il me soit permis puisque l’occasioii s’en prrisente de le dire aussi anx savants allemmds. Nous professous tous le culte scientifique qui est dQ leiir travaux et nous rendous justice h cette savante et travailleuse AZIemagne des id& de qui nous sommes souvent tributaires.C’est ainsi que la science permet peu-&-pen de faire entrer la pacification dans les esprits. Les peuples peuvent &changer leurs obus sur les champs de bataille ils ne peuvent pas ne pas kchanger aussi leurs idkes et de ce dernier Qchange naPt tat ou tard l’estime mutuellc qui pri?cbdora je l’espbe bientht peut-&re le Ggne de la raison et de 1’Qquitk. JU RILEE CELEBRATION. Messieurs l’on a dit yue la science n’a pas de patrie ; c’est dar:s ce sens qu’il faut l’entendre et c’est dans cette peris6e que sous 1’8gide de l’hospitalith anglaise et A propos de cette fete pacifique je l&ve mor verre et bois A l’union des hornmee de bonno rolout6 de tous les pays pour In science et pour le bien general.I’.radatio11. When thirty years 019 so ago I commenced the study of chemistry under M. Chancel the successor of Gerhnrdt at Montpellier the names of Uavy Graham Dumas Liebig and Berzelius occurred over and over again and the tEautiful researches of Williamson 011 etheritication and of Franklnnd on organo-metallic compounds which have since become classical were then brought under our notice as iiovelties. Little did I then expect that the honour would fall to me tliis evening of replying to Dr. Frankland arid of replying to him in his own country in this hospitable and happy England happy in its liberty and in its progress and justly proud among other things that it is able to count among its men of science men like the noble lord who has been so good as to assist at this celebration Lord Rayleigh and the Duke of Argyll.In acknowledgment of this great honour which I owe entirely to my country and yours allow me to reply by expressing ,z wish that all without exception who are collected around this table may mcet in Paris when we in our turn celebrate the jubilee of our Society. It dates from 1858 and consequently I ask heaven to grant each of UY at least seventeen years of life. No one I think will disagree with me. We will then endeavoar to receive you with the same sentiments of cordiality and hospitality. Gentlemen science whether she wish it or no pursues two ends and arrives at two distinct results. She studies facts and essays to divine the laws underlying them to generalise from them and to apply them to tho welfare of the comrnnnitr.It is this which constitutes the material and scientific basis of cur modern civilisa- tion. But science is also an indirect means of promoting peace and union among nations. Celebrations such as tbe present are the proof of this. They offer the opportunity of reaching out the hand to those who hare heretofore been indifferent if not rids and they enable men to become acquainted and to personally esteem one another who would otherwise perhaps have remained indifferent.. We have from the same point of view by our publications our books and our public lectures a new means of being useful and of playing the part of peacemakers. French men of science believe me will not fd to make use of this.I told you yesterday of my views DINNER. 103 regarding your countrymen. Allow me as the opportunity now oeers also to expmss them to German men of science. We all pay the respect to their labours which they deserre and we render justice to the learned and laborious German of whose ideas we often avail ourselves. Thus it is that science little by little brings into the mind the idea of peace for although nations may exchange bullets on the field of battle they cannot reskt also exchanging ideas ; and from this latter exchange sooner or later will arise that miitual esteem which let us hope at no distant date will precede the i-eip of reason and equity. Gentlemen it has been said that science knows no country; this is what the saying meam ; and with this idea under the Egis of English hospitality and on the occasion of this pacific feast I raise my glass and drink to the union of men of goodwill of all nttt,ions for tho advancement of science and for the general good.Dr. WILLnext spoke in the following terms :-Herr Praesident my Lords meine Herren :-Gestatken Sie dass Ich znnachst Herrn Prof. Fmukland meineii hcrzlichsten Dank ausspreche fir die freundlichen Worte mit welcheii er uns soeben begrusat hat. Es ist ein schones Vorrecht der Wissen- schaft! dass ihre Arbeit und ihre Erfolge international sind dass die Grenzen spraclilich oder politisch