Techniques were developed for measuring sound pressure in the cochlea with calibrated, liquid‐filled, piezoelectric probe microphones. Sound pressures were measured in scala vestibuli and scala tympani in the basal turn in 25 cats for tones from 20–10 000 Hz. Control experiments indicated that intracochlear pressures were essentially uninfluenced by the measuring technique, and were conducted to the cochlea via the ossicular chain. Intracochlear pressures are linearly related to pressure at the tympanic membrane for tone levels at least as high as 105 dB SPL, and are relatively independent of depth of probe insertion in the scalae. The transfer ratio of sound pressure in scala vestibuli to that at the tympanic membrane increases in magnitude over the frequency range 50–1000 Hz to reach a maximum value of 15–30 dB, and decreases at higher frequencies, thus demonstrating that the middle ear provides a frequency‐dependent pressure gain. At frequencies below 40 Hz, the pressures in scala vestibuli and scala tympani are approximately equal and are both determined by the round‐window membrane compliance. At frequencies above 100 Hz, the round‐window membrane impedance is small compared to the acoustic input impedance of the cochlea, and the pressure in scala vestibuli considerably exceeds that in scala tympani; consequently, the pressure difference across the cochlear partition is approximately equal to the pressure in scala vestibuli.