Four Clinical Types of Panic Disorders
作者:
Tatsuo Takeuchi,
Masahiko Hasegawa,
Masatoshi Ikeda,
Ryosuke Hayashi,
Gakujin Tomiyama,
Toyomi Nemoto,
Keiko Hoshino,
期刊:
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
(WILEY Available online 1992)
卷期:
Volume 46,
issue 1
页码: 37-44
ISSN:1323-1316
年代: 1992
DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1992.tb00817.x
出版商: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
关键词: panic disorder;anxiety disorder;depressive disorder;classification;panic attack;anticipatory anxiety;agoraphobia
数据来源: WILEY
摘要:
Abstract:The authors attempted to classify panic disorders into four types according to a clinical course and accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms. The characteristics of each type are as follows; type I: a single panic attack is the only symptom, type11: only panic attacks occur frequently without any accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms, type III: a recurrence of panic attacks and the gradual development of neurotic symptoms, such as anticipatory anxiety, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, or hypo‐chondriasis, type IV: depressive symptoms develop in the course of recurring panic attacks. Type IV is further divided into three subtypes. Type IV‐1: depressive symptoms develop secondary to panic attacks and major depression later coexists with panic disorder. Type IV‐2: panic disorder continuously changed into major depression. Type IV‐3: panic attacks and depressive symptoms are seen independently. The most common types are type III and type IV‐1, and seem to be a core group of the panic disorder. Typical cases of each type are presented and underlying psychopathology is
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