getrennter Under fur sie kcine Schranken bilden. Wo immer auf diesem Gebiete gesat und geerntet wird die Pruchte sind fur alle ohne Einsclirankuiig zug&nglicli; so sind die zahlreichen nenen Gebiete des Wissens welchc in unermudlialier Forschung seit funfzig Jahren von den Mitgliedei-n der Chemical Society erschlossen worden sind eiti nnschatzbares Gemeiiigut der wissenschaftliclien Welt aller Nationen geworden.3)a ist cs denn naturlich dass an dem Jubelfeste welches Ibre Gesellschaft nach fiinfzigjailirigem Besteheri feiert nicht nur die Chemiker dieses Lai;des sondern auch die Forscher der ubrigeu Nationen lebhaftes Interesse zeigen dass sie ron allen Seiten her- beigeeilt sind urn dankbar ihre Gluckwiinsche darzubringen. WY Herr Holtz und Ich sind von dern Vorstscd der deutschen chemischeii Gesellschaft hierliergesand t dereii Praesident Aug.Kekuld und dereii Vice-Praesiden t. 9.W. von Hofmmn durch unaufschiebbnre Berufs- pff'cbten zu iliren Bedauern verhiidert siiid heute hiw zii erscheinen. Ihide zuinal lhr ciristigcr Praesideut A. \V. von Hofmann haben UIIS aufgetragen Ihnen die hei-zlichsten Griisse zu uberrnitteln. Die deutsche chcmische Gcselldiaft unrl die Chemical Society of Londoii sind durch iiianri igfache F1.eulldsclisftsbande an eiriander gthiiprt. Unsere Gesellschaft ist st>o!z ditrallf eine namhsfte Anzabl voii Mitglieclern der Chemical Society unter unsere Ehrerlmitglieder und MitglieJcr ziihlen zii durfen. Ich mochte der Gcsinnung dei. deutschen Chemiker gegeriiibcr i hren englischen Collegen in den1 JUBILEE CELXEKATI ON.TVunsche Ausdruck geben dass clas f reuiidscliaftliclie Verhaltniss beider Gesellschaften fortclauern niijge uncl dass IlLre Gesellscliaft weiter bliihen und wachsen moge zum Wohle unserer TVissenschaf t. Y’miasln tiopb. Mr. President my lords and gentlemen :-Allow me first to thank Professor Fmnkland most heartily for the friendly words of greeting which he has just addressed to us. It is a true privilege of science that its labours and their fruits are inter- natioiial; that it ‘is in no way limited by the frontiers of countries sepzrated by language or polit~cslly wherever in its territory seed is sown and the harvest is gathered the crop is at the disposal of all without restriction. The numerous new regions of knowledge which have been opened up by the researches of indefatigable workers among the nieinbers of the Chemical Society during the past fifty years are shared as an invaluable possession by the scientific world at large; hence it is a matter of course that on the occasion cf the Jubilee which your Society now celebrates after fifty years of existence not onIy the chemists of this country but also those of other nations are interested and have hastened here from all quarters to gratefully offer their congratulations.We-Dr. Holtz and I-are sent here by the Council of tlie German Chemical Society whose President Aug. Kekul6 and Vice-president A. W. von Hofmann are to their regret prevented by unavoidable official duties from attending to-duy. Both especialIy your former President voii Hofmann have commissioned us to convey to you their most hearty greetings.The German Chemical Society and the Chemical Society of London are united by many bands of friendship. Our Society is proud to number many who are Fellows of the Chemical Society among its Honorary and Ordinary Members. Allow me to give expression to the feeling which animates German chemists towards their English colleagaes by wishing that the friendly relations of the two societies may continue and that your Society may flourish and grow for the benefit of our scieiice. Sir FREDERICK ARELthen proposed ‘‘ Ow Foreign XenzZlers ad ozw Visitors,” coupled with the names of Professor Victor Meyer and Sir Andrew Clark Bart. in the following terms :-It is some little consolation to me at this period of the evening when the company is highly supersaturated with speeches to feel that the toast intrusted to me prasents some little originality and sonie little indication also of the application by our learned secretaries of recent scientific researches to the construction of toasts.For mine is a diad toast since I have not only to deal with our foreign mem-bers but with our visitors also. Now gentlemen it is one of the L)INN EI:. 105 grentest sources of pride to the Chemical Society that but few years elapsed before its work became EO thoroughly known and respected in neighbouring countries that eminent men were anxious to become associated with us; and it was not long bcforc we found that the desire to be an honorary Fellow or Foreign Member of the Chemical Society was ardently entertained by the most prominent workers in chemical science abroad.For many years we have numbered among our Foreign Members men niost eminent in chemical m-ork. We regret greatly that circumstances have prevented many of our men of science whom we delight in as fellow members from attending this gathering and this ce1ebr:ition of our Jubilee. But we have a worthy representative of the work of our Foreign Fellows-a man whose work and teachings it will always be OLIT delight to follow-I refer to Victor Meyei-. Turning to the second part of my toastJ,I had prepared shortly before coming here a most eloquent oration c;ii the app1icat;on of recent scientific research to the advancement of medicine thinking that I should see the eminent President of the Royal College of Physicians on the left of the President ready to respond.But though I deeply regret his absence I am not sorrs that the few words I have to say with regard to the second portion of the toast are thus diverted into another channel I think you will all agree with me that one of the greatest eucouragenienta we meet with in connection with our work and its application to useful piirposes is the encouragement we meet with in a11 directions from large bodies connectcd with commerce and industry and especially those large bodies connected with this great city of London. One of the earliest indications of the active interest taken by om citizens in scientific work and of their desire to help men of science in their labours was the response -the cheerful response- which we received to our applications to the great Guilds of the Citj- of London to assist us in establishing a fand for the promotion of chemical research.And not long after that fund was established these guilds joined in establishing what has ah-eady proved to be one of the greatest works of the country in connection with the advance- ment of science the great Technical Institute of the City and Guilds of London. All of us know that our labours are appreciated bp those who see and feel their application in the arts; but it is an especial pleasure to know that me work liaiid in hand Tith bodies who thoroughly appreciate us and have the means of assisting us in our work.The City and Guilds of London Institute has already risen to be the great university of technical education in this couiitry ; and it is a great pride and pleasure to feel that me have a representative of one o€ the foremost Guilds of London which has been in the van of helping not only the Society but technical education generally J UBlLEE CELEBRATION. in this couiitrj-. And so I have great p1~asure in associating with the second part of my toast the Priuic Warden of the Goldsinitlis' Company. PROFESSOR RrEYER responded in the following words :-VICTOR Herr Praesidcnt meine Herren- Dankbar bewegt durcli die zahlreichen Bewei e der Syinpiitliic~ welche Sie allcn auswiirtigen Theilnehmerii dieses Festes in so reicLen-1 Blame zu Theil werden liessen spreche ich Ihnen im Namen der Gaste den t3iefgefuliltesten Dank am.Wenn ich als eines der jungeren foreign members der Gesellschaft fur Diese das Wort ergreife so finde ich nieine Legitimation in dem Umstnnde dass ich zugleich im Namen ron zwei hervorragenden Ehrenmitgliedern zu sprecheii die Ehre habe welclic gleich wie ich in Heidelberg wohnen. Bei meiner Abreise ron Hause hal,en Bunsen und Kopp mir anfgetrsgen cler Gtsellschaft in ihren Namen die nufrichtigsten Gluckwuusche darzubriiigeii und auszusprechen wie sehr sie an dem Hluhen der Gesellschaft Antheil nehnien wenngleich Alter nrld Gesuiiciheitez-iista11(?1sie iiotigen fern zu bleiben. Intlem ich in dieseni Kreise Heidelbergs mid besunders Bunsens gedeiike drangt sich mir cler Geclanke auf welcbhe herrlichen nnd fur die Wissenschaft nutzbringenden Wirkungen aus deli Bezichiingen zwischen dem grosseii deutschen Porscher und seirien englischen Schiiler und Preundeii heivorgegaugen sind.Ich brxuche nur deii Namen Prof. Frauklaiids ZLI neniien und den meiries Kachbnrs zur Rechten Sir Henry Roscoe's. Der eine gab in seincn klassischeii Untersachungen fiber die Organometalle gewisserr1i:issm die Kronung des Gebaudcs zu Prelcheni Bu nsen durcll seine Kakodjlarbeiten den Grundstein gelegt hatte ; hierdurch und c1ui.c.h seine ba1inbrec.henderi Tdeen uber den Regriff der cllemischcn Valenz er tattete er Deutsch-land und der gesamnitcii Wissenschalt dus Kapital nu enip!'ungener Anrcgung niit reichcn zinsen Zuriirk.Der Andre dessen Untersnch- ungeii uber das Tanadin eiii leuchtendes Deiikmal ~issensch~ftlichei~ Fcrschungsmettiode bilden wurde zugleich der Schopfer jener trefflichen Lehrbiicher welclien auch dcr deutsche Student noch heute- mit Vorliebe seine cheniischeii Kenntnisse entuimmt. Zu znhlreich sind dic Reziehnngcn zwischen englisclier und dent-scher chemischei. Arbeit als dass icli ihrer gedeiikeii kihnte. hber wei- moclite heut an dieser Stelle und in diesem Kreiw nicht d::rari erinncrn dass KeknlB seinen grossen Gcdanken ftl er die Wei*tigbei t der Elemente uncl de1-c.nVerknupfung liier in Loiitlon gt fasst hat als er-heimkelirend ron eiiiem anregencitn L4bend kci inciiieni Nachbar zur Linken seineiri B'rcunde Dr. Hugo Miiller-tief in Gudallkerl versunken hoch oben xuf deni Oinnibus tiaumend durch die Strnsse~i der Weltstadt fuhr.Wer inochte riicht dai-ax eriiincrn dass unser DIXKER. 107 Meister A. W. vori Hofmann-eines der altesten Mitglieder dieses Vereines-den Plan zur Organisation dcr grossen deutsohen Schwes- t,ergesellschaft nrizweifelhaft nnt er dem Eindrucke der Erfahrungen gefasst hat die er hier in London uncl in diesem Vereine gesammelt hatte. Und indem er diese Gesellscliaft als eine deutsche aber zugleich als eine solche vnn vollig in ternationalcm Charakter gc-staltete trug er in erfolgreichster Weise dam bei die chemischen Arbeiter aller Nationen zussmmenmirken zu lassen und ilir Werk zu einem getneinsninen Ganzen zu gestalten. Diese internationalen Aufgaben pfiegt auch die Chemical Society von Tiondon in hervor-ragendem Masse-mit u-elchern Erfolg das druckt heut die begeis- terte Theilnahme der freniden Vertre ter und foreiqn niembers der Gesellschafti in beredt,en Worten aus.Moge die Chemical Society iieben allen iLren nndereii schonen Aufgahen auch in Zukunft ihre volkerverbindenden Z-ele in so erfolgreicher Weise anstreben wie bisher moge sie blulien uncl gedeihen :L~Seine Pflegstiitte der Wis- senschaft fur ihr Vaterland 1 orerst aber uicht rninder fur alle Volker welche sich im f riedliclien Wettbewerb wissenscliaftlicher Arbeit verbundet wisseii. l’m~slution. Mr. President and Gentlemen- Touched by the numerous proofs of sympathy wliicli you have so liberally accorded to 811 foreign participators in this celebration let me on behalf of the guests express oiir warmest thaiiks to you.If I who am one of ttie younger foreign members oE the Society speak on their behalf a justification is to be fuund in the fact that at the same time I have th2 110iion~to speak in the name of two highly distinguished foreign members who like myself are resident in Heidelberg. As I left home Bunsen and Kopp both ccmniissioned me to offer you in their names tlie sincerest good wishes and to say how much they are interested iii the prcsperity of the Society although age and health compel them to remain at a distance. In mentioning Hcidelberg and especially Bunsen in this assembly I am at once reminded of tlie glorious consequences so fruitful to sc:ence which have arisen from the connection established between tlie gre:it German investigator and his Eilglish pupils and fi-iends.I need only mention the Iiames of PrLfcssor J?i.ankland and that of my neighbour on my riglit Sir Henry Roscoe. The one by his classical researches 011 orgauo-metallic conipoiinds gave as it \.;ere the crown to the edifice of which tlie foundation stone was laid by Bunsen in his invcstiptions of cncodjl ; and by the publication of these researches as well as of his pioneer ideas on the conception of churiiicnl valency he repaid with full interest to Germany and JCTBII,EE CELEBIt-ITIOS. science at large the capital cjf cncouragement which he had received -The other whose investigation of vanadium is a luminous example of the method of scientific investigation also became the creator of those admirable test books from which the German student even at tlic present day derives by preference his chemical kuowledge.The relations existing between English and German cllemical investigation ikre too niimerous to mention. But liere in tliis circle who does not remember that his great conception of tlie ralency of the elements and of the manner in which they are connected occurred to Kekule as buried in thought he rode home on the top of an omnibus through the streets of the great metropolis after spending an inspiriting evening with my neighbour on my left his friend Dr. Hugo Muller. Who does not remember also that our master A. W. von Hofmann-one of the oldest members of this association- undoubtedly based the plan on which the great German sister Society mas organised on tlie experience which he gained liere in Idondon in your Society ; and that by conferring on this Society a truly inter- national as well as a German character he successfully ei;sured the co-operation of the cliemists of all nations and the complete unifi- cation of their work.The Chemical Society of London has also given special attention to international questions and tlie entlinsiastiu participation of foreign representatives and foreign members of the Society is to-day eloquent evidence that it lias done so with success. May the Cheniical Society in addition to its other useful functions fulfil in the future as successfully as in the past its ofice of uniting nations ; may it flourish and prosper as a home of science for its own nation in the first place but none the less also for all nations wliicb are confederated in tlie friendly rivalry of scientific labour.THE PRIME \TARDEN OF THE GOLDSMITHS’ COMPAXY B!r. GEORGE AJATTHET in responding to the toast proposed by Sir Frederick Abel said :-I feel rather diffident in rising to respond for the t-isitors knowing that I take the place of a gentleman who could have done it much better. Still I feel glad to have the opportunity of saying that tlie City Companies especially that to wliich I belong take a great interest in the branch of education which we are considering to-night. We are alive to the fact that progress is the order of the day and that the funds given to XIS and which we have husbandcd cannot be better expended than in the cause of technical education.In con-nection with that we were extremely glad to have tlie opportunity of lending our Hall yesterday. A inore interesting exhibition I ha~enot’ seen for many years. Nothing could well be more interesting than to see Davy’s lamp and the various other things which show us what DINNER. 109 has been done in the progress of chemistry during the last fiEty years. With regard to chemistry generally we ought to recognise that it does a great deal for us in the may of protecting people against adulteration of their water and food. We have been told by the President that chemistry has done much in the past to conquer the forces of nature; and I had intended to say something about our technical progress but that has been taken out of my hands by the Attorney-General.But I niay say that the chemist of the present day and the immediate future,:will give attention to that subject and that we may see some important improvements connected with it I thank you on behalf of the visitors for the kind way in which you have received this toast. I consider it a great honour to be present to-night ; and so far as my Company is concerned we feel that any- thing we can do for the advancement of science is a feather in our cap and we shall be glad to do all that is in our puwer. The toast of (‘The Presidents Pirst aizd PYeseTat,” was proposed by the President of the Pharmaceutical Society Mr.M. CARTEIGHE, in tho following words :-I do not quite understand on what principles you Sir and your colleagues have done me the honour of asking me to propose this toast; and when I remind you that it is from the point of view of hospitality and cordiality the toast of the evening-important as all the previous toasts hare been-you will agree with me that it is an honour indeed that has been conferred upon me. But I felt when I received the communication from the Secretary that I was privileged to propose the toast that it was possible that I liad been described in the programme as one of those Original Fellows who have been mentioned and of whom only two are present to-night. I do not think that I can offer anything original for your consideration but I can show you that it is for the Pharmaceutical Society which I represent an especial honour to be called upon to propose the toast of the past and present Presidents of the Chemical Society.The past Presidents are mentioned in this toast in the first place probably from a feeling of veneration and respect and secondly from a feeling of regard on the part of those who had the duty of preparing the programme of such an important gathering as this. But I am sure it will accord best with your feelings if I regard the speeches which have preceded as reflecting lustre upon all the past Presidents of the Chemical Society and confine myself to associating with this toast the name of your excellcnt President Dr.Russell. I remember Sir that when I was your pupil and the pupil of a distinguished past President associated with you that in the Birkbeck Laboratory of Unirersity College I had the great honour of having a chat with JUBILEE CE1,EBRATION. the first President of this Society the illustrious Graham and having shown to me and being requested by him to examine the first specimen of pure glycerine which appeared in commerce. I well remembcr tht. delight of that eminent man when he first showed that triumph of an original cliemicsl process. I shall never forget Sir the debt I owe to you for the chemical knowledge wliich I was able to acquire iu those days. We were associated at University Collese with a large number of men whose chief object was not the gaining of scientitic and chemical kuowledge for its own sake but the gaining of know-ledge for the purpose of direct application to the useful arts.We had associated with us a number of pupils sent there by a Govern-ment Department with that object. Needless to say that some of t,he work we did was more or less affected by their pi-oxiniity. But if the Fellows will remember-what took place during the memorable period between 1856 and 1860 thcy mill bear me out that from that College Profcssor Williamson and others sent out the results of researclies of the highest character which have had their effect on the progress of chemical knowledge throughout the world. In those days we were made enthusiastic not by Uofinann but by a philosopher not present to-night.We wwe enthusiastic on one special branch of chemical work need I say that I refer to the classical work of Gerhardt and Laurent of which Williamson and Odling were the great exponents in this country? I take it that it is because of my association with sou in that laborrttory and because I represent a large body of men who though not chemist8s in the sense in which the distinguished men here present are all chemists are still in their modest way propagating the advaccement of chemical knowledge that the honour of proposing your health has devolved upon me. J would remind sou that not a Pew of the distinguished Members of this Society have began their careers in the ranks of pharmacy. Gentlemen I ask you to drink this toast with all the heartiness due to your President.No one in the past has held that post and no one in the future can hope to hold it who is not a distiriguished man of science. I feel certain that tlie Presidelit of the Chemical Society of the future as of the past will alwajs be a man who possesses not only abilities of the highest order in absti*act sciecce but those other qualities of direction which are so necessary in a President. I appeal to you therefore to drink this toast vrith extra acclamation because I think that the manner in which hc with the assistance of his colleagues has performed the work of this Jubilee celebration reflects the highest lioiiour upon liiiiiself arid them. His personal qnalities you who are liis colleagues know as well as I do.You know that he possesses that breadth of view and that warmth of heart which attracts meii of rarious calibi.cs which welds DIXXER. 111 all together in one harmonious whole. I believe that the progress of cliemical science-as of all other science fostei-ed as it is in this country by the growth of sectional societies-is largely due to the personal inflnence of the man who is at the head of affairs. And 1 believe that the term of office which your President has fulfilled with so much lustre to himself and so much credit to the Society will be the years which in after time he will regard as the happiest of his life. I must not trespass any more on your time but will ask you npstanditig and with three timcs thrce to drink the toast I have the honour of proposing especially emphasising the latter part of it that of the President of this banquet.THEPRESIDEKT on rising to respond WRS received with great applause. He said :-There have been two-and-twenty Presidents of the Chemical Society and howzver much they may have differed on theoretical questions I an1 sure they would all be unanimous on this one of returning to you Mi*.Carteiglie their very best thanks for the kind words which you have iised in regard to the Presidents and to JOU gentlemen for the kind way in whic*h you have received this t'oast. With rt.g,zrd to the present occnpant of the post I cannot but think that much that has been said has been prompted by feelings of old friendship. I can only say that he feels that it is a very great honour indeed an honour which he will remember all his life to have been allowed to preside at this hanquet ; and further that he feels that he was not fully justified in ameptiag this chair on this occasion.However he thanks you all very sincerely for the kind way in which you have received the toast and for all the kind things which have been said of him